Z18 土壤环境质量分析方法 标准查询与下载

ISO 15685:2004 土壤质量.潜在氮化合物和氮化合物的抑止物的测定.铵氧化物的快速试验

This International Standard specifies a rapid method for the determination of the potential rate of ammonium oxidation and inhibition of nitrification in soils. This method is suitable for all soils containing a population of nitrifying microorganisms. It can be used as a rapid screening test for monitoring soil quality and quality of wastes, and is suitable for testing the effects of cultivation methods, chemical substances and pollution in soils.

Soil quality - Determination of potential nitrification and inhibition of nitrification - Rapid test by ammonium oxidation

ISO 16133:2004 土壤质量.监测程序的建立和维护指南

This International Standard gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of objectives for soil-monitoring programmes. This International Standard is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are provided in Annex A.

Soil quality - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes

ISO 16387:2004 土壤质量.污染物对线蚓科的影响.对繁殖和存活率影响的测定

This International Standard describes a method for determining the effects of substances or contaminated soils on reproduction and on survival of the worm Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae). The animals are exposed to the substances by dermal and alimentary uptake using a defined artificial soil substrate to which specified amounts of that substance are added, or by using a soil substrate of unknown quality. This International Standard is applicable to test substances that are either insoluble or soluble in water, although the method of application differs. The method is not applicable to volatile test substances, i.e. substances for which H (Henry's constant) or the air/water partition coefficient is greater than 1, or for which the vapour pressure exceeds 0,013 3 Pa at 25 ℃. The water solubility and the vapour pressure of the test substance should be known. Additionally, information on the persistence of the test substance in soil is desirable. NOTE 1 Basic information on the ecology and ecotoxicology of Enchytraeidae in the terrestrial environment can be found in the bibliographic references. NOTE 2 The stability of the test substance cannot be ensured over the test period. No provision is made in the test method for monitoring the persistence of the test substance. NOTE 3 Recommendations for adapting the method to comparing or monitoring soil quality are given in Annex B.

Soil quality - Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.) - Determination of effects on reproduction and survival

ASTM D7015-04 获取土壤无干扰块(立方体和圆柱形)样品的标准规程

Undisturbed block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of undisturbed material are required or where such sampling is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D 1587 and D 6519), or both. This method of sampling is advantageous where the soil to be sampled is near the ground surface. This is the best available method for obtaining large undisturbed samples of very stiff and brittle soils, partially cemented soils, and some soils containing coarse gravel. Excavating a column of soil may relieve stresses in the soil and may result in some expansion of the soil and a corresponding decrease in its unit weight (density) or increase in sampling disturbance, or both. Usually the expansion is small in magnitude because of the shallow depth. Stress changes alone can cause enough disturbances in some soils to significantly alter their engineering properties. The chain saw has proved advantageous in sampling difficult soils, which are blocky, slickensided, or gravelly, or materials containing alternating layers of hard and soft material.3 The chain saw uses a special carbide-tipped chain.4 Note 18212;The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This designation outlines the procedures for obtaining undisturbed block (cubical and cylindrical) soil samples.1.2 Undisturbed block samples are obtained for laboratory tests to determine the strength, consolidation, permeability, and other geotechnical engineering or physical properties of the undisturbed soil.1.3 Two sampling practices are presented. Practice A covers cubical block sampling, while Practice B covers cylindrical block sampling.1.4 These practices usually involve test pit excavation and are limited to relatively shallow depths. Except in the case of large diameter (that is, >0.75 m) bored shafts of circular cross-section in unsaturated soils, for depths greater than about 1 to 11/2 meters or depths below the water table, the cost and difficulties of excavating, cribbing, and dewatering generally make block sampling impractical and uneconomical. For these conditions, use of a thin-walled push tube soil sampler (Practice D 1587), a piston-type soil sampler (Practice D 6519), or Hollow-Stem Auger (D 6151), Dennison, or Pitcher-type soil core samplers, or freezing the soil and coring may be required. This practice does not address environmental sampling; consult Guides D 6169 and D 6232 for information on sampling for environmental investigations.1.5 Successful sampling of granular materials requires sufficient cohesion, cementation, or apparent cohesion (due to moisture tension (suction)) of the soil for it to be isolated in a column shape without undergoing excessive deformations. Additionally, care must be exercised in the excavation, preservation and transportation of undisturbed samples (see Practice D 4220, Group D).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units are included in this standard.This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should ......

Standard Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils

ASTM D6418-04 用一次性芯取样器取样和储存土壤分析挥发性有机化合物的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice is intended for application to soils that may contain volatile waste constituents. 1.2 This practice provides a procedure for using the disposable En Core sampler to collect and store a soil sample for volatile organic analysis. 1.3 It is recommended that this standard be used in conjunction with Practice D 4547 and Guide D 4687. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

Standard Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis

ASTM C1402-04 土壤样品的高分辨率γ射线光谱测定法的标准指南

Gamma-ray spectrometry of soil samples is used to identify and quantify certain gamma-ray emitting radionuclides. Use of a germanium semiconductor detector is necessary for high-resolution gamma-ray measurements. Much of the data acquisition and analysis can be automated with the use of commercially available systems that include both hardware and software. For a general description of the typical hardware in more detail than discussed in Section 6, see Ref (19). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses may be performed using the same measurement data. The procedures described in this guide may be used for a wide variety of activity levels, from natural background levels and fallout-type problems, to determining the effectiveness of cleanup efforts after a spill or an industrial accident, to tracing contamination at older production sites, where wastes were purposely disposed of in soil. In some cases, the combination of radionuclide identities and concentration ratios can be used to determine the source of the radioactive materials. Collecting samples and bringing them to a data acquisition system for analysis may be used as the primary method to detect deposition of radionuclides in soil. For obtaining a representative set of samples that cover a particular area, see Practice C 998. Soil can also be measured by taking the data acquisition system to the field and measuring the soil in place (in situ). In situ measurement techniques are not discussed in this guide.1.1 This guide covers the identification and quantitative determination of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in soil samples by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma rays with energies greater than 20 keV. For typical gamma-ray spectrometry systems and sample types, activity levels of about 5 Bq are measured easily for most nuclides, and activity levels as low as 0.1 Bq can be measured for many nuclides. It is not applicable to radionuclides that emit no gamma rays such as the pure beta-emitting radionuclides hydrogen-3, carbon-14, strontium-90, and becquerel quantities of most transuranics. This guide does not address the in situ measurement techniques, where soil is analyzed in place without sampling. Guidance for in situ techniques can be found in Ref (1) and (2). This guide also does not discuss methods for determining lower limits of detection. Such discussions can be found in Refs (3), (4), (5), and (6). 1.2 This guide can be used for either quantitative or relative determinations. For quantitative assay, the results are expressed in terms of absolute activities or activity concentrations of the radionuclides found to be present. This guide may also be used for qualitative identification of the gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in soil without attempting to quantify their activities. It can also be used to only determine their level of activities relative to each other but not in an absolute sense. General information on radioactivity and its measurement may be found in Refs (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) and General Methods E-181. Information on specific applications of gamma-ray spectrometry is also available in Refs (12) or (13). Practice D 3649 is a valuable source of information. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous material, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples

ASTM E1676-04 用蚯蚓(Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida和Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus)做实验室土壤毒性试验或生物累积试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data to evaluate the adverse effects of contaminants (for example, chemicals or biomolecules) associated with soil to earthworms (Family Lumbricidae) and potworms (Family Enchytraeidae) from soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests. The methods are designed to assess lethal or sublethal toxic effects on earthworms or bioaccumulation of contaminants in short-term tests (7 to 28 days) or on potworms in short to long-term tests (14 to 42 days) in terrestrial systems. Soils to be tested may be (1) reference soils or potentially toxic site soils; (2) artificial, reference, or site soils spiked with compounds; (3) site soils diluted with reference soils; or (4) site or reference soils diluted with artificial soil. Test procedures are described for the species Eisenia fetida (see ) and for the species Enchytraeus albidus (see ). Methods described in this guide may also be useful for conducting soil toxicity tests with other lumbricid and enchytraeid terrestrial species, although modifications may be necessary.1.2 Modification of these procedures might be justified by special needs. The results of tests conducted using atypical procedures may not be comparable to results using this guide. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting soil toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with terrestrial worms.1.3 The results from field-collected soils used in toxicity tests to determine a spatial or temporal distribution of soil toxicity may be reported in terms of the biological effects on survival or sublethal endpoints (see Section ). These procedures can be used with appropriate modifications to conduct soil toxicity tests when factors such as temperature, pH, and soil characteristics (for example, particle size, organic matter content, and clay content) are of interest or when there is a need to test such materials as sewage sludge and oils. These methods might also be useful for conducting bioaccumulation tests.1.4 The results of toxicity tests with (1) materials (for example, chemicals or waste mixtures) added experimentally to artificial soil, reference soils, or site soils, (2) site soils diluted with reference soils, and (3) site or reference soils diluted with artificial soil, so as to create a series of concentrations, may be reported in terms of an LC50 (median lethal concentration) and sometimes an EC50 (median effect concentration). Test results may be reported in terms of NOEC (no observed effect concentration), LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) or as an ECx (concentration where x % reduction of a biological effect occurs. Bioaccumulation test results are reported as the magnitude of contaminant concentration above either the Day 0 tissue baseline analysis or the Day 28 tissues from the negative control or reference soil (that is, 2, 5, 10) (see ).1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:ScopeReferenced DocumentsTerminologySummary of GuideSignificance and UseInterferencesApparatusSafety PrecautionsSoilTest OrganismProcedureAnalytical MethodologyAcceptability of TestCalculation of ResultsReportAnnexes.Eisenia fetida.Artificial Soil Composition.Bioaccumulation Testing Utilizing Eisenia fetida.Enchytra......

Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus

ASTM C1402-04(2009) 土壤样品的高分辨率γ射线光谱测定法的标准指南

Gamma-ray spectrometry of soil samples is used to identify and quantify certain gamma-ray emitting radionuclides. Use of a germanium semiconductor detector is necessary for high-resolution gamma-ray measurements. Much of the data acquisition and analysis can be automated with the use of commercially available systems that include both hardware and software. For a general description of the typical hardware in more detail than discussed in Section 6, see Ref (19). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses may be performed using the same measurement data. The procedures described in this guide may be used for a wide variety of activity levels, from natural background levels and fallout-type problems, to determining the effectiveness of cleanup efforts after a spill or an industrial accident, to tracing contamination at older production sites, where wastes were purposely disposed of in soil. In some cases, the combination of radionuclide identities and concentration ratios can be used to determine the source of the radioactive materials. Collecting samples and bringing them to a data acquisition system for analysis may be used as the primary method to detect deposition of radionuclides in soil. For obtaining a representative set of samples that cover a particular area, see Practice C 998. Soil can also be measured by taking the data acquisition system to the field and measuring the soil in place (in situ). In situ measurement techniques are not discussed in this guide.1.1 This guide covers the identification and quantitative determination of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in soil samples by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma rays with an approximate energy range of 20 to 2000 keV. For typical gamma-ray spectrometry systems and sample types, activity levels of about 5 Bq (135 pCi) are measured easily for most nuclides, and activity levels as low as 0.1 Bq (2.7 pCi) can be measured for many nuclides. It is not applicable to radionuclides that emit no gamma rays such as the pure beta-emitting radionuclides hydrogen-3, carbon-14, strontium-90, and becquerel quantities of most transuranics. This guide does not address the in situ measurement techniques, where soil is analyzed in place without sampling. Guidance for in situ techniques can be found in Ref (1) and (2). This guide also does not discuss methods for determining lower limits of detection. Such discussions can be found in Refs (3), (4), (5), and (6). 1.2 This guide can be used for either quantitative or relative determinations. For quantitative assay, the results are expressed in terms of absolute activities or activity concentrations of the radionuclides found to be present. This guide may also be used for qualitative identification of the gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in soil without attempting to quantify their activities. It can also be used to only determine their level of activities relative to each other but not in an absolute sense. General information on radioactivity and its measurement may be found in Refs (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) and Standard Test Methods E 181. Information on specific applications of gamma-ray spectrometry is also available in Refs (12) or (13). Practice D 3649 may be a valuable source of information. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This s......

Standard Guide for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples

ISO 15800:2003 土质.与评价人体所受有害物质影响相关的土壤的表征

This International Standard gives guidelines on the kind and extent of soil characterization necessary for the evaluation of human exposure to substances that can cause adverse effects. The possibilities of standardizing the calculations used for the assessment of human exposure are not included in this International Standard. The information needed for evaluation of human exposure to contaminants leached from soil to surface and/or groundwater or transferred by runoff is not included in this International Standard. Aspects related to radioactivity and pathogens in soil and potential human exposure hereto are also not included in this International Standard.

Soil quality - Characterization of soil with respect to human exposure

ISO 15799:2003 土壤质量.土壤及土壤物质的生态毒性指南

This International Standard provides guidance on the selection of experimental methods for the assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments) with respect to their intended use and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil-dwelling organisms, and habitat maintenance and the retention function of the soil. It does not cover tests for bioaccumulation. Genotoxicity tests using eukaryotic organisms in soils are not yet available. It is not applicable to the ecological assessment of uncontaminated soils with a view to natural, agricultural or horticultural use, such soils being of possible interest where they can serve as a reference for the assessment of soils from contaminated sites. Nor is the interpretation of the results gained by application of the proposed methods within its scope.

Soil quality - Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials

DIN EN 12274-5:2003 泥浆表面修整.试验方法.第5部分:磨损性测定

Slurry surfacing - Test method - Part 5: Determination of wearing; German version EN 12274-5:2003

NF X31-008-1:2003 土质.取样.第1部分:取样程序的设计指南

Soil quality - Sampling - Part 1 : guidance on the design of sampling programmes.

DIN EN 12274-4:2003 泥浆表面处理.试验方法.第4部分:混合物黏合性测定

Slurry surfacing - Test methods - Part 4: Determination of cohesion of the mix; German version EN 12274-4:2003

DIN EN 12274-2:2003 泥浆表面处理.试验方法.第2部分:剩余粘合剂含量测定

This Draft European Standard describes the apparatus and the procedure for the extraction test to determine the residual binder content for samples of Slurry mixes. This Draft European Standard also describes the apparatus and the procedure for removal of the water from the samples before carrying out the extraction test. This method can only be used to determine the quantity of binder and not to investigate its quality.

Slurry surfacing - Test methods - Part 2: Determination of residual binder content; German version EN 12274-2:2002

ASTM E1792-03 表层粉尘中铅含量测定用擦拭取样物标准规范

1.1 This specification covers requirements for wipe materials that are used to collect settled dusts on hard surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust

ASTM D4646-03(2008) 24小时分批测量土壤和沉积物的污染物吸附作用的标准试验方法

This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia''s sorption affinity for given chemicals or leachate constituents. A large number of samples may be run using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24-h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial degradation which may be a problem in longer-timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value. While this test method may be useful in determining 24-h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species, arsenic and cadmium. However, the procedure has been tested for single laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic, and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents. The 24-h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd. However, to report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18 and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. Refer to Test Method D 4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Test Method D 3987 shake extraction method. 1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings. 1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

ASTM E1792-03(2011) 表层灰土中铅清除取样材料的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers requirements for wipes that are used to collect settled dusts on surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust

DIN EN 12274-3:2002 粘合液表面处理.试验方法.第3部分:一致性; 德文版本 EN 12274-3:2001

The document specifies the consistency test for slurry surfacing which may be used for mix design to determine the amount of water required to form a stable, workable mixture. To obtain the correct consistency, it may be necessary to repeat the test with various percentages of water. It applies to the use of slurry surfacing in surface layers.

Slurry surfacing - Test method - Part 3: Consistency; German version EN 12274-3:2001

DIN EN 12274-6:2002 粘合液表面处理.试验方法.第6部分:应用速度; 德文版本 EN 12274-6:2001

The document specifies a method to determine the average rate of application in kilograms per square metre of a slurry surfacing. It applies to slurry surfacing to be used in surface layers.

Slurry surfacing - Test methods - Part 6: Rate of application; German version EN 12274-6:2001

DIN EN 12274-1:2002 粘合液表面处理.试验方法.第1部分:粘合剂萃取物的取样; 德文版本 EN 12274-1:2001

Slurry surfacing - Test methods - Part 1: Sampling for binder extraction; German version EN 12274-1:2001