用于测量垃圾填埋场和温室气体排放热点甲烷通量的无...
用于测量垃圾填埋场和温室气体排放热点甲烷通量的无人机系统的开发和试验
摘要：
本文介绍了一种新的采样和测量方法，该方法使用无人航空系统（UAS）记录的二氧化碳浓度和风力数据的代用测量结果来推断甲烷通量。这里描述和试验的通量法适用于垃圾填埋场和类似温室气体排放热点的空间尺度，使其成为一种低成本和快速案例研究量化目前尚不能确定（但非常重要）温室气体通量的重要新方法源。我们提供了一个研究案例，利用这些基于UAS的测量结果，从英格兰北部的试验填埋场获得瞬时甲烷通量，采用为UAS采样定制的质量平衡模型，并将CO 2浓度联合排放作为甲烷排放代用品。在2014年11月27日和2015年3月5日进行的两次试验中，甲烷通量（和通量不确定性）分别为0.140 kg s-1（1σ时为±61％）和0.050 kg s-1（1σ时为±54％）。背景（流入）浓度（> 40％）和风速（> 10％）的环境变化主导了流量的不确定性;而仪器所导致的误差率仅为1-2％。所描述的方法代表了关于温室气体热点通量计算这一具有挑战性的问题的重要进展，并且提供了对各种类似环境的可再现性。这种新的测量解决方案可以增加一套方法来更好地验证特定源温室气体排放清单 - 这是“联合国气候变化框架公约”COP21（巴黎）气候变化协议的一项重要新要求。
This paper describes the development of a new sampling and measurement method to infer methane flux using proxy measurements of CO 2 concentration and wind data recorded by Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The flux method described and trialed here is appropriate to the spatial scale of landfill sites and analogous greenhouse gas emission hotspots, making it an important new method for low-cost and rapid case study quantification of fluxes from currently uncertain (but highly important) greenhouse gas sources. We present a case study using these UAS-based measurements to derive instantaneous methane fluxes from a test landfill site in the north of England using a mass balance model tailored for UAS sampling and co-emitted CO 2 concentration as a methane-emission proxy. Methane flux (and flux uncertainty) during two trials on 27 November 2014 and 5 March 2015, were found to be 0.140 kg s ?1 (±61% at 1 r ), and 0.050 kg s ?1 (±54% at 1 r ), respectively. Uncertainty contributing to the flux was dominated by ambient variability in the background (inflow) concentration (>40%) and wind speed (>10%); with instrumental error contributing only ?1–2%. The approach described represents an important advance concerning the challenging problem of greenhouse gas hotspot flux calculation, and offers transferability to a wide range of analogous environments. This new measurement solution could add to a toolkit of approaches to better validate source-specific greenhouse emissions inventories – an important new requirement of the UNFCCC COP21 (Paris) climate change agreement.
