07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology) 标准查询与下载

ASTM C1721-15 尺寸石岩相检验的标准指南

4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes: 4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. 4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen. 4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate: Specification C406 Specification C503 Specification C568 Specification C615 Specification C616 Specification C629 Specification C1526 Specification C1527 4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. 4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available. 4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. 4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following: Test Methods C97 Test Method C99 Test Method C170 Test Method C880 Test Methods C120 Test Method C121 Test Method C241 Test Method C1353 Test Method C217 4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.

Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone

ASTM D3404-15 使用拉力计测量渗流区矩阵势能的标准指南

5.1 Movement of water in the unsaturated zone is of considerable interest in studies of hazardous-waste sites (1, 2, 3, 4)3; recharge studies (5, 6); irrigation management (7, 8, 9); and civil-engineering projects (10, 11). Matric-potential data alone can be used to determine direction of flow (11) and, in some cases, quantity of water flux can be determined using multiple tensiometer installations. In theory, this technique can be applied to almost any unsaturated-flow situation whether it is recharge, discharge, lateral flow, or combinations of these situations. 5.2 If the moisture-characteristic curve is known for a soil, matric-potential data can be used to determine the approximate water content of the soil (10). The standard tensiometer is used to measure matric potential between the values of 0 and8201;-867 cm of water; this range includes most values of saturation for many soils (12). 5.3 Tensiometers directly and effectively measure soil-water tension, but they require care and attention to detail. In particular, installation needs to establish a continuous hydraulic connection between the porous material and soil, and minimal disturbance of the natural infiltration pattern are necessary for successful installation. Avoidance of errors caused by air invasion, nonequilibrium of the instrument, or pressure-sensor inaccuracy will produce reliable values of matric potential. 5.4 Special tensiometer designs have extended the normal capabilities of tensiometers, allowing measurement in cold or remote areas, measurement of matric potential as low as8201;-153 m of water (-15 bars), measurement at depths as deep as 6 m (recorded at land surface) for conventional tensiometers, depths up to 200 m and greater with advanced and portable versions (13, 14), and automatic measurement using as many as 22 tensiometers connected to a single pressure transducer, but these require a substantial investment of effort and money. 5.5 Pressure sensors commonly used in tensiometers include vacuum gauges, mercury manometers, and pressure transducers. Only tensiometers equipped with pressure transducers allow for the automated collection of large quantities of data. However, the user needs to be aw......

Standard Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers

ASTM D5920-14 用诺埃曼法各向异非承压含水层试验用标准试验方法(分析程序)

5.1 Assumptions:  5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q. 5.1.2 The control well, observation wells, and piezometers are of infinitesimal diameter. 5.1.3 The unconfined aquifer is homogeneous and really extensive. 5.1.4 Discharge from the control well is derived initially from elastic storage in the aquifer, and later from gravity drainage from the water table. 5.1.5 The geometry of the aquifer, control well, observation wells, and piezometers is shown in Fig. 2. The geometry of the test wells should be adjusted depending on the parameters of interest. FIG. 2 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well Screened in Part of an Unconfined Aquifer 5.2 Implications of Assumptions:  5.2.1 Use of the Neuman (1) method assumes the control well is of infinitesimal diameter. The storage in the control well may adversely affect drawdown measurements obtained in the early part of the test. See 5.2.2 of Test Method D4106 for assistance in determining the duration of the effects of well-bore storage on drawdown. 5.2.2 If drawdown is large compared with the initial saturated thickness of the aquifer, the late-time drawdown may need to be adjusted for the effect of the reduction in saturated thickness. Section 5.2.3 of Test Method D4106 provides guidance in correcting for the reduction in saturated thickness. According to Neuman (1) such adjustments should be made only for late-time values. 5.3 Practice D3740 provides evaluation factors for the activities in this guide. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this guide is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740......

Standard Test Method [Analytical Procedure] for Tests of Anisotropic Unconfined Aquifers by Neuman Method

ASTM D4444-13 手持式水分仪的实验室标准和校准的标准试验方法

4.1 Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling MC of wood-based materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and compliance with standards. These measurements are influenced by actual MC, a number of other wood variables, environmental conditions, geometry of the measuring probe circuitry, and design of the meter. The maximum accuracy can only be obtained by an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by this test method. 4.1.1 This test method employs controlled conditions and straight-grain, clear wood specimens to provide measurements that are reproducible in a laboratory. The controlled conditions prevent moisture and temperature gradients in the test specimen. 4.1.2 In laboratory calibration, the reference direct moisture measurements (for example, Test Methods D4442) shall be made only in the area of direct measurement of the meter. This minimizes error associated with sampling of differing areas of measurement between this test method and that of the reference (Test Methods D4442). 4.2 Most uses of hand-held moisture meters employ correlative (predictive) relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of lumber, or lots). These correlative relationships are beyond the scope of this test method. (See Practice D7438.) 1.1 This test method applies to the measurement of moisture content (MC) of solid wood products, including those containing additives (that is, chemicals or adhesives) for laboratory standardization and calibration of hand-held moisture meters 1.2 This test method makes no distinction between meter measurement technologies for standardization and calibration requirements. Provision is made for test specimen size to accommodate specific meters. Appendix X1 provides an explanatory discussion and history corresponding to the mandatory sections. Fundamental measurement technologies are described in Appendix X2 when available. 1.2.1 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings under the same conditions. When this test method has been applied, it is assumed that the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall be calibrated with respect to MC by direct measurement as determined by Test Methods D4442. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters

ASTM D3213-13 硬度低未经扰动海积土的搬运、储藏和制备的标准操作规程

5.1 Disturbance imparted to sediments after sampling can significantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful practices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changes caused from handling, storing, and preparing sediment specimens for testing.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 5.2 The practices presented in this document should be used with soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrained shear strength less than 25 kPa (3.6 psi)) consistency.Note 2—Some soils that are obtained at or just below the seafloor quickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type of behavior presents special problems for some types of testing. Special handling and preparation procedures are required under those circumstances. Test are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the effect of storage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear strength of less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and Peck.3 They defined a very soft saturated clay as having undrained shear strength less than 25 kPa. 5.3 These practices shall apply to specimens of naturally formed marine soil (that may or may not be fragile or highly sensitive) that will be used for density determination, consolidation, permeability testing or shear strength testing with or without stress-strain properties and volume change measurements (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclic testing can also be performed on the sample.Note 3—To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has proven helpful, refer to Practice D4452. 5.4 These practices apply to fine-grained soils that do not allow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many of the procedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage may occur rapidly enough to warrant special handling procedures not covered in these practices. 5.5 These practices apply primarily to soil specimens that are obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices that produce high-quality cores or that are obtained by pushing a thin-walled tube into cores taken with another sampling device. 5.6 These practices can be used in conjunction with soils containing gas, however, more specialized procedures and equipment that are not covered in these practices have been developed for use with such materials.Note 4—For information on handling gas charged sediments, the reader is referred to papers by Johns, et al.,4 and Lee.5

Standard Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soil

ASTM D5881-13 通过对端头40;排料孔41瞬时变化的临界阻尼井响应测定限制性非渗透蓄水层导水性的40;分析程序41的标准试验方法

6.1 The assumptions of the physical system are given as follows: 6.1.1 The aquifer is of uniform thickness, with impermeable upper and lower confining boundaries. 6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and matrix compressibility and constant homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity. 6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer. 6.1.4 The aquifer is fully screened. 6.1.5 The well is 1008201;% efficient, that is, the skin factor, f, and dimensionless skin factor, σ, are zero. 6.2 The assumptions made in defining the momentum balance are as follows: 6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approximately constant over the well-bore section. 6.2.2 Frictional head losses from flow in the well are negligible. 6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed over the entire aquifer thickness. 6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity changing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the well are negligible. Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 This test method covers determination of transmissivity from the measurement of water-level response to a sudden change of water level in a well-aquifer system characterized as being critically damped or in the transition range from underdamped to overdamped. Underdamped response is characterized by oscillatory changes in water level; overdamped response is characterized by return of the water level to the initial static level in an approximately exponential manner. Overdamped response is covered in Guide D4043; underdamped response is covered in D5785, D4043. 1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with Guide D4043 and the field procedure in Test Method D4044 for collection of test data. 1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of the transmissivity of an aquifer near the well screen. The method is applicable for systems in which the damping parameter, ζ, is within the range from 0.2 through 5.0. The assumptions of the method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer) in a confined, nonleaky aquifer. 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for signifi......

Standard Test Method for 40;Analytical Procedure41; Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head 40;Slug41;

ASTM D5111-12 非城市地区监测大气沉积物的选址和取样方法的标准指南

1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks. 1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow. 1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations

ASTM E1604-12 水生毒物学行为测试的标准指南

5.1 Protection of a species requires the prevention of detrimental effects of chemicals on the survival, growth, reproduction, health, and uses of individuals of that species. Behavioral toxicity provides information concerning sublethal effects of chemicals and signals the presence of toxic test substances. 5.1.1 The behavioral responses of all organisms are adaptive and essential to survival. Major changes in the behavioral responses of fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates may result in a diminished ability to survive, grow, or reproduce and cause significant changes in the natural population (8). 5.2 The results from behavioral toxicity tests may be useful for measuring injury in the assessment of damages resulting from the release of hazardous materials (9) . 5.3 Behavioral toxicity test methods may be useful for long-term monitoring of effluents (10) . 5.4 The results from behavioral toxicity data can be used to predict the effects of exposure on fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates likely to occur in field situations as a result of exposure under similar conditions, including the avoidance of exposure by motile organisms (11). 5.5 The results from behavioral toxicity tests might be an important consideration for assessing the hazard of materials to aquatic organisms. Such results might also be used when deriving water quality criteria for fish and aquatic invertebrates organisms. 5.6 The results from behavioral toxicity tests can be used to compare the sensitivities of different species, relative toxicity of different chemical substances on the same organism, or effect of various environmental variables on the toxicity of a chemical substance. 5.7 The results from behavioral toxicity tests can be used to predict the effects of long-term exposure. 5.8 The results of behavioral toxicity tests can be useful for guiding decisions regarding the extent of remedial action needed for contaminated aquatic and terrestrial sites. 5.9 The behavioral characteristics of a particular organism must be understood and defined before a response can be used as a measure of toxicity. The range of variability of any behavioral response of unexposed organisms is influenced by genetic, experiential, physiological, and environmental factors. Thus it is important to avoid selecting test organisms from populations that may vary significantly in these factors. 5.10 The results of behavioral toxicity tests will depend on the behavioral response measured, testing conditions, water quality, species, genetic strain, life stage, health, and general condition of test organisms. Therefore, the behavioral response may be affect......

Standard Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology

ASTM C1721-09 石材岩相检验的标准指南

Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes: Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen. Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C 119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate: Specification C 406 Specification C 503 Specification C 568 Specification C 615 Specification C 616 Specification C 629 Specification C 1526 Specification C 1527 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available. The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such asnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following: Test Methods C 97 Test Method C 99 Test Method C 170 Test Method C 880 Test Methods C 120 Test Method C 121 Test Method C 241 Test Method C 1353 Test Method C 217 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions. Petrographic examinations provide identification of type and varieties of minerals and structures present in the specimen. However, as noted above, identification of all minerals and structures present in the specimen is not required. The petrographic examination should establish whether the specimen contains chemically unstable minerals or volumetrically unstable materials. Petrographic examination should identify weathered or otherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe the extent of that weathering or alteration. Where possible, describe potential aesthetic changes that may occur as a result of weathering. Note 18212;If the dimension stone will be exposed to freezing and thawing and may become wet or saturated in use, finely porous and highly weathered or otherwise altered minerals should be identified because these materials will be especially susceptible to damage by freezing and thawing. Petrographic examination should identify constituents or minerals and the extent to which they may lead to staining and color change of the surface of the stone when the stone is exposed to the weather for exterior use. Petrographic examinat........

Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone

ASTM D3213-08 硬度低未经扰动海积土的搬运、储藏和制备的标准实施规程

Disturbance imparted to sediments after sampling can significantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful practices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changes caused from handling, storing, and preparing sediment specimens for testing. Note 18212;The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. The practices presented in this document should be used with soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrained shear strength less than 25 kPa (3.6 psi)) consistency. Note 28212;Some soils that are obtained at or just below the seafloor quickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type of behavior presents special problems for some types of testing. Special handling and preparation procedures are required under those circumstances. Test are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the effect of storage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear strength of less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and Peck. They defined a very soft saturated clay as having undrained shear strength less than 25 kPa. These practices shall apply to specimens of naturally formed marine soil (that may or may not be fragile or highly sensitive) that will be used for density determination, consolidation, permeability testing or shear strength testing with or without stress-strain properties and volume change measurements (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclic testing can also be performed on the sample. Note 38212;To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has proven helpful, refer to Methods D 4452. These practices apply to fine-grained soils that do not allow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many of the procedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage may occur rapidly enough to warrant special handling procedures not covered in these practices. These practices apply primarily to soil specimens that are obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices that produce high-quality cores or that are obtained by pushing a thin-walled tube into cores taken with another sampling device. These practices can be used in conjunction with soils containing gas, however, more specialized procedures and equipment that are not covered in these practices have been developed for use with such materials. Note 48212;For information on handling gas charged sediments, the reader is referred to papers by Johns, et al., and Lee. 1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise reporting, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesive intact marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens for triaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented. 1.2 These practices may include the handling and transporting of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous materials and samples subject to quarantine regulations. 1.3 These practices offer a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstance......

Standard Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soil

ASTM D4444-08 手持式水分仪的实验室标准和校准的标准试验方法

Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling MC of wood-based materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and compliance with standards. These measurements are influenced by actual MC, a number of other wood variables, environmental conditions, geometry of the measuring probe circuitry, and design of the meter. The maximum accuracy can only be obtained by an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by this test method. This test method employs controlled conditions and straight-grain, clear wood specimens to provide measurements that are reproducible in a laboratory. The controlled conditions prevent moisture and temperature gradients in the test specimen. In laboratory calibration, the reference direct moisture measurements (for example, Test Methods D 4442) shall be made only in the area of direct measurement of the meter. This minimizes error associated with sampling of differing areas of measurement between this test method and that of the reference (Test Methods D 4442). Most uses of hand-held moisture meters employ correlative (predictive) relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of lumber, or lots). These correlative relationships are beyond the scope of this test method. (See Practice D 7438.)1.1 This test method applies to the measurement of moisture content (MC) of solid wood products, including those containing additives (that is, chemicals or adhesives) for laboratory standardization and calibration of hand-held moisture meters 1.2 This test method makes no distinction between meter measurement technologies for standardization and calibration requirements. Provision is made for test specimen size to accommodate specific meters. Appendix X1 provides an explanatory discussion and history corresponding to the mandatory sections. Fundamental measurement technologies are described in Appendix X2 when available. 1.2.1 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings under the same conditions. When this test method has been applied, it is assumed that the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall be calibrated with respect to MC by direct measurement as determined by Test Methods D 4442. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters

ASTM D7128-05 用地震反射法的浅地下勘测的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application1.1.1 This guide summarizes the technique, equipment, field procedures, data processing, and interpretation methods for the assessment of shallow subsurface conditions using the seismic-reflection method.1.1.2 Seismic reflection measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping shallow subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic (), geotechnical, hydrogeologic (), and environmental (. The seismic-reflection method is used to map, detect, and delineate geologic conditions including the bedrock surface, confining layers (aquitards), faults, lithologic stratigraphy, voids, water table, fracture systems, and layer geometry (folds). The primary application of the seismic-reflection method is the mapping of lateral continuity of lithologic units and, in general, detection of change in acoustic properties in the subsurface.1.1.3 This guide will focus on the seismic-reflection method as it is applied to the near surface. Near-surface seismic reflection applications are based on the same principles as those used for deeper seismic reflection surveying, but accepted practices can differ in several respects. Near-surface seismic-reflection data are generally high-resolution (dominant frequency above 80 Hz) and image depths from around 6 m to as much as several hundred meters. Investigations shallower than 6 m have occasionally been undertaken, but these should be considered experimental.1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the shallow seismic-reflection method, but it does not address the details of seismic theory, field procedures, data processing, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the seismic-reflection method be familiar with the relevant material in this guide, the references cited in the text, and Guides D 420, D 653, D 2845, D 4428/D 4428M, Practice D 5088, Guides D 5608, D 5730, D 5753, D 6235, and D 6429.1.2.2 This guide is limited to two-dimensional (2-D) shallow seismic-reflection measurements made on land. The seismic-reflection method can be adapted for a wide variety of special uses: on land, within a borehole, on water, and in three dimensions (3-D). However, a discussion of these specialized adaptations of reflection measurements is not included in this guide.1.2.3 This guide provides information to help understand the concepts and application of the seismic-reflection method to a wide range of geotechnical, engineering, and groundwater problems.1.2.4 The approaches suggested in this guide for the seismic-reflection method are commonly used, widely accepted, and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to the seismic-reflection method that are technically sound may be equally suited.1.2.5 Technical limitations of the seismic-reflection method are discussed in .1.2.6 This guide discusses both compressional (P) and shear (S) wave reflection methods. Where applicable, the distinctions between the two methods will be pointed out in this guide.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration for a projects many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. The......

Standard Guide for Using the Seismic-Reflection Method for Shallow Subsurface Investigation

ASTM G167-05 用直接日射强度表校正日射强度计的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers an integration of previous Test Method E 913 dealing with the calibration of pyranometers with axis vertical and previous Test Method E 941 on calibration of pyranometers with axis tilted. This amalgamation of the two methods essentially harmonizes the methodology with ISO 9846.1.2 This test method is applicable to all pyranometers regardless of the radiation receptor employed, and is applicable to pyranometers in horizontal as well as tilted positions.1.3 This test method is mandatory for the calibration of all secondary standard pyranometers as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and ISO 9060, and for any pyranometer used as a reference pyranometer in the transfer of calibration using Test Method E 842.1.4 Two types of calibrations are covered: Type I calibrations employ a self-calibrating, absolute pyrheliometer, and Type II calibrations employ a secondary reference pyrheliometer as the reference standard (secondary reference pyrheliometers are defined by WMO and ISO 9060).1.5 Calibrations of reference pyranometers may be performed by a method that makes use of either an altazimuth or equatorial tracking mount in which the axis of the radiometer''s radiation receptor is aligned with the sun during the shading disk test.1.6 The determination of the dependence of the calibration factor (calibration function) on variable parameters is called characterization. The characterization of pyranometers is not specifically covered by this method.1.7 This test method is applicable only to calibration procedures using the sun as the light source.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using a Pyrheliometer

ASTM E957-03(2011)e1 地热能相关的标准术语

Standard Terminology Relating to Geothermal Energy

ASTM D3213-03 海底原始松软积土的搬运、储藏和制备标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise reporting, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesive undisturbed marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens for triaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented.1.2 These practices may include the handling and transporting of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous materials and samples subject to quarantine regulations.1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of the document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 1, 2 and 7.1.5 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Undisturbed Marine Soil

ASTM D5096-02 测定杯形风速计或螺旋桨风速计性能的标准试验方法

This test method will provide a standard for comparison of rotating type anemometers, specifically cup anemometers and propeller anemometers, of different types. Specifications by regulatory agencies (4-7) and industrial societies have specified performance values. This standard provides an unambiguous method for measuring Starting Threshold, Distance Constant, Transfer Function, and Off-Axis Response.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Starting Threshold, Distance Constant, Transfer Function, and Off-Axis Response of a cup anemometer or propeller anemometer from direct measurement in a wind tunnel.1.2 This test method provides for a measurement of cup anemometer or propeller anemometer performance in the environment of wind tunnel flow. Transference of values determined by these methods to atmospheric flow must be done with an understanding that there is a difference between the two flow systems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer

ASTM D5096-02(2007) 杯形风速计或螺旋桨式风速计性能测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Starting Threshold, Distance Constant, Transfer Function, and Off-Axis Response of a cup anemometer or propeller anemometer from direct measurement in a wind tunnel.1.2 This test method provides for a measurement of cup anemometer or propeller anemometer performance in the environment of wind tunnel flow. Transference of values determined by these methods to atmospheric flow must be done with an understanding that there is a difference between the two flow systems. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer

ASTM E337-02 用干湿球湿度计测定湿度的标准试验方法(湿球和干球温度的测量)

The object of this test method is to provide guidelines for the construction of a psychrometer and the techniques required for accurately measuring the humidity in the atmosphere. Only the essential features of the psychrometer are specified. METHOD A—PSYCHROMETER VENTILATED BY ASPIRATION Top 1.1 General:1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings.1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres.1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only.1.1.4 Relative humidity (RH) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form RH 177; rh %, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range (RH - rh) % to (RH 177; rh ) %, where RH is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95 % confidence level.1.2 Method A8212;Psychrometer Ventilated by Aspiration: 1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience.1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 80176;C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1176;C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.1.3 Method B8212;Psychrometer Ventilated by Whirling (Sling Psychrometer): 1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer).1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 50176;C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1176;C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)

ASTM D5012-01 大气湿沉积物采集和保存使用材料的制备标准指南

1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

ASTM D6727-01(2007) 地球物理测量钻孔的标准指南.中子

An appropriately developed, documented, and executed guide is essential for the proper collection and application of neutron logs. This guide is to be used in conjunction with Standard Guide D 5753. The benefits of its use include improving selection of neutron logging methods and equipment; neutron log quality and reliability; usefulness of the neutron log data for subsequent display and interpretation. This guide applies to commonly used neutron logging methods for geotechnical applications. It is essential that personnel (see Section 8.3.2, Standard Guide D 5753) consult up-to-date textbooks and reports on the neutron technique, application, and interpretation methods.1.1 This guide is focused on the general procedures necessary to conduct neutron or neutron porosity (hereafter referred to as neutron) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, ground-water and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations. Neutron soil moisture measurements made using neutron moisture gauges, are excluded. Neutron logging for minerals or petroleum applications is excluded, along with neutron activation logs where gamma spectral detectors are used to characterize the induced gamma activity of minerals exposed to neutron radiation.1.2 This guide defines a neutron log as a record of the rate at which thermal and epithermal neutrons are scattered back to one or more detectors located on a probe adjacent to a neutron source.1.2.1 Induction logs are treated quantitatively and should be interpreted with other logs and data whenever possible.1.2.2 Neutron logs are commonly used to: ( 1) delineate lithology, and (2) indicate the water-filled porosity of formations (see Fig. 1).1.3 This guide is restricted to neutron logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes), or to He3-tube detectors with or without Cd foil covers or coatings to exclude thermalized neutrons.1.4 This guide provides an overview of neutron logging including: (1) general procedures; ( 2) specific documentation; (3) calibration and standardization, and (4) log quality and interpretation.1.5 To obtain additional information on neutron logs see References section in this guide.1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Standard Guide D 5753.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide should not be used as a sole criterion for neutron logging and does not replace education, experience, and professional judgment. Neutron logging procedures should be adapted to meet the needs of a range of applications and stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word standard in the title of this document means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The neutron log is typically recorded in units of counts per second (cps) or in percent porosity.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. The use of radioactive sources in ......

Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging-Neutron