07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5012-01(2008) 收集和保存大气潮湿沉积物用材料的标准指南

Some chemical constituents of AWD are not stable and must be preserved before chemical analysis. Without sample preservation, it is possible that analytes can be lost through decomposition or sorption to the storage bottles. Contamination of AWD samples can occur during both sample preservation and sample storage. Proper selection and cleaning of sampling containers are required to reduce the possibility of contamination of AWD samples. The natural sponge and talc-free plastic gloves used in the following procedures should be recognized as potential sources of contamination. Individual experience should be used to select products that minimize contamination.1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis. 1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

ASTM F2099-01 陆地探查用实测原图的准备和使用时统一横墨卡托投影网格的使用标准指南

1.1 This guide describes one method of setting up a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system on a base map for transfer to a field map.1.2 This guide provides a uniform way of communicating UTM coordinates.1.3 This guide is intended to be used with United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-min quadrangle topographical maps with a scale of 1:24 000, with or without UTM grid lines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Use of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grids When Preparing and Using a Field Map for Land Search

ASTM D6727-01(2007) 地球物理测量钻孔的标准指南.中子

An appropriately developed, documented, and executed guide is essential for the proper collection and application of neutron logs. This guide is to be used in conjunction with Standard Guide D 5753. The benefits of its use include improving selection of neutron logging methods and equipment; neutron log quality and reliability; usefulness of the neutron log data for subsequent display and interpretation. This guide applies to commonly used neutron logging methods for geotechnical applications. It is essential that personnel (see Section 8.3.2, Standard Guide D 5753) consult up-to-date textbooks and reports on the neutron technique, application, and interpretation methods.1.1 This guide is focused on the general procedures necessary to conduct neutron or neutron porosity (hereafter referred to as neutron) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, ground-water and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations. Neutron soil moisture measurements made using neutron moisture gauges, are excluded. Neutron logging for minerals or petroleum applications is excluded, along with neutron activation logs where gamma spectral detectors are used to characterize the induced gamma activity of minerals exposed to neutron radiation.1.2 This guide defines a neutron log as a record of the rate at which thermal and epithermal neutrons are scattered back to one or more detectors located on a probe adjacent to a neutron source.1.2.1 Induction logs are treated quantitatively and should be interpreted with other logs and data whenever possible.1.2.2 Neutron logs are commonly used to: ( 1) delineate lithology, and (2) indicate the water-filled porosity of formations (see Fig. 1).1.3 This guide is restricted to neutron logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes), or to He3-tube detectors with or without Cd foil covers or coatings to exclude thermalized neutrons.1.4 This guide provides an overview of neutron logging including: (1) general procedures; ( 2) specific documentation; (3) calibration and standardization, and (4) log quality and interpretation.1.5 To obtain additional information on neutron logs see References section in this guide.1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Standard Guide D 5753.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide should not be used as a sole criterion for neutron logging and does not replace education, experience, and professional judgment. Neutron logging procedures should be adapted to meet the needs of a range of applications and stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word standard in the title of this document means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The neutron log is typically recorded in units of counts per second (cps) or in percent porosity.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. The use of radioactive sources in ......

Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging-Neutron

ASTM D5012-01 大气湿沉积物采集和保存使用材料的制备标准指南

1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

ASTM F2099-01(2007) 陆地探查用实测原图的准备和使用时统一横墨卡托投影网格的使用标准指南

The base map, field maps, and the UTM grid lines are used during search operations to ensure that field personnel and the command post can accurately communicate specific position information in the search area. Section 5 verifies if the UTM grid lines are on the base map or not. If the UTM grid lines are not on the base map, Section 5 describes how to draw them on the map. Section 6 establishes how to set up and prepare field maps for personnel to use in the field. Section 7 describes the uniform way of determining and communicating UTM coordinates.1.1 This guide describes one method of setting up a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system on a base map for transfer to a field map.1.2 This guide provides a uniform way of communicating UTM coordinates.1.3 This guide is intended to be used with United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-min quadrangle topographical maps with a scale of 1:24 000, with or without UTM grid lines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Use of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grids When Preparing and Using a Field Map for Land Search

ASTM D6639-01(2008) 地下勘察用频域电磁法使用的标准指南

Concepts: This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures and interpretation methods used for the characterization of subsurface materials and geological structure as based on their properties to conduct, enhance or obstruct the flow of electrical currents as induced in the ground by an alternating electromagnetic field. The frequency domain method requires a transmitter or energy source, a transmitter coil, receiver electronics, a receiver coil, and interconnect cables (Fig. 5). The transmitter coil, when placed on or near the earth''s surface and energized with an alternating current, induces small currents in the near earth material proportional to the conductivity of the material. These induced alternating currents generate a secondary magnetic field (Hs), which is sensed with the primary field (Hp) by the receiver coil. Under a constraint known as the “low induction number approximation” (McNeill, 1980) and when the subsurface is nonmagnetic, the secondary magnetic field is fully out-of-phase with the primary field and is given by a function of these variables. where: σa= apparent conductivity in siemens/meter, S/m, ω= 2πf in radians/sec; f = frequency in Hz, µo= permeability of free space in henrys/meter 4π × 10–7, /m, s= intercoil spacing in meters, m, and Hs/Hp= the ratio of the out-of-phase component of the secondary magnetic field to the primary magnetic field, both measured by the receiver coil.Perhaps the most important constraint is that the depth of penetration (skin depth, see section 6.5.3.1) of the electromagnetic wave generated by the transmitter be much greater than the intercoil spacing of the instrument. The depth of penetration is inversely proportional to the ground conductivity and instrument frequency. For example, an instrument with an intercoil spacing of 10 m (33 ft) and a frequency of 6400 Hz, using the vertical dipole, meets the low induction number assumption for earth conductivities less than 200 mS/m. Multi-frequency domain instruments usually measure the two components of the secondary magnetic field: a component in-phase with the primary field and a component 90° out-of-phase (quadrature component) with the primary field (Kearey and Brook 1991). Generally, instruments do not display either the in-phase or out-of-phase (quadrature) components but do show either the apparent conductivity or the ratio of the secondary to primary magnetic fields. When ground conditions are such that the low induction number approximation is valid, the in-p......

Standard Guide for Using the Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Method for Subsurface Investigations

ASTM D4430-00e1 气象测量运算可比性测定的标准实施规程

1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological measurements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environmental chambers or wind tunnels, but natural exposure cannot be fully simulated. Atmospheric quantities are continuously variable in time and space; therefore, repeated measurements of the same quantities as required by Practice E177 to determine precision are not possible. This practice provides standard procedures for exposure, data sampling, and processing to be used with two measuring systems in determining their operational comparability (1, 2). 1.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samples that can be used for statistical analysis. Comparability is defined in terms of specified statistical parameters. Other statistical parameters may be computed by methods described in other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks (3). 1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical, that is, same make, model, and manufacturer, the operational comparability is called functional precision. 1.4 Meteorological determinations frequently require simultaneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution of atmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement to determine the time distribution, or both. In some cases, a number of identical systems may be used, but in others a mixture of instrument systems may be employed. The procedures described herein are used to determine the variability of like or unlike systems for making the same measurement. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 for more specific safety precautionary information.)

Standard Practice for Determining the Operational Comparability of Meteorological Measurements

ASTM E974-00 地热能系统热量性能说明的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers power plant performance terms and criteria for use in evaluation and comparison of geothermal energy conversion and power generation systems. The special nature of these geothermal systems makes performance criteria commonly used to evaluate conventional fossil fuel-fired systems of limited value. This guide identifies the limitations of the less useful criteria and defines an equitable basis for measuring the quality of differing thermal cycles and plant equipment for geothermal resources. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .

Standard Guide for Specifying Thermal Performance of Geothermal Power Systems

ASTM D5527-00(2011) 用声学方式测定地面风和地面温度的标准操作规程

Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except for confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure. The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature by the use of ancillary temperature devices. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means

ASTM D4430-00(2006) 气象测量运算可比性测定的标准实施规程

This practice provides data needed for selection of instrument systems to measure meteorological quantities and to provide an estimate of the precision of measurements made by such systems. This practice is based on the assumption that the repeated measurement of a meteorological quantity by a sensor system will vary randomly about the true value plus an unknowable systematic difference. Given infinite resolution, these measurements will have a Gaussian distribution about the systematic difference as defined by the Central Limit Theorem. If it is known or demonstrated that this assumption is invalid for a particular quantity, conclusions based on the characteristics of a normal distribution must be avoided.1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological measurements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environmental chambers or wind tunnels, but natural exposure cannot be fully simulated. Atmospheric quantities are continuously variable in time and space; therefore, repeated measurements of the same quantities as required by Practice E 177 to determine precision are not possible. This practice provides standard procedures for exposure, data sampling, and processing to be used with two measuring systems in determining their operational comparability (,).1.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samples that can be used for statistical analysis. Comparability is defined in terms of specified statistical parameters. Other statistical parameters may be computed by methods described in other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks ().1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical, that is, same make, model, and manufacturer, the operational comparability is called functional precision.1.4 Meteorological determinations frequently require simultaneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution of atmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement to determine the time distribution, or both. In some cases, a number of identical systems may be used, but in others a mixture of instrument systems may be employed. The procedures described herein are used to determine the variability of like or unlike systems for making the same measurement.This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See for more specific safety precautionary information.)

Standard Practice for Determining the Operational Comparability of Meteorological Measurements

ASTM D5878-00 工程技术用岩石分级系统的使用标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of a suitable system of classification of rock mass for specific engineering purposes, such as tunneling and shaft-sinking, excavation of rock chambers, ground support, modification and stabilization of rock slopes, and preparation of foundations and abutements. These classification systems may also be of use in work on rippability of rock, quality of construction materials, and erosion resistance. Although widely used classification systems are treated in this guide, systems not included here may be more appropriate in some situations, and may be added to subsequent editions of this standard. 1.2 The valid, effective use of this guide is contingent upon the prior complete definition of the engineering purposes to be served and on the complete and competent definition of the geology and hydrology of the engineering site. Further, the person or persons using this guide must have had field experience in studying rock-mass behavior. An appropriate reference for geological mapping in the underground is provided by Guide D 4879. 1.3 This guide identifies the essential characteristics of each of the five included classification systems. It does not include detailed guidance for application to all engineering purposes for which a particular system might be validly used. Detailed descriptions of the five systems are presented in STP 984 with abundant references to source literature. 1.4 The range of applications of each of the systems has grown since its inception. This guide summarizes the major fields of application up to this time of each of the five classification systems. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Using Rock Mass Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes

ASTM D6527-00 用稳态离心法测定多孔介质中不饱和和饱和液压传导性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydraulic conductivity, or the permeability relative to water, of any porous medium in the laboratory, in particular, the hydraulic conductivity for water in subsurface materials, for example, soil, sediment, rock, concrete, and ceramic, either natural or artificial, especially in relatively impermeable materials or materials under highly unsaturated conditions. This test method covers determination of these properties using any form of steady-state centrifugation (SSC) in which fluid can be applied to a specimen with a constant flux or steady flow during centrifugation of the specimen. This test method only measures advective flow on core specimens in the laboratory.1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Unsaturated and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Porous Media by Steady-State Centrifugation

ASTM D5527-00(2007) 用声学方法测量表面风和温度的标准规范

1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature by the use of ancillary temperature devices.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means

ASTM D5527-00(2002)e1 用声学方法测量表面风和温度的标准规范

Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except for confined areas and very close to the ground. This practice applies to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure. The calculations and transformations provided in this practice apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.1.1 This practice covers procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. This practice applies to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. This practice also applies to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but does not apply to the measurement of temperature by the use of ancillary temperature devices. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means

ASTM D6429-99(2011)e1 表面地球物理学方法选择的标准指南

This guide applies to commonly used surface geophysical methods for those applications listed in Table 1. The rating system used in Table 1 is based upon the ability of each method to produce results under average field conditions when compared to other methods applied to the same application. An “A” rating implies a preferred method and a “B” rating implies an alternate method. There may be a single method or multiple methods that can be applied with equal success. There may also be a method or methods that will be successful technically at a lower cost. The final selection must be made considering site specific conditions and project objectives; therefore, it is critical to have an experienced professional make the final decision as to the method(s) selected. Benson (2) provides one of the earlier guides to the application of geophysics to environmental problems. Ward (3) is a three-volume compendium that deals with geophysical methods applied to geotechnical and environmental problems. Olhoeft (4) provides an expert system for helping select geophysical methods to be used at hazardous waste sites. EPA (5) provides an excellent literature review of the theory and use of geophysical methods for use at contaminated sites. An Introduction to Geophysical Measurements: A primary factor affecting the accuracy of geotechnical or environmental site characterization efforts is the number of sample points or borings. Insufficient spatial sampling to adequately characterize the conditions at a site can result if the number of samples is too small. Interpolation between these sample points may be difficult and may lead to an inaccurate site characterization. Benson (2) provides an assessment of the probability of target detection using only borings. Surface and borehole geophysical measurements generally can be made relatively quickly, are minimally intrusive, and enable interpolation between known points of control. Continuous data acquisition can be obtained with certain geophysical methods at speeds up to several km/h. In some cases, total site coverage is economically possible. Because of the greater sample density, the use of geophysical methods can be used to define background (ambient) conditions and detect anomalous conditions resulting in a more accurate site characterization than using borings alone. Geophysical measurements provide a means of mapping lateral and vertical variations of one or more physical properties or monitoring temporal changes in conditions, or both. A contrast must be present for geophysical measurements to be successful. Geophysical methods measure the physical, electrical, or chemical properties of soil, rock, and pore fluids. To detect an anomaly, a soil to rock contact, the presence of inorganic contaminants, or a buried drum, there must be a contrast in the property being measured, for example, the target to be detected or geologic feature to be defined must have properties significantly different from “background” conditions. For example, the interface between fresh water and saltwater in an aquifer can be detected by the differences in electrical properties of the pore fluids. The contact between soil and unweathered bedrock can be detected by the differences in acoustic velocity of the materials. In some cases, the differences in measured physical properties may be too small for anomaly detection by geophysical methods. Because physical properties of soil and rock vary widely, some............

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

ASTM D5111-99(2006) 非都市地区监测大气沉积物的选址和取样方法的标准指南

The guide consolidates into one document, siting criteria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs. The guide leads the user through the steps of site selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selection, and presents quality assurance techniques and other considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition sample for subsequent chemical analysis. The guide extends Practice D 1357 to include specific guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including acidic deposition.1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks.1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow.1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.

Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations

ASTM D6431-99(2005) 直流电阻率法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of the electrical properties of subsurface materials and their pore fluids, using the direct current (DC) resistivity method. Measurements of the electrical properties of subsurface materials are made from the land surface and yield an apparent resistivity. These data can then be interpreted to yield an estimate of the depth, thickness, and resistivity of subsurface layer(s).1.1.2 Resistivity measurements as described in this guide are applied in geological, geotechnical, environmental, and hydrologic investigations. The resistivity method is used to map geologic features such as lithology, structure, fractures, and stratigraphy; hydrologic features such as depth to water table, depth to aquitard, and ground water salinity; and to delineate ground water contaminants. General references are, Keller and Frischknecht (), Zohdy et al (), Koefoed (), EPA(), Ward (), Griffiths and King (), and Telford et al ().1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the Direct Current Resistivity Method. It does not address in detail the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the resistivity method be familiar with the references cited in the text and with the Guide D 420, Practice D 5088, Practice D 5608, Guide D 5730, Test Method G 57, D 6429, and D 6235.1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach for resistivity measurements using sounding and profiling techniques with the Schlumberger, Wenner, or dipole-dipole arrays and modifications to those arrays. It does not cover the use of a wide range of specialized arrays. It also does not include the use of spontaneous potential (SP) measurements, induced polarization (IP) measurements, or complex resistivity methods.1.2.3 The resistivity method has been adapted for a number of special uses, on land, within a borehole, or on water. Discussions of these adaptations of resistivity measurements are not included in this guide.1.2.4 The approaches suggested in this guide for the resistivity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to the resistivity method that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented.1.2.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgements. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to consider the safety implications when high voltages and currents are used.1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of ......

Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6430-99 重力法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application: 1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the gravity method. 1.1.2 The gravity method described in this guide is applicable to investigation of a wide range of subsurface conditions. 1.1.3 Gravity measurements indicate variations in the earth''s gravitational field caused by lateral differences in the density of the subsurface soil or rock or the presence of natural voids or man-made structures. By measuring spatial changes in the gravitational field, variations in subsurface conditions can be determined. 1.1.4 Detailed gravity surveys (commonly called microgravity surveys) are used for near-surface geologic investigations and geotechnical, environmental, and archaeological studies. Geologic and geotechnical applications include location of buried channels, bedrock structural features, voids, and caves, and low-density zones in foundations. Environmental applications include site characterization, ground water studies, landfill characterization, and location of underground storage tanks (1). 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the gravity method. It does not address the details of the gravity theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the gravity method be familiar with the references cited and with the Guides D 420, D 5753, D 6235, and D 6429, and Practices D 5088, and D 5608. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to gravity measurements made on land. The gravity method can be adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, on water, and from aircraft and space. A discussion of these other gravity methods, including vertical gravity gradient measurements, is not included in this guide. 1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for the gravity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the gravity method that are technically sound may be substituted. 1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.3 Precautions: 1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to establish appropriate health and safety practices. 1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of the gravity method. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6429-99(2006) 地球物理法选择地表的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental investigations (hereafter referred to as site characterization), as well as forensic and archaeological applications. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides are being developed for each surface geophysical method.1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects.1.3 The geophysical methods presented in this guide are regularly used and have been proven effective for hydrologic, geologic, geotechnical, and hazardous waste site assessments.1.4 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited () and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 5777, and D 6285, as well as Practices D 5088, D 5608, D 6235, and Test Method G 57.1.5 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted.1.6 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method''s theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successfully complete a survey. Personnel not having specialized training or experience should be cautious about using geophysical methods and should solicit assistance from qualified practitioners.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the guide. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

ASTM D6429-99 地球物理法选择地表的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental investigations (hereafter referred to as site characterization), as well as forensic and archaeological applications. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides are being developed for each surface geophysical method. 1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects. 1.3 The geophysical methods presented in this guide are regularly used and have been proven effective for hydrologic, geologic, geotechnical, and hazardous waste site assessments. 1.4 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with references cited (1-20) and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 5777, D 6235, and D 6285, as well as Practices D 5088, D 5608, and Test Method G 57. 1.5 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method''s theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successfully complete a survey. Personnel not having specialized training or experience should be cautious about using geophysical methods and should solicit assistance from qualified practioners. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the guide. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.9 Precautions: 1.9.1 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of the methods. If the methods are used at site with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods