07.080 (Biology. Botany. Zoology) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1468-92(1997) 用篮子取样器收集底栖大型无脊椎动物的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining qualitative and quantitative samples of macroinvertebrates in rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs. The device can be used in areas in which no other method is feasible. 1.2 Basket samplers are usually colonized by a wide variety of macroinvertebrates that actively and passively enter the current or the water column. 1.3 The method described in this practice facilitates the standardization of collection procedures at sampling sites and is excellent for water quality monitoring purposes. Standardized sampling is especially desirable when the results from different investigators and environments are to be compared. 1.4 The materials used in the basket sampler are natural or artificial materials of various compositions and configurations. The device is placed in water for a predetermined exposure period and depth for the colonization of macroinvertebrate communities. 1.5 The basket sampler can be used alone or can effectively augment bottom substrate sampling, because many of the physical variables encountered in bottom sampling are minimized (for example, variable depth and light penetration, temperature differences, and substrate types). 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates with the Basket Sampler

ASTM E1397-91(2003) 实验室鼠肝细胞DNA修复化验的标准实施规程

Measurement of chemically induced DNA repair is a means of assessing the ability of a chemical to reach and alter the DNA. DNA repair is an enzymatic process that involves the recognition and excision of DNA-chemical adduct followed by DNA strand polymerization and ligation to restore the original primary structure of the DNA (7). This process can be quantitated by measuring the amount of labeled thymidine incorporated into the nuclear DNA of cells that are not in S-phase and is often called unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) (8). Numerous assays have been developed for the measurement of chemically induced DNA repair in various cell lines and primary cell cultures from both rodent and human origin (9). The primary rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay developed by Williams (10) has proven to be particularly valuable in assessing the genotoxic activity and potential carcinogenicity of chemicals (11), (12). Genotoxic activity is often produced by reactive metabolites of a chemical. The in vitro rat hepatocyte assay provides a system in which a metabolically competent cell is itself the target cell for measured genotoxicity. Most other short-term tests for genotoxicity employ a rat liver homogenate (S-9) for metabolic activation, which differs markedly in many important ways from the patterns of activation and detoxification that actually occur in hepatocytes. An extensive literature is available on the use of in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assays (2, 3, 6, 13-28).1.1 This practice covers a typical procedure and guidelines for conducting the rat in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay. The procedures presented here are based on similar protocols that have been shown to be reliable (1-6).1.2 Mention of trade names or commercial products are meant only as examples and not as endorsements. Other suppliers or manufacturers of equivalent products are acceptable.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for the in vitro Rat Hepatocyte DNA Repair Assay

ASTM E1397-91(1998) 体外大鼠肝细胞DNA修复检验的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers a typical procedure and guidelines for conducting the rat in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay. The procedures presented here are based on similar protocols that have been shown to be reliable (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) . 1.2 Mention of trade names or commercial products are meant only as examples and not as endorsements. Other suppliers or manufacturers of equivalent products are acceptable. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for the in vitro Rat Hepatocyte DNA Repair Assay

ASTM E1262-88(2008) 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/次黄质鸟嘌呤转磷酸核糖基酶基因变异鉴定的标准指南

The CHO/HGPRT assay detects forward mutations of the X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt) locus (coding for the enzyme, HGPRT) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells originally derived from Chinese hamster ovary tissue are exposed to a test article and, following an appropriate cell culture regimen, descendants of the original treated population are monitored for the loss of functional HGPRT, presumably due to mutations. Resistance to a purine analogue, 6-thioguanine (6TG) (or less desirably, 8-azaguanine (8AG)), is employed as the genetic marker. HGPRT catalyzes the conversion of the nontoxic 6TG to its toxic ribophosphorylated derivative. Loss of the enzyme or its activity therefore leads to cells resistant to 6TG. Because HGPRT is an enzyme of the purine nucleotide salvage pathway, loss of the enzyme is not a lethal event. Different types of mutational events (base substitutions, frameshifts, deletions, some chromosomal type lesions, and so forth) should theoretically be detectable at the hgprt locus. The CHO/HGPRT assay has been used to study a wide range of mutagens, including radiations (2-4), and a wide variety of chemicals (1), and complex chemical mixtures (5).1.1 This guide highlights some of the more relevant biological concepts as they are currently understood, and summarizes the critical technical aspects for acceptable bioassay performances as they currently are perceived and practiced. The Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) assay (1) has been widely applied to the toxicological evaluation of industrial and environmental chemicals. 1.2 This guide concentrates on the practical aspects of cell culture, mutagenesis procedures, data analysis, quality control, and testing strategy. The suggested approach represents a consensus of the panel members for the performance of the assay. It is to be understood, however, that these are merely general guidelines and are not to be followed without the use of sound scientific judgement. Users of the assay should evaluate their approach based on the properties of the substances to be tested and the questions to be answered. 1.3 Deviation from the guidelines based on sound scientific judgement should by no means invalidate the results obtained. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Performance of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell/Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Gene Mutation Assay

ASTM E1262-88(2003) 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/次黄质鸟嘌呤转磷酸核糖基酶基因变异鉴定的操作

The CHO/HGPRT assay detects forward mutations of the X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt) locus (coding for the enzyme, HGPRT) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells originally derived from Chinese hamster ovary tissue are exposed to a test article and, following an appropriate cell culture regimen, descendants of the original treated population are monitored for the loss of functional HGPRT, presumably due to mutations. Resistance to a purine analogue, 6-thioguanine (6TG) (or less desirably, 8-azaguanine (8AG)), is employed as the genetic marker. HGPRT catalyzes the conversion of the nontoxic 6TG to its toxic ribophosphorylated derivative. Loss of the enzyme or its activity therefore leads to cells resistant to 6TG. Because HGPRT is an enzyme of the purine nucleotide salvage pathway, loss of the enzyme is not a lethal event. Different types of mutational events (base substitutions, frameshifts, deletions, some chromosomal type lesions, and so forth) should theoretically be detectable at the hgprt locus. The CHO/HGPRT assay has been used to study a wide range of mutagens, including radiations (2-4), and a wide variety of chemicals (1), and complex chemical mixtures (5).1.1 This guide highlights some of the more relevant biological concepts as they are currently understood, and summarizes the critical technical aspects for acceptable bioassay performances as they currently are perceived and practiced. The Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) assay () has been widely applied to the toxicological evaluation of industrial and environmental chemicals.1.2 This guide concentrates on the practical aspects of cell culture, mutagenesis procedures, data analysis, quality control, and testing strategy. The suggested approach represents a consensus of the panel members for the performance of the assay. It is to be understood, however, that these are merely general guidelines and are not to be followed without the use of sound scientific judgement. Users of the assay should evaluate their approach based on the properties of the substances to be tested and the questions to be answered.1.3 Deviation from the guidelines based on sound scientific judgement should by no means invalidate the results obtained.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Performance of the Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell/Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Gene Mutation Assay

ASTM E1262-88(2013) 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶基因突变试验性能的标准指南

2.1 The CHO/HGPRT assay detects forward mutations of the X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt) locus (coding for the enzyme, HGPRT) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells originally derived from Chinese hamster ovary tissue are exposed to a test article and, following an appropriate cell culture regimen, descendants of the original treated population are monitored for the loss of functional HGPRT, presumably due to mutations. Resistance to a purine analogue, 6-thioguanine (6TG) (or less desirably, 8-azaguanine (8AG)), is employed as the genetic marker. HGPRT catalyzes the conversion of the nontoxic 6TG to its toxic ribophosphorylated derivative. Loss of the enzyme or its activity therefore leads to cells resistant to 6TG. 2.2 Because HGPRT is an enzyme of the purine nucleotide salvage pathway, loss of the enzyme is not a lethal event. Different types of mutational events (base substitutions, frameshifts, deletions, some chromosomal type lesions, and so forth) should theoretically be detectable at the hgprt locus. The CHO/HGPRT assay has been used to study a wide range of mutagens, including radiations (2-4), and a wide variety of chemicals (1), and complex chemical mixtures (5). 1.1 This guide highlights some of the more relevant biological concepts as they are currently understood, and summarizes the critical technical aspects for acceptable bioassay performances as they currently are perceived and practiced. The Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) assay (1) 2 has been widely applied to the toxicological evaluation of industrial and environmental chemicals. 1.2 This guide concentrates on the practical aspects of cell culture, mutagenesis procedures, data analysis, quality control, and testing strategy. The suggested approach represents a consensus of the panel members for the performance of the assay. It is to be understood, however, that these are merely general guidelines and are not to be followed without the use of sound scientific judgement. Users of the assay should evaluate their approach based on the properties of the substances to be tested and the questions to be answered. 1.3 Deviation from the guidelines based on sound scientific judgement should by no means invalidate the results obtained. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Performance of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell/Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Gene Mutation Assay

ASTM D4558-85(1995) 用流网收集底栖大型无脊椎动物的标准实施规程

1.1 Drift nets are useful for collecting macroinvertebrates that actively or passively enter the water column or that are dislodged from the substrate; naturally or by stress. They are particularly well-suited for synoptic surveys because they are light weight and easily transported. 1.2 Thousands of organisms, including larvae of stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and midges and other Diptera, may be collected in a sampling period of only a few hours. 1.3 The drift net efficiently collects organisms originating from all types of substrates and a wide spectrum of microhabitats in lotic (flowing) waters. 1.4 The device is restricted to flowing rivers or streams with a current velocity of more than 0.05 m/s. 1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates With Drift Nets

ASTM D4556-85(1995)e1 底栖大型无脊椎动物收集用流网取样装置标准指南

1.1 The Surber, portable invertebrate box, Hess, Hess stream bottom, and stream-bed fauna samples are qualitative and most are reasonably quantitative collecting devices. They are operated by hand. They provide for outlining a definite unit-area, for collecting the macroinvertebrates within the area, and are equipped with a net to retain organisms. They are designed to be placed by hand onto or in some cases into mud, sand, gravel, or rubble substrate types, in shallow streams, or shallow areas of rivers. 1.2 The drift net sampler is a qualitative and quantitative collecting device used to capture drifting organisms in flowing waters. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting Stream-Net Sampling Devices for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates

ASTM D4387-84(1997) 收集大型底栖无脊椎动物用抓取取样装置的选择标准指南

1.1 This guide covers selecting grab sampling devices for collecting benthic macroinvertebrates. (See Table 1) 1.2 The grab sampler when used correctly is a quantitative collecting device. It is designed to penetrate and grab or scoop a variety of substrates or sediment types from which macroinvertebrates are collected in freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats.

Standard Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices for Collecitng Benthic Macroinvertebrates