13.080.10 (Chemical characteristics of soil) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5831-96(2001) 用于筛选土壤中燃料的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If the contaminant fuel is available for calibration, the approximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If the contaminant fuel type is known, but the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be determined using average response factors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is unknown, the screening test method can be used to identify the possible presence of contamination. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Screening Fuels in Soils

ASTM D4972-95a 土壤pH值的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the pH of soils for uses other than for corrosion testing. Such measurements are used in the agricultural, environmental, and natural resources fields. This measurement determines the degree of acidity or alkalinity in soil materials suspended in water and a 0.01 M calcium chloride solution. Measurements in both liquids are necessary to fully define the soil's pH. This variable is useful in determining the solubility of soil minerals and the mobility of ions in the soil and assessing the viability of the soil-plant environment. A more detailed discussion of the usefulness of this parameter is not warranted here; however, it can be found in many discussions of the subject. A few such discussions are given as Refs (1-6) at the end of the text. 1.2 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for pH of Soils

ASTM G51-95(2005) 测量腐蚀试验用土壤pH值的测试方法

Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G 57 - 78 (1984)).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing

ASTM G51-95(2000) 测量腐蚀试验用土壤pH值的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57-78(1984)). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing

ASTM G51-95(2012) 测量腐蚀试验用土壤pH值的标准试验方法

Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion testing. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57–78(1984)). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing

ASTM D5765-95(2001) 使用密闭容器微波加热法从土壤和沉渣中进行石油烃类溶剂萃取的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the solvent extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from soils and sediments, using closed vessel microwave heating, for subsequent determination by gravimetric or gas chromatographic techniques. 1.2 This practice is recommended only for solid samples that can pass through a ten mesh screen (approximately 2-mm openings). 1.3 The solvent extract obtained by this practice may be analyzed for total or specific nonvolatile and semivolatile petroleum hydrocarbons but may require sample clean-up procedures prior to specific compound analysis. 1.4 This practice is limited to solvents that are recommended for use in microwave solvent extraction systems. 1.5 The values stated in pounds per square inch (psi) are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Practice for Solvent Extraction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Soils and Sediments Using Closed Vessel Microwave Heating

ASTM D4542-95(2001) 用折射计测定土壤中可溶盐含量和孔隙抽水的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a rapid procedure for squeezing pore water from fine-grained soils for the purpose of determining the amount of soluble salts present in the extracted pore water. 1.2 This test method was developed for soils having a water content equal to or greater than approximately 14 %, for example, marine soils. An extensive summary of procedures for extracting pore water from soils has been presented by Kriukov and Manheim (1). 1.3 This test method is not generally applicable for determining the soluble salt content of the pore water extracted from coarse-grained soils, such as clean sands and gravels. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pore Water Extraction and Determination of the Soluble Salt Content of Soils by Refractometer

ASTM D5285-92(1997) 24小时分批测定土壤和沉积物的挥发性有机物的吸附作用的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension, for example, soils, fluvial sediments, sedimentary deposits, or any other accumulations of unconsolidated solid particles (for a companion method, for metal solute, see Test Method D4319). The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions like those produced by waste extraction tests (for example, Test Method D3987). 1.2 This test method is applicable for screening and providing the relative rankings of a large number of samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate closely the sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings and under flow conditions. 1.3 While this test method is intended to be applicable for all soluble organic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as volatilization or degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments

ASTM D5258-92(1996) 用密闭容器微波加热从沉积物中酸萃取元素的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the digestion of soils and sediments for subsequent determination of acid-extractable concentrations of certain elements by such techniques as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy. 1.1.1 Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc can be extracted from the preceding materials. Other elements may be determined using this practice. 1.2 The analytical sample is arbitrarily defined as that which passes a 10-mesh (approximately 2-mm openings) screen and is prepared according to Practice D3974. 1.3 Actual element quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods under other appropriate ASTM standards for element(s) of interest. 1.4 The detection limit and linear concentration range for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption or emission spectrophotometric technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used. 1.5 Before selecting a digestion technique, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3974 for any special preparatory considerations. 1.6 The extent of extraction of elements from soils and sediments by this method is dependent upon the physical and mineralogic characteristics of the prepared sample. 1.7 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.

Standard Practice for Acid-Extraction of Elements from Sediments Using Closed Vessel Microwave Heating

ASTM E1195-87(1993)e1 土壤和沉积物中有机化学物质用吸收常数(K_oc)的测定用标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the partitioning of organic chemicals between water and soil or sediment. The goal is to obtain a single value which can be used to predict partitioning under a variety of environmental conditions from the measurement of sorption coefficients for specific solids.1.2 Sorption represents the binding process of chemicals to surfaces of soils or sediments through chemical, or physical, or both interactions.1.3 The sorption of nonpolar organic chemicals, and to some extent polar organic chemicals, is correlated with the organic carbon content of the sorbing solid. Charged inorganic and organic molecules may behave differently, and some other property, such as, cation exchange capacity, clay content, or total surface area of sorbing solids, may influence sorption. Hydrous metal oxides of iron and aluminum may significantly affect sorption in sediments. In order to provide a sorption coefficient that is useful for a wide range of soils and sediments, the coefficient is based on organic carbon content. This approach, however, will not apply to all chemicals or all soils and sediments. In cases where it does not apply, the investigator may need to seek other methods of relating sorption to the properties of the chemical, soil, or sediment.1.4 It is possible that, in addition to organic carbon, sorption is correlated with the total surface area of sorbing solids. This may be particularly important with solids having organic carbon contents so low that sorption to inorganic surfaces is significant in comparison to sorption by organic material. In such a case, inclusion of the total surface area into the sorption calculation may be useful. For further information on this subject see Ref (1).1.5 Equilibrium sorption coefficients are determined. It is recognized that equilibrium conditions do not always exist in environmental situations, but sorption equilibria values are necessary for making generalizations about environmental partitioning.1.6 Studies are conducted preferably with an analytical or technical-grade chemical. Mixtures are used only if analytical methods allow measurement of individual components of interest in the mixture. Good laboratory procedures must be followed to ensure validity of the data.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining a Sorption Constant (Koc) for an Organic Chemical in Soil and Sediments

ASTM E1197-87(2004) 进行陆地土壤芯样缩影测试的标准指南

This guide provides a test procedure for evaluating the potential ecological impacts and environmental transport of a chemical in an agricultural (tilled, low-till, or no-till) or natural field soil ecosystem that may be released or spilled into the environment. The suggested test procedures are designed to supply site-specific information for a chemical without having to perform field testing. (See EPA 560/6-82-002 and EPA 560/6-82-003.) This guide is not specifically designed to address fate of chemicals in soils of forested ecosystems. However, with some modifications, it may be adapted for that purpose by the individual investigator. Specifically, this guide is used to determine the effect of a chemical on (1) growth and reproduction of either natural grassland vegetation or crops, and (2) nutrient uptake and cycling within the soil/plant system. Additionally, the soil-core microcosm will provide information on (1) potential for bioaccumulation (enrichment) of the chemical into plant tissues, and (2) the potential for and rate of transport of the chemical through soil to ground water. The results of this test should be used in conjunction with information on the chemical and biological activity of the test substance to assess the relative environmental hazard and the potential for environmental movement once released. The test methods described in this guide are designed specifically for liquid or solid materials. Significant modifications of the exposure system would be necessary to accommodate chemicals that are volatile or that may be released in a gaseous or aerosolized form. For methods that could be adapted for use with volatile or gaseous test substances see Refs (3, 4, 5, 6). Results of a multi-year soil-core microcosm test have been correlated with data derived from a series of multi-year field plot tests for a limited number of materials. Information on the correlation between microcosm and field results can be found in Refs (7, 8, 9, 10).1.1 This guide defines the requirements and procedures for using soil-core microcosms to test the environmental fate, ecological effects, and environmental transport of chemicals that may enter terrestrial ecosystems. The approach and the materials suggested for use in the microcosm test are also described.1.2 This guide details a procedure designed to supply site-specific or possibly regional information on the probable chemical fate and ecological effects in a soil system resulting from the release or spillage of chemicals into the environment in either liquid or solid form.1.3 Experience has shown that microcosms are most helpful in the assessment process after preliminary knowledge about the chemical properties and biological activity have been obtained. Data generated from the test can then be used to compare the potential terrestrial environmental hazards of a chemical.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Conducting a Terrestrial Soil-Core Microcosm Test