13.220.40 (Ignitability and burning behaviour of m 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2579-15 评估表面燃烧特性的木制品样品制备和安装的标准实施规程

5.1 Solid board, lumber and timber products (including solid boards, lumber, timber, fingerjoined lumber, glulam, laminate wood, laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber products); panel products (including fibreboard, hardboard, oriented strandboard, waferboard and plywood panel products); decorative wood products and shingles and shakes used as interior wall and ceiling finish are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems. 5.2 If it can be demonstrated that none of the methods described in this practice are applicable to a particular product, other mounting methods shall be permitted to be used. This information shall be included in the report. 5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84. 1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing wood products to assess flames spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84. 1.2 This practice applies also to laminated products factory-produced with a wood substrate (see 8.6). This practice does not apply to wood veneers or facings intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2404. 1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84. 1.4 Testing for the reporting of the moisture content of the test specimen is conducted with Test Methods D4442. 1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool. 1.6 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM8201;SI-10 for further details. 1.7 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures. 1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 10. 1.9 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory materials. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered......

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

ASTM E2536-14 评估燃烧试验中测量不确定度的标准指南

5.1 Users of fire test data often need a quantitative indication of the quality of the data presented in a test report. This quantitative indication is referred to as the “measurement uncertainty”. There are two primary reasons for estimating the uncertainty of fire test results. 5.1.1 ISO/IEC8201;17025 requires that competent testing and calibration laboratories include uncertainty estimates for the results that are presented in a report. 5.1.2 Fire safety engineers need to know the quality of the input data used in an analysis to determine the uncertainty of the outcome of the analysis. 1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and expression of uncertainty of measurements of fire test methods developed and maintained by ASTM International, based on the approach presented in the GUM. The use in this process of precision data obtained from a round robin is also discussed. 1.2 The guidelines presented in this standard can also be applied to evaluate and express the uncertainty associated with fire test results. However, it may not be possible to quantify the uncertainty of fire test results if some sources of uncertainty cannot be accounted for. This problem is discussed in more detail in Appendix X2. 1.3 Application of this guide is limited to tests that provide quantitative results in engineering units. This includes, for example, methods for measuring the heat release rate of burning specimens based on oxygen consumption calorimetry, such as Test Method E1354. 1.4 This guide does not apply to tests that provide results in the form of indices or binary results (for example, pass/fail). For example, the uncertainty of the Flame Spread Index obtained according to Test Method E84 cannot be determined. 1.5 In some cases additional guidance is required to supplement this standard. For example, the expression of uncertainty of heat release rate measurements at low levels requires additional guidance and uncertainties associated with sampling are not explicitly addressed. 1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests

ASTM E662-14 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM D5048-14 采用125mm火焰测量固态塑料比较燃烧特性和抗烧穿性的标准试验方法

5.1 The test results represent afterflame plus afterglow time, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of the test. The test results for plaques also indicate whether or not the specified flame will burn through a material. 5.2 The effect of material thickness, colors, additives, deterioration, and possible loss of volatile components is measurable. 5.3 The burning characteristics vary with thickness. Compare test data with data for materials of similar thickness only. 5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing the relative performance of materials and can be an aid in material selection. 5.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not always be possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method. 1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers a small-scale laboratory procedure for determining the relative burning characteristics and the resistance to burn-through of plastics using small bar and plaque specimens exposed to a 125-mm (500-W nominal) flame.Note 1—This test method is equivalent to IEC 60695-11-20.Note 2—For additional information on comparative burning characteristics of solid plastics in a vertical position, see Test Method D3801. 1.2 This test method was developed for polymeric materials used for parts in devices and appliances. The results are intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their acceptability with respect to flammability for a particular application. The final acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use in complete equipment that conforms with the standards applicable to such equipment. 1.3 The classification system described in Appendix X1 is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products. 1.4 If found to be appropriate, it is suitable to apply the requirements to other nonmetallic materials. Such application is outside the scope of this technical committee. 1.5 This test method is not intended to cover plastics when used as materials for building construction or finishing. 1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. 1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if a......

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burning Characteristics and Resistance to Burn-Through of Solid Plastics Using a 125-mm Flame

ASTM F1959/F1959M-14 测定服装材料电弧额定值的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a material, or a combination of materials. 5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values may be observed at individual sensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12. 5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposure conditions. Different exposure conditions may produce different results. In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions representative of the expected hazard may be used and shall be documented in the reporting of the testing results. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the arc rating of materials intended for use as flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to electric arcs that would generate heat flux rates from 84 to 25 120 kW/m28201;[2 to 600 cal/cm2s]. 1.2 This test method will measure the arc rating of materials which meet the following requirements: less than 150 mm [6 in.] char length and less than 2 s afterflame when tested in accordance with Test Method D6413. 1.2.1 It is not the intent of this test method to evaluate non flame-resistant materials except where used as under layers in multiple-layer specimens. 1.3 The materials used in this test method are in the form of flat specimens. 1.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions. 1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard except as noted. Within the text, alternate units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents therefore alternate systems must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the systems described in the text may result in nonconformance with the method. 1.6 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards. 1.7 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Arc Rating of Materials for Clothing

ASTM D3675-14 使用辐射热源测定柔性多孔材料表面易燃性的的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is intended for use when measuring surface flammability of flexible cellular materials exposed to fire. The test method provides a laboratory test procedure for measuring and comparing the surface flammability of materials when exposed to a prescribed level of radiant heat energy. The test is conducted using specimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of the material or assembly being evaluated. For example, if an assembly is required to be tested, such specimens shall replicate the type and thickness of all the layers present in the assembly being evaluated. 5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfaces depends upon the physical and thermal properties of the material, product, or assembly under test, the specimen mounting method and orientation, the type and level of fire or heat exposure, the availability of air, and properties of the surrounding enclosure. (1-6)4, 5 5.3 Test Method E162 is a generic version of this test method, using an apparatus that is substantially the same as the one used in this test method. However, Test Method E162 is normally intended for application to specimens other than flexible cellular materials. 5.3.1 The pilot burner in this test method is different from the pilot burner in Test Method E162. 5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory fire test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 5.5 If the test results obtained by this test method are to be considered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in a building or structure, then the criteria, concepts and procedures incorporated into Guide E1546 shall be taken into consideration. 1.1 This is a fire test response standard. 1.2 This test method describes the measurement of surface flammability of flexible cellular materials. 1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not, by itself, incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. 1.6 Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source

ASTM E1474-14 采用实验室规模耗氧热量计测定软体家具和床垫部件或组件的放热率的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus. 5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development. 5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest. 5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion. 1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter. 1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heating fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used. 1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354. 1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6. 1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E2102-14 采用圆锥形辐射加热器测量屏蔽的质量损失和可燃性的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for screening materials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2). 5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and mass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flame spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke. 5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associated with slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is not always a result of combustion, and that this method does not assess release of smoke or combustion products. 5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level and subsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface. Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lower propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become involved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however this method does not assess the smoke or combustion products released. 5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials, products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance). 5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from this test method when tests are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while introducing variations in properties such as specimen thickness or density. 5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method. The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up to 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of the application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested, and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, the method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m38201;(see 5.7.3). 5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release, a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygen consumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as Test Method E1474 and E1740, or in intermediate scale or a large scale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E1623, E1537, E1590 or D5537 (see also Annex A2). On the other hand the thermopile method of assessing heat release has been used extensively because of its simplicity, including Test Method E906, and other applications discussed in Guide E603.6 5.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable materials requires specia......

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

ASTM E2336-14 耐火润滑脂管道密封系统的标准试验方法

5.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the ability of the grease duct enclosure system to do the following: 5.1.1 Resist the effects of a standardized fire exposure, 5.1.2 Retain its integrity, or 5.1.3 Exhibit both properties dependent upon the type of test assembly involved during a predetermined test exposure. 5.2 These test methods provide for the following measurements and evaluations where applicable: 5.2.1 Capability of the enclosure material to resist flaming (combustion) when exposed to 1382°F (750°C). 5.2.2 Loadbearing ability of the tested support system and fastening system to carry the load of the grease duct enclosure system during a standardized fire-engulfment test. 5.2.3 Ability of a fire stop to meet the requirements of Test Method E814 when used with a grease duct enclosure system. 5.2.4 Ability of the enclosure material to resist the passage of flames and hot gases during a standardized fire resistance test and a standardized internal fire test. 5.2.5 Transmission of heat through the grease duct and the enclosure material(s) during a standardized fire resistance test and a standardized internal fire test. 5.2.6 Ability of the grease duct enclosure system to resist the passage of water during a standardized hose stream test. 5.2.7 Comparative measurement of temperature aging of the enclosure material(s) when subjected to standardized cyclic thermal transmissions. 5.3 These test methods do not provide the following: 5.3.1 Full information as to performance of the enclosure material or the grease duct enclosure system constructed with components, densities, or dimensions other than those tested. 5.3.2 Evaluation of the degree by which the enclosure material or grease duct enclosure system contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion. 5.3.3 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the grease duct enclosure system. 5.3.4 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the grease duct enclosure system. Note......

Standard Test Methods for Fire Resistive Grease Duct Enclosure Systems

ASTM E662-13c 由固体材料产生的烟雾特定光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E662-13a 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM D6890-13a 用等容室内燃烧法测定柴油点火延迟和衍生十六烷值 (DCN) 的标准试验方法

5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. 5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aid to relate or match fuels and engines. 5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinations to the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-load diesel engines is not completely understood. 5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels in full-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignition characteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels. 5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requires a sample of approximately 100 mL and a test time of approximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument. 1.1 This automated laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oil, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of ASTM Specification D975 grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517 and 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel blending components. 1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation correlates an ignition delay determination to cetane number by Test Method D613, resulting in a derived cetane number (DCN). 1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from 3.1 to 6.5 ms (64 to 33 DCN). The combustion analyzer can measure shorter and longer ignition delays, but precision may be affected. For these shorter or longer ignition delays the correlation equation for DCN is given in Appendix X2. There is no information about how DCNs outside the 33 to 64 range compare to Test Method D613 cetane numbers. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respons......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber

ASTM E662-13b 固体材料产生的烟雾比光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E2451-13 对燃烧残骸试样中可燃性液体和可燃性液体残留物提取物进行保存的标准实施规程

4.1 The archiving of extracts recovered from fire debris or liquids submitted in a fire investigation provides a mechanism to preserve extracts and liquids for reanalysis in the event that sample loss, sample degradation, or failure of the fire debris container occurs during post-analysis storage of fire debris evidence. 4.2 The nature of some extraction procedures, which may preclude reanalysis, is considered. 4.3 Changes to a preserved sample extract and the length of time it remains viable under storage conditions are unknown. 4.4 The concentration and composition of the ignitable liquid residue or the use of an alternate extraction/concentration technique used to preserve a sample extract of the fire debris sample may result in different findings between the analysis of the preserved sample and the original analysis. 1.1 This practice describes procedures for preserving residues of ignitable liquids in extracts obtained from fire debris samples and questioned ignitable liquid samples. Extraction procedures are described in the Referenced Documents. 1.2 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding the short-term or long-term storage of ignitable liquid samples and ignitable liquid extracts from fire debris samples. The changes that may occur under various storage conditions have not been fully documented. 1.3 This practice cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples

ASTM D6413/D6413M-13b 织物火焰抗性的标准试验方法 (垂直试验)

5.1 This test method determines the response of textiles to a standard ignition source, deriving measurement values for afterflame time, afterglow time, and char length. 5.2 The vertical flame resistance, as determined by this test method, only relates to a specified flame exposure and application time. 5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, draft-free, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure. 5.4 Test Method D6413 has been adopted from Federal Test Standard No. 191A method 5903.1, which has been used for many years in acceptance testing. The between-laboratory precision of this test method has not been established. Refer to Section 14 for single-laboratory precision. 5.4.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration on the known bias. 1.1 This test method is used to measure the vertical flame resistance of textiles. 1.1.1 As a part of the measure of flame resistance, afterflame and afterglow characteristics are evaluated. 1.2 This standard shall be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)

ASTM E662-13d 由固体材料产生的烟雾特定光密度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved. 5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.4 5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions. 5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemb......

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E2102-13 使用锥形辐射加热器测量筛查用质量损失和可燃性的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means for screening materials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2). 5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and mass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flame spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke. 5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associated with slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is not always a result of combustion, and that this method does not assess release of smoke or combustion products. 5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level and subsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface. Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lower propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become involved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however this method does not assess the smoke or combustion products released. 5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials, products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance). 5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from this test method when tests are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while introducing variations in properties such as specimen thickness or density. 5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method. The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up to 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of the application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested, and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, the method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m38201;(see 5.7.3). 5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release, a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygen consumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as Test Method

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

ASTM E1590-13 床垫着火试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated. 5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations. 5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released, or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, which are important to making decisions on fire safety. 5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: (1) as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and (2) to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however, fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement. 5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. The test method is thus applicable to mattresses in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old age convalescent and board and care homes, and college dormitories and residence halls. 5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be used in this test method: 5.6.1 Test Configuration A—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m (12 by 8 by 8 ft) high. 5.6.2 Test Configuration B—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m (12 by 10 by 8 ft) high. 5.6.3 Test Configuration C—An open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter). 5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has been shown that equivalent test results are obtained. 5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in 5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release in the duct, and mass loss, up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW (

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

ASTM E1822-13 折叠椅着火试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a stack of five stacking chairs. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated. 5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations. 5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, that are important to making decisions on fire safety. 5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat-release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmospheres, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement. 5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to stacked chairs in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old-age convalescent and board and care homes, college dormitories and residence halls, and hotels and motels. 5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be used in this test method: 5.6.1 Test Configuration A—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high (12 by 8 by 8 ft). 5.6.2 Test Configuration B—A test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m high (12 by 10 by 8 ft). 5.6.3 Test Configuration C—An open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter). 5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has been shown that equivalent test results are obtained. 5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in 5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release in the duct and mass loss up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW (1).8

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs

ASTM E2579-13 表面燃烧特性评估用木材制品的样品制备和安装的标准实施规程

5.1 Solid board, lumber and timber products (including solid boards, lumber, timber, fingerjoined lumber, glulam, laminate wood, laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber products); panel products (including fibreboard, hardboard, oriented strandboard, waferboard and plywood panel products); decorative wood products and shingles and shakes used as interior wall and ceiling finish are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems. 5.2 If it can be demonstrated that none of the methods described in this practice are applicable to a particular product, other mounting methods shall be permitted to be used. This information shall be included in the report. 5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84. 1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing wood products to assess flames spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84. 1.2 This practice applies also to laminated products factory-produced with a wood substrate (see 8.6). This practice does not apply to wood veneers or facings intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2404. 1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84. 1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool. 1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM8201;SI-10 for further details. 1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures. 1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 10. 1.8 The text of this standard references note......

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics