17.100 (Measurement of force, weight and pressure) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E74-13a 试验机负载读数检验用测力仪校准的标准实施规程

4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are in general use in many industries. Practices E4 has been written to provide a practice for the force verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practices E4 is the use of devices whose force characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E74 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of force measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide the calibration of the instruments and the documents of traceability, and service organizations that use the devices to verify testing machines. 1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments: 1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and 1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.2 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required. 1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E74-13 连续焊接期间声发射监测的标准实施规程

4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are in general use in many industries. Practices E4 has been written to provide a practice for the force verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practices E4 is the use of devices whose force characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E74 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of force measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide the calibration of the instruments and the documents of traceability, and service organizations that use the devices to verify testing machines. 1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments: 1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and 1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.2 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required. 1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E1719-12 用沸点测定法测定液体蒸气压力的标准试验方法

Vapor pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic property of a liquid. Vapor pressure and boiling temperature data are required for material safety data sheets (MSDS), the estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and other needs related to product safety. Vapor pressures are important for prediction of the transport of a chemical in the environment; see Test Method E1194.1.1 This test method describes procedures for determination of the vapor pressure of liquids by ebulliometry (boiling point measurements). It is applicable to pure liquids and azeotropes that have an atmospheric boiling point between 285 and 575 K and that can be condensed completely and returned to the ebulliometer boiler, that is, all materials must be condensable at total reflux. Liquid mixtures may be studied if they do not contain non-condensable components. Liquid mixtures that contain trace amounts of volatile but completely condensable components may also be studied, but they will produce vapor pressure data of greater uncertainty. Boiling point temperatures are measured at applied pressures of 1.0 to 100 kPa (7.5 to 760 torr). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 There is no ISO equivalent to this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquids by Ebulliometry

ASTM E74-12 连续焊接期间声发射监测的标准实施规程

4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are in general use in many industries. Practices E4 has been written to provide a practice for the force verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practices E4 is the use of devices whose force characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E74 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of force measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide the calibration of the instruments and the documents of traceability, and service organizations that use the devices to verify testing machines. 1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments: 1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and 1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 1—Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.2 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required. 1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM F2569-11 体育运动用表面压力还原性能评估的标准试验方法

The force reduction property is just one of the important properties of a surface used for athletic activity. It may be an indicator of the performance, safety, comfort, or suitability of the surface. Manufacturers of athletic surfaces may use this test method to evaluate the effects of design changes on the impact forces generated on the surface. Facility owners may use this standard to evaluate the performance of existing sport/athletic surfaces. Results may be useful during the selection process for a replacement surface, or for an additional athletic surface being added to the facility. Facility owners may also use this test method to verify that newly installed surfaces perform at or near the levels included in project specifications. 1=drop mass and striker 2=guide rod 3=spring 4=upper end-cap 5=bottom end-cap 6=test foot 7=adjustable support 8=height adjustment and release mechanism 9=load cell 10=housing sleeve 11=guide holeFIG. 1 Force Reduction Test Apparatus1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement and normalization of impact forces generated through a mechanical impact test on an athletic surface. The impact forces simulated in this test method are intended to represent those produced by lower extremities of an athlete during landing events on sport or athletic surfaces. 1.2 This test method may be applied to any surface where athletic activity may be conducted.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Force Reduction Properties of Surfaces for Athletic Use

ASTM E1226-10 尘雾爆炸性的标准试验方法

This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to evaluate deflagration parameters of dusts. The data developed by this test method may be used for the purpose of sizing deflagration vents in conjunction with the nomographs published in NFPA 68, ISO 6184/1, or VDI 3673. The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample tested and the method used and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants. For hard-to-ignite dusts with low KSt-values, a very strong ignitor may overdrive a 20-L chamber, as discussed in E1515 and Ref 2. If a dust has measurable (nonzero) Pmax- and KSt-values with a 5000 or 10 000-J ignitor but not with a 2500-J ignitor in a 20-L chamber, this may be an overdriven system. In this case, it is recommended that the dust be tested with a 10 000-J ignitor in a larger chamber such as a 1-m3 chamber to determine if it is actually explosible. 1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this test method is to provide standard test methods for characterizing the “explosibility” of dust clouds in two ways, first by determining if a dust is “explosible,” meaning a cloud of dust dispersed in air is capable of propagating a deflagration; or, if explosible, determining the degree of “explosibility,” meaning the potential explosion hazard of a dust cloud as characterized by the dust explosibility parameters, maximum explosion pressure, Pmax ; maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max; and explosibility index, KSt. 1.2 Limitations. Results obtained by the application of the methods of this standard pertain only to certain combustion characteristics of dispersed dust clouds. No inference should be drawn from such results relating to the combustion characteristics of dusts in other forms or conditions (e.g., ignition temperature or spark ignition energy of dust clouds, ignition properties of dust layers on hot surfaces, ignition of bulk dust in heated environments, etc.) 1.3 Use. It is intended that results obtained by application of this test be used as elements of an explosion risk assessment that takes into account other pertinent risk factors; and in the specification of explosion prevention systems (see, for example NFPA 68, NFPA 69, and NFPA 654) when used in conjunction with approved or recognized design methods by those skilled in the art. Note 18212;Historically, the evaluation of the deflagration parameters of maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise has been done using a 1.2-L Hartmann Apparatus. Test Method E789, which describes this method, has been withdrawn. The use of data obtained from the test method in the design of explosion protection systems is not recommended. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds

ASTM F2569-07 体育运动用表面压力还原性能评估的标准试验方法

The force reduction property is just one of the important properties of a surface used for athletic activity. It may be an indicator of the performance, safety, comfort, or suitability of the surface. Manufacturers of athletic surfaces may use this test method to evaluate the effects of design changes on the impact forces generated on the surface. Facility owners may use this standard to evaluate the performance of existing sport/athletic surfaces. Results may be useful during the selection process for a replacement surface, or for an additional athletic surface being added to the facility. Facility owners may also use this test method to verify that newly installed surfaces perform at or near the levels included in project specifications. 1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement and normalization of impact forces generated through a mechanical impact test on an athletic surface. The impact forces simulated in this test method are intended to represent those produced by lower extremities of an athlete during landing events on sport or athletic surfaces. 1.2 This test method may be applied to any surface where athletic activity may be conducted.1.3 The test methods described are applicable in both laboratory and field settings. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Force Reduction Properties of Surfaces for Athletic Use

ASTM E74-06 试验机负载读数检验用测力仪校准的标准实施规范

Testing machines that apply and indicate force are in general use in many industries. Practices E 4 has been written to provide a practice for the force verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practices E 4 is the use of devices whose force characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E 74 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of force measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide the calibration of the instruments and the documents of traceability, and service organizations that use the devices to verify testing machines.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments:1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 1Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E 4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E1719-05 用沸点测定法测定液体蒸气压力的标准试验方法

Vapor pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic property of a liquid. Vapor pressure and boiling temperature data are required for material safety data sheets (MSDS), the estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and other needs related to product safety. Vapor pressures are important for prediction of the transport of a chemical in the environment; see Test Method E 1194.1.1 This test method describes procedures for determination of the vapor pressure of liquids by ebulliometry (boiling point measurements). It is applicable to pure liquids and azeotropes that have an atmospheric boiling point between 285 and 575 K and that can be condensed completely and returned to the ebulliometer boiler, that is, all materials must be condensable at total reflux. Liquid mixtures may be studied if they do not contain non-condensable components. Liquid mixtures that contain trace amounts of volatile but completely condensable components may also be studied, but they will produce vapor pressure data of greater uncertainty. Boiling point temperatures are measured at applied pressures of 1.0 to 100 kPa (7.5 to 760 torr).1.2 SI units are the standard.1.3 There is no ISO equivalent to this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section .

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquids by Ebulliometry

ASTM E74-04 验证试验机力指示值用测力仪的校准的标准规程

1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments:1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 18212;Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E 4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E74-02 检验试验机负载读数用测力仪校准的标准实施规程

1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments:1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 18212;Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E 4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E74-01 检验试验机负载读数用测力仪校准的标准实施规程

1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments. Procedures are included for the following types of instruments:1.1.1 Elastic force-measuring instruments, and1.1.2 Force-multiplying systems, such as balances and small platform scales. Note 18212;Verification by deadweight loading is also an acceptable method of verifying the force indication of a testing machine. Tolerances for weights for this purpose are given in Practices E 4; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as equivalent when required.1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static force measuring instruments. It is not applicable for dynamic or high speed force calibrations, nor can the results of calibrations performed in accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or high speed force measurements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines

ASTM E1194-01 蒸汽压力的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring the vapor pressure of pure liquid or solid compounds. Since no single technique is available to measure vapor pressures from 1 X 10-11 to 100 kPa (approximately 10-10 to 760 torr), two procedures are presented. An isoteniscope (standard) procedure for measuring vapor pressures of liquids from 1 X 10-1 to 100 kPa (approximately 1 to 760 torr) is available in Test Method D2879. A gas-saturation procedure for measuring vapor pressures from 1 X 10-11 to 1 kPa (approximately 10-10 to 10 torr) is presented in this test method. Both procedures are subjects of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test Guidelines. This method may not be appropriate for all mixtures.1.2 These two methods were selected to provide data at normal environmental temperatures (10 to 60oC). At least three temperature values should be studied to allow definition of a vapor pressure-temperature correlation. Values determined should be based on temperature selections such that a measurement is made at 25oC (as recommended by IUPAC) (1), a value can be interpolated for 25oC, or a value can be reliably extrapolated for 25oC. Extrapolation to 25oC should be avoided if the temperature range tested includes a value at which a phase change occurs. Extrapolation to 25oC over a range larger than 10oC should also be avoided. The test methods were selected because of their extended range, simplicity, and general applicability (2). Examples of results produced by the gas-saturation procedure during an interlaboratory evaluation are given in . These data have been taken from Reference (3).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure

ASTM F2070-00(2006) 压力和差动压力电及光纤换能器标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for pressure and differential pressure transducers for general applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Where information is to be specified, it shall be stated in SI units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 Special requirements for naval shipboard applications are included in Supplementary Requirements S1, S2, and S3.

Standard Specification for Transducers, Pressure and Differential, Pressure, Electrical and Fiber-Optic

ASTM E1719-97 用沸点测定法测定液体蒸气压力的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers procedures for determination of the vapor pressure of liquids by ebulliometry (boiling point measurements). It is applicable to pure liquids and azeotropes that have an atmospheric boiling point between 285 and 575 K and that can be condensed completely and returned to the ebulliometer boiler, that is, all materials must be condensable at total reflux. Liquid mixtures may be studied if they do not contain non-condensable components. Liquid mixtures that contain trace amounts of volatile but completely condensable components may also be studied, but they will produce vapor pressure data of greater uncertainty. Boiling point temperatures are measured at applied pressures of 1.0 to 101.33 kPa (7.5 to 760.0 torr). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquids by Ebulliometry

ASTM D4846-96 按扣抗不易扣紧性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to disengage snap fasteners by a pull perpendicular to and parallel with the plane of the snap fastener. 1.2 This test method requires attachment of snaps to specimens using specifications provided by the producers of the snaps. 1.3 This test method is used to establish correlation to wear conditions and for comparing different brands and types of snap fasteners. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in the parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Unsnapping of Snap Fasteners

ASTM D4846-96(2004) 按扣抗不易扣紧性的标准试验方法

This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of snap fasteners, but caution is advised since information on between laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 are advisable. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 4846 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and seller should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Studentrsquo;t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and seller must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to disengage snap fasteners by a pull perpendicular to and parallel with the plane of the snap fastener. 1.2 This test method requires attachment of snaps to specimens using specifications provided by the producers of the snaps. 1.3 This test method is used to establish correlation to wear conditions and for comparing different brands and types of snap fasteners. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in the parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Resistance to Unsnapping of Snap Fasteners

ASTM D5720-95(2009) 土工用电子传感器型压力测量系统静态校准标准实施规程

Electronic transducer-based pressure measurement systems must be subjected to static calibration under room conditions to ensure reliable conversion from system output to pressure during use in laboratory or in field applications. Transducer-based pressure measurement systems should be calibrated before initial use and at least quarterly thereafter and after any change in the electronic or mechanical configuration of a system. Transducer-based pressure measurement systems should also be recalibrated if a component is dropped; overloaded; if ambient test conditions change significantly; or for any other significant changes in a system. Static calibration is not appropriate for transducerbased systems used under operating environmental conditions involving vibration, shock, or acceleration.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for static calibration of electronic transducer-based systems used to measure fluid pressures in laboratory or in field applications associated with geotechnical testing. 1.2 This practice is used to determine the accuracy of electronic transducer-based pressure measurement systems over the full pressure range of the system or over a specified operating pressure range within the full pressure range. 1.3 This practice may also be used to determine a relationship between pressure transducer system output and applied pressure for use in converting from one value to the other (calibration curve). This relationship for electronic pressure transducer systems is usually linear and may be reduced to the form of a calibration factor or a linear calibration equation. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

Standard Practice for Static Calibration of Electronic Transducer-Based Pressure Measurement Systems for Geotechnical Purposes

ASTM E898-88(2013) 直读实验室秤盘和天平的最大载荷试验的标准试验方法

4.1 This method will enable the user to develop information concerning the precision and accuracy of weighing instruments. In addition, results obtained using this method will permit the most advantageous use of the instrument. Weaknesses as well as strengths of the instrument should become apparent. It is not the intent of this method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture, but to enable the user to choose a suitable instrument. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/18201;0008201;000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following: 1.1.1 warm-up, 1.1.2 off center errors, 1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision, 1.1.4 accuracy and linearity, 1.1.5 hysteresis, 1.1.6 settling time, 1.1.7 temperature effects, 1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and 1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances. 1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method of Testing Top-Loading, Direct-Reading Laboratory Scales and Balances

ASTM E898-88(2005) 直读实验室秤盘和天平的最大载荷试验

This method will enable the user to develop information concerning the precision and accuracy of weighing instruments. In addition, results obtained using this method will permit the most advantageous use of the instrument. Weaknesses as well as strengths of the instrument should become apparent. It is not the intent of this method to compare similar instruments of different manufacture, but to enable the user to choose a suitable instrument. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of characteristics of top-loading, direct-reading laboratory scales and balances. Laboratory scales of the top-loading type may have capacities from a few grams up to several kilograms. Resolution may be from 1/1000 of capacity to 1/1 000 000 or more. This method can be used for any of these instruments and will serve to measure the most important characteristics that are of interest to the user. The characteristics to be measured include the following:1.1.1 warm-up,1.1.2 off center errors,1.1.3 repeatability, reproducibility, and precision,1.1.4 accuracy and linearity,1.1.5 hysteresis,1.1.6 settling time,1.1.7 temperature effects,1.1.8 vernier or micrometer calibration, and1.1.9 resistance to external disturbances.1.2 The types of scales that can be tested by this method are of stabilized pan design wherein the sample pan does not tilt out of a horizontal plane when the sample is placed anywhere on the pan surface. The pan is located generally above the measuring mechanism with no vertical obstruction, except for draft shields. Readings of weight may be obtained from an optical scale, from a digital display, or from a mechanical dial. Weighing mechanisms may be of the deflecting type, using gravity or a spring as the transducer, or may be a force-balance system wherein an electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other force is used to counterbalance the weight of the sample. Other force-measuring devices may be tested by this method as long as a sample placed on a receiving platform produces an indication that is substantially a linear function of the weight of the sample.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method of Testing Top-Loading, Direct-Reading Laboratory Scales and Balances