17.180.20 (Colours and measurement of light) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E308-15 材料特性和尺寸效应的纳米技术劳动力教育标准指南

5.1 The CIE colorimetric systems provide numerical specifications that are meant to indicate whether or not pairs of color stimuli match when viewed by a CIE standard observer. The CIE color systems are not intended to provide visually uniform scales of color difference or to describe visually perceived color appearances. 5.2 This practice provides for the calculation of tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y that can be used directly for psychophysical color stimulus specification or that can be transformed to nearly visually uniform color scales, such as CIELAB and CIELUV. Uniform color scales are preferred for research, production control, color-difference calculation, color specification, and setting color tolerances. The appearance of a material or an object is not completely specified by the numerical evaluation of its psychophysical color, because appearance can be influenced by other properties such as gloss or texture. 1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens. 1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer. 1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants. 1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained in accordance with Practice E1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval. 1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice. 1.6 This practice includes procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV (3). Equations for calculating color differences in these and other systems are given in Practice D2244. 1.7 The values s......

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

ASTM D2244-15e1 用于计算彩色公差和色差与仪器测量颜色坐标的标准实践

5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. 5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔECMC or ΔE00 units are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Both are appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles. The Hunter color difference components ΔLH, ΔaH, ΔbH, and their color difference unit ΔEH, are used by the coil coating and aluminum extrusion coating industries, as well as the customers of these users. They are, therefore, included in Appendix X1 for historical purposes and use. 5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. 5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a ......

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E1708-14 颜色和外观数据的电子交换用标准实施规程

5.1 This practice should be used by manufacturers of color-measuring instruments and developers of software when the transmission of color and appearance data is desired between instruments or computers and where ASCII files are the desired method of transfer. 5.2 The method of transmission may be via direct connection, modem, or the transfer of electronic media, for example, by floppy disk transfer. 5.3 The practice lends itself to the transmission of either a single record of data or multiple record files. 5.4 Examples of files generated in this practice are contained in Fig. X1.1 and Fig. X2.1 of Appendix X1 and Appendix X2. 1.1 This practice covers procedures to be used in the electronic exchange of color and appearance data between users, by either modem or the physical transfer of electronic media. It is intended for use by manufacturers of color-measuring instruments and developers of software so that any instrument may acquire data for its use that may have been measured on an instrument of another manufacturer, at another place, or at another time. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and Appearance Data

ASTM D2244-14 用​仪​器​测​定​颜​色​坐​标​的​方​法​计​算​色​差​的​标准实施规程

5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. 5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔECMC or ΔE00 units are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Both are appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles. The CIELAB color-difference unit ΔE*ab is not recommended for use with color differences less than 5.0 ΔE*ab units. The Hunter color difference components ΔLH, ΔaH, ΔbH, and their color difference unit ΔEH, are used by the coil coating and aluminum extrusion coating industries, as well as the customers of these users. They are, therefore, included in Appendix X1 for historical purposes and use. 5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. 5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than that of the most experienced visual color matcher. 5.5 While color differen......

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

ASTM E308-13 用CIE系统计算物体颜色的标准实施规程

5.1 The CIE colorimetric systems provide numerical specifications that are meant to indicate whether or not pairs of color stimuli match when viewed by a CIE standard observer. The CIE color systems are not intended to provide visually uniform scales of color difference or to describe visually perceived color appearances. 5.2 This practice provides for the calculation of tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y that can be used directly for psychophysical color stimulus specification or that can be transformed to nearly visually uniform color scales, such as CIELAB and CIELUV. Uniform color scales are preferred for research, production control, color-difference calculation, color specification, and setting color tolerances. The appearance of a material or an object is not completely specified by the numerical evaluation of its psychophysical color, because appearance can be influenced by other properties such as gloss or texture. 1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens. 1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer. 1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants. 1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained in accordance with Practice E1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval. 1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice. 1.6 This practice includes procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV (3). Equations for calculating color differences in these and other systems are given in Practice D2244. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to addres......

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

ASTM E2194-12 金属片状着色材料的多角度颜色测量标准操作规程

Instrumental Measurement Angles8212;This practice is designed to provide color data at specific measurement angles that can be utilized for quality control, color matching, and formulating in the characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. Materials8212;This practice provides meaningful color information for metal flake pigmented materials. This practice has been tested and verified on paint and coatings, and the same principles should apply to plastics containing metallic flake. For materials containing pearlescent materials refer to Practice E2539. Utilization8212;This practice is appropriate for measurement and characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. These data may be used for quality control, incoming inspection, or color correction purposes. Specimen Requirements8212;Even though a pair of specimens have the same color values at three angles, if there are differences in gloss, orange peel, texture, or flake orientation, they may not be a visual match. Note 28212;Information presented in this practice is based upon data taken on metallic materials coatings. Applicability of this practice to other materials should be confirmed by the user.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks. 1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice. Note 18212;Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

ASTM E1247-12 用分光光度法探测物体彩色样品的荧光粉的标准实施规程

Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials. This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement. This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method. The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements. Note 28212;In editions of E1247 - 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference. Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection. This practice describes methods to detect the presence of fluorescence only. It does not address the issue of whether the fluorescence makes a significant or insignificant contribution to the colorimetric properties of the specimen for any given application. The user must determine the practical significance of the effect of fluorescence on the color measurement.1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens. Note 18212;Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material. 1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired. 1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard t......

Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

ASTM E308-12 用CIE系统计算物体颜色的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens. 1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer. 1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants. 1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained in accordance with Practice E1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval. 1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice.

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

ASTM E805-12a 材料颜色或色差测量仪器法识别的标准操作规程

The options available in methods for the measurement of color or color-difference are many. These involve choices in: (1) specimens, (2) geometric and spectral properties of instruments, (3) calibration bases for standards used, (4) procedure for sample handling including conditioning, (5) procedure for taking data, and (6) equations for converting instrumental data to final results. Once the measurements have been made, it is essential to document what has been done for the purpose of interlaboratory comparisons, or for future use. A sample form is provided in Fig. 1 to record identifying information applicable to any instrumental method of color or color-difference measurement. Refer to Guide E179, Practices E991, E1164, E1345, E1708, E1767, E2152, and E2194 and Test Methods D5386, D6166, E1247, E1331, E1347, E1348, and E1349, for specific details of measurements. Metadata for Color or Color Difference Measurement of Specimens FIG. 1 Sample Report Form1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs. 1.2 Providing an adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference involves documenting the metadata necessary for archiving and future use of the measurement data collected. The metadata can be divided in five parts: 1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured, 1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement, 1.2.3 Standards used, 1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and 1.2.5 Color scales employed. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety......

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

ASTM E179-12 材料的反射和透射性能测量用几何条件的选择的标准指南

1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

ASTM E2214-12e1 说明和鉴定颜色测定仪性能的标准实施规程

5.1 In today's commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers.7 Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters. 5.2 This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application. 1.1 This practice provides standard terms and procedures for describing and characterizing the performance of spectral and filter based instruments designed to measure and compute the colorimetric properties of materials and objects. It does not set the specifications but rather gives the format and process by which specifications can be determined, communicated and verified. 1.2 This practice does not describe methods that are generally applicable to visible-range spectroscopic instruments used for analytical chemistry (UV-VIS spectrophotometers). ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Chromatography includes such procedures in standards under their jurisdiction. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

ASTM E2214-12 说明和鉴定颜色测定仪性能的标准实施规程

In today's commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers. Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters. This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application.1.1 This practice provides standard terms and procedures for describing and characterizing the performance of spectral and filter based instruments designed to measure and compute the colorimetric properties of materials and objects. It does not set the specifications but rather gives the format and process by which specifications can be determined, communicated and verified. 1.2 This practice does not describe methods that are generally applicable to visible-range spectroscopic instruments used for analytical chemistry (UV-VIS spectrophotometers). ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Chromatography includes such procedures in standards under their jurisdiction. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

ASTM E1164-12 获取物体颜色评定用分光光度计数据的标准实施规程

The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308. This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects. 1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications. 1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted. 1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

ASTM E805-12 材料的颜色或色差测量仪器法识别的标准操作规程

The options available in methods for the measurement of color or color-difference are many. These involve choices in: (1) specimens, (2) geometric and spectral properties of instruments, (3) calibration bases for standards used, (4) procedure for sample handling including conditioning, (5) procedure for taking data, and (6) equations for converting instrumental data to final results. Once the measurements have been made, it is essential to document what has been done for the purpose of interlaboratory comparisons, or for future use. A sample form is provided in Fig. 1 to record identifying information applicable to any instrumental method of color or color-difference measurement. Refer to Guide E179, Practices E991, E1164, E1345, E1708, E1767, E2152, and E2194 and Test Methods D5386, D6166, E1247, E1331, E1347, E1348, and E1349, for specific details of measurements.1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumental measurement of color or color difference for current communication or for future reference. The practice is applicable to instrumental measurements of materials where color is seen by reflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations of one or more of these processes. The practice is recommended for documentation of methodology in interlaboratory color-measurement programs. 1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measure of color or color-difference consists of five parts: 1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the form of specimens actually measured, 1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, including instrument geometrical and spectral conditions of measurement, 1.2.3 Standards used, 1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and 1.2.5 Color scales employed. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. FIG. 1 Sample Report Form

Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials

ASTM E1066/E1066M-12 氨比色法检漏的标准方法

This method is useful for locating and measuring the size of gas leaks either as a quality-control test or as a field-inspection procedure. It can be used to test critical parts or containers that will hold toxic or explosive gases or liquids or as a quick test for other containers. ^SCOPE: 1.1 This test method covers the testing of large single- and double-walled tanks, pressure and vacuum vessels, laminated, lined- or double-walled parts, complex piping systems, flexible containers (such as aircraft fuel tanks), glass-to-metal seals in hybrid packages, and systems that inherently contain or will contain ammonia (such as large tonnage refrigeration systems and fertilizer storage systems). 1.2 This method can be used on piping, valves and containers with welded, fitted, or laminated sections that can be sealed at their ends or between their outer and inner walls and that are designed for internal pressures of 34.5 kPa [5 psig] or greater. 1.3 Basic procedures are described based on the type of inspection used. These procedures should be limited to finding leakage indications of 4.5 × 10−12 mol/s [1 × 10−7 Std cm 3/s] or larger. 1.4 Units8212;The values stated in Std cm3/s or mol/s are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information see 7.4, 8.2, 9.4.1, and 10.3.1).

Standard Practice for Ammonia Colorimetric LeakTesting

ASTM D2616-12 用灰度标评定视觉色差的标准试验方法

The total perceived color difference between two non-self luminous specimens is compared as an equivalent lightness difference between two neutral gray specimens on a gray scale. A fundamental assumption is made that the total color difference can be so evaluated in terms of an equivalent lightness difference. Only the total color differences, that is, a summation of the differences in hue, lightness, and chroma between two specimens is evaluated; this test method is not applicable to the separate precise evaluation of the hue, lightness, and chroma components of color difference. The total color difference determined by this test method depends on the degree of uniformity of the specimens and on the sharpness of the dividing line between them. The color difference between specimens having rough or mottled surfaces appears smaller than it would if the specimens had smooth and uniform surfaces. Thus the equivalent CIELAB lightness difference determined for non-uniform specimens will be smaller than for uniform specimens. Likewise, specimens whose dividing line is not sharp will appear to have smaller color differences than those with sharp dividing lines, and for this reason, the equivalent visually observed CIELAB lightness differences will be smaller than the color differences obtained from instrumental measurements. A physically sharp border between colors differing slightly in the yellow-blue direction in color space appears diffuse. The perceived color difference is noticeably increased by a hairline black separation. This technique imposes a more rigorous test of such small differences. In the CIELAB system, a unit of color difference is intended to represent the same visual difference in each of the three attributes; lightness, hue and chroma or alternatively lightness, redness-greeness, yellowness-blueness. It is valid to express color differences that are not simply lightness differences by comparison to a lightness-difference scale. Personnel to be employed in the evaluation of color differences with the paired gray scale should be tested for color vision using the procedures in Guide E1499. TABLE 1 Gray Scale Characteristics AATCC Step DesignationsCIELAB (ΔE*) Color DifferenceTolerance(±) 5.0 0.00.2 4.5 0.80.2 4.0 1.70.3 3.5 2.50.3 3.0 3.40.4 2.5 4.80.5 2.0 6.80.6 1.5 9.60.7 1.0

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale

ASTM G130-12 使用分光谱射度计校准窄带和宽带紫外辐射计的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method represents the preferable means for calibrating both narrow-band and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers. Calibration of narrow- and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers involving direct measurement of a standard source of spectral irradiance is an alternative method for calibrating ultraviolet radiometers. This approach is valid only if corrections for the spectral response of the instrument and the spectral mismatch between the calibration spectral distribution and the target spectral distribution can be computed. See Test Method for a description of the spectral mismatch calculation. 4.2 The accuracy of this calibration technique is dependent on the condition of the light source (for example, cloudy skies, polluted skies, aged lamps, defective luminaires, etc.), and on source alignment, source to receptor distance, and source power regulation.Note 5—It is conceivable that a radiometer might be calibrated against a light source that represents an arbitrarily chosen degree of aging for its class in order to present to both the test and reference radiometers a spectrum that is most typical for the type. 4.3 Spectroradiometric measurements performed using either an integrating sphere or a cosine receptor (such as a shaped PTFE3, or Al2O3 diffuser plate) provide a measurement of hemispherical spectral irradiance in the plane of the sphere's entrance port. As such, the aspect of the receptor plane relative to the reference light source must be defined (azimuth and tilt from the horizontal for solar measurements, normal incidence with respect to the beam component of sunlight, or normal incidence and the geometrical aspect with respect to an artificial light source, or array). It is important that the geometrical aspect between the plane of the spectroradiometer's source optics and that of the radiometer being calibrated be as nearly identical as possible.Note 6—When measuring the hemispherical spectral energy distribution of an array of light sources (for lamps), normal incidence is defined by the condition obtained when the plane of the receiver aperture is parallel to the plane of the lamp, or burner, emitting area. 4.4 Calibration measurements performed using a spectroradiometer equipped with a pyrheliometer-comparison tube (a sky-occluding tube), regardless of whether affixed directly to the monochromator's entrance slit, to the end of a fiber optic bundle, or to the aperture of an integrating sphere, shall not be performed unless the radiometer being calibrated is configured as a pyrheliometer (possesses a view-limiting device having the approximate optical constants of the spectroradiometer's pyrheliometer-comparison tube). 4.5 Spectroradiometric measurements performed using source optics other than the integrating sphere or the “standard” pyrheliometer comparison tube, shall be agreed upon in advance between all involved parties. 4.6 Cal......

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a Spectroradiometer

ASTM E1336-11 通过光谱辐射从可见显示器设备获取比色分析数据的标准试验方法

The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function. The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs. 1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

ASTM E991-11 使用单色仪法对荧光样品作颜色测量的标准操作规程

The most general method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through their transformation, other coordinates for describing the colors of fluorescent objects is by the use of spectrometric data obtained under defined and controlled conditions of illumination and viewing. This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescent specimens illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIE D65 and calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for either the CIE 1931 or 1964 observers. The precise colorimetry of fluorescent specimens requires the spectral distribution of the instrument light source illuminating the specimen closely duplicate the colorimetric illuminant used for the calculation of tristimulus values, which is CIE D65 in this practice. The fundamental basis for this requirement follows from the defining property of a fluorescent specimen: instantaneous light emission resulting from electronic excitation by absorption of radiant energy (η) where the wavelengths of emission (λ) are as a rule longer than the excitation wavelengths (1). For a fluorescent specimen, the total spectral radiance factors used to calculate tristimulus values are the sum of two components – an ordinary reflectance factor, β(λ)S, and a fluorescence factor, β(η,λ)F : β(λ) = β(λ)S + β(η,λ)F. Ordinary spectral reflectance factors are solely a function of the specimen''s reflected radiance efficiency at the viewing wavelength (λ) and independent of the spectral distribution of the illumination. The values of the spectral fluorescent radiance factors at the viewing wavelength (λ) vary directly with the absolute spectral distribution of illumination within the excitation range (η), and consequently so will the total spectral radiance factors and derived colorimetric values. One-monochromator colorimetric spectrometers used in this practice are generally designed for the color measurement of ordinary (non-fluorescent) specimens and the precision with which they can measure the color of fluorescent specimens is directly dependent on how well the instrument illumination simulates CIE D65. CIE D65 is a virtual illuminant that numerically defines a standardized spectral illumination distribution for daylight and not a physical light source (2). There is no CIE recommendation for a standard source corresponding to CIE D65 nor is there a standardized method for rating the quality (or adequacy) of an instrument''s simulation of CIE D65 for the general instrumental colorimetry of fluorescent specimens. The requirement that the instrument simulation of CIE D65 shall have a rating not worse than BB (CIELAB) as determined by the method of CIE Publication 51 has often been referenced. However, the method of CIE 51 is only suitable for ultraviolet-excited specimens evaluated for the CIE 1964 (10°) observer. The methods described in CIE 51 were developed for UV activated fluo......

Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method

ASTM D2244-11 仪器测量颜色坐标中允许色差和色差的计算用标准实施规程

The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens. For uniformity of practice, the CIE recommended in 1976 the use of two color metrics. The CIELAB metric, with its associated color-difference equation, has found wide acceptance in the coatings, plastics, textiles and related industries. While the CIELAB equation has not completely replaced the use of Hunter LH, aH, bH, this older scale is no longer recommended for other than legacy users, and is therefore included in an Appendix for historical purposes. The CIELAB color-difference equation is also not recommended in this practice for use in describing small and moderate color differences (differences with magnitude less than 5.0 Δ E*ab units). The four more recently defined equations, documented here, are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference. Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lightness, and saturation obtained by using Practice D1729. The three tolerance equations given here have been tested extensively against such data for textiles and plastics and have been shown to agree with the visual evaluations to within the experimental uncertainty of the visual judgments. That implies that the equations themselves misclassify a color difference with a frequency no greater than that of the most experienced visual color matcher. While color difference equations and color tolerance equations are routinely applied to a wide range of illuminants, they have been derived or optimized, or both, for use under daylight illumination. Good correlation with the visual judgments may not be obtained when the calculations are made with other illuminants. Use of a tolerance equation for other than daylight conditions will require visual confirmation of the level of metamerism in accordance with ........

Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates