19.060 (Mechanical testing) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E831-03 用热机械分析法测试固体物料线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques. Related information can be found in Refs. (1-12).1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 956;m/(m183;176;C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from -120 to 600176;C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used. Note 18212;Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use. 1.6 SI values are the standard.1.7 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis

ASTM D6175-03 挤压催化剂和催化剂载体颗粒辐射抗压强度的标准试验方法

This test method is intended to provide information on the ability of an extruded catalyst to retain physical integrity during use.1.1 This test method covers and is suitable for determining the resistance of extruded catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force from the side.1.2 This test method was developed using extruded catalyst and catalyst carriers from 1/16to 1/8 in. in diameter (0.159 to 0.318 cm) and limited to pieces with a length to diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1:1. This test method may be applicable to other diameters.1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of mean crush strength per millimetre in the range of 0 to 15 lbf/mm (0 to 65 N/mm).1.4 The values stated in pounds lbf/mm units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before use.

Standard Test Method for Radial Crush Strength of Extruded Catalyst and Catalyst Carrier Particles

ASTM E4-03 试验机的负荷检定的标准实施规范

1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof:1.1.1 Use of standard weights,1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices. Note 18212;These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of Specification D 76.1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1-1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.1.3 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as the standard.1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems8212;be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted8212which are verified with provision of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the 177; % accuracy requirement, comply with Practices E4.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the application of regulatory limitation prior to use.

Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

ASTM E1949-03(2009) 金属粘合抗应变仪的环境温度疲劳寿命的标准试验方法

Strain gages are the most widely used devices for measuring strains and for evaluating stresses in structures. In many applications there are often cyclic loads which can cause strain gage failure. Performance parameters of strain gages are affected by both the materials from which they are made and their geometric design. The determination of most strain gage parameters requires mechanical testing that is destructive. Since gages tested for fatigue life cannot be used again, it is necessary to treat data statistically. In general, longer and wider gages with lower resistances will have greater fatigue life. Optional additions to gages (integral leads are an example) will often reduce fatigue life. To be used, strain gages must be bonded to a structure. Good results, particularly in a fatigue environment, depend heavily on the materials used to clean the bonding surface, to bond the gage, and to provide a protective coating. Skill of the installer is another major factor in success. Finally, instrumentation systems must be carefully selected and calibrated to ensure that they do not unduly degrade the performance of the gages. This test method encompasses only fully reversed strain cycles. Fatigue failure of a strain gage may not involve visible cracking or fracture of the gage, but merely sufficient zero shift to compromise the accuracy of the gage output for static strain components.1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for the determination of strain gage fatigue life at ambient temperature. A suggested testing equipment design is included. 1.2 This test method does not apply to force transducers or extensometers that use bonded resistance strain gages as sensing elements. 1.3 Strain gages are part of a complex system that includes structure, adhesive, gage, leadwires, instrumentation, and (often) environmental protection. As a result, many things affect the performance of strain gages, including user technique. A further complication is that strain gages, once installed, normally cannot be reinstalled in another location. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate individual strain gages; performance characteristics are normally presented on a statistical basis. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.

Standard Test Method for Ambient Temperature Fatigue Life of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM F1470-02 特定的机械性能和功能检测用紧固件抽样的标准指南

Sampling shall be selected in a random manner, ensuring that any unit in the lot has an equal chance of being chosen. Sampling should not be localized by selections being taken from the top of a container or from only one container of multicontainer lots. The purchaser should be aware of the supplierrsquo;quality assurance system. This can be accomplished by auditing the supplierrsquo; quality system, if qualified auditors are available, or by third-party assessment certification, such as provided by QS 9000, ASQ 9000, or ISO 9000.1.1 This guide provides sampling methods for determining how many fasteners to include in a random sample in order to determine the acceptability or disposition of a given lot of fasteners.1.2 This guide is for mechanical properties, physical properties, coating requirements, and other quality requirements specified in the standards of ASTM Committee F16. Dimensional and thread criteria sampling plans are the responsibility of ASME Committee B18.1.3 This guide provides for two sampling plans: one designated the "detection process," as described in Terminology F 1789, and one designated the "prevention process," as described in Terminology F 1789.

Standard Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection

ASTM G133-02 线性往复式球平面滑动磨损的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes laboratory procedures for determining the sliding wear of ceramics, metals, and other candidate wear-resistant materials using a linear, reciprocating ball-on-flat plane geometry. The direction of the relative motion between sliding surfaces reverses in a periodic fashion such that the sliding occurs back and forth and in a straight line. The principal quantities of interest are the wear volumes of the contacting ball and flat specimen materials; however, the coefficient of kinetic friction may also be measured using the method described. This test method encompasses both unlubricated and lubricated testing procedures. The scope of this test method does not include testing in corrosive or chemically aggressive environments.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear

ASTM E1949-02 金属粘合抗应变量仪的环境温度疲劳寿命的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for the determination of strain gage fatigue life at ambient temperature. A suggested testing equipment design is included.1.2 This test method does not apply to force transducers or extensometers that use bonded resistance strain gages as sensing elements.1.3 Strain gages are part of a complex system that includes structure, adhesive, gage, leadwires, instrumentation, and (often) environmental protection. As a result, many things affect the performance of strain gages, including user technique. A further complication is that strain gages, once installed, normally cannot be reinstalled in another location. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate individual strain gages; performance characteristics are normally presented on a statistical basis.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.

Standard Test Method for Ambient Temperature Fatigue Life of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM E83-02 伸长计检验和分类的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers procedures for the verification and classification of extensometer systems, but it is not intended to be a complete purchase specification. The practice is applicable only to instruments that indicate or record values that are proportional to changes in length corresponding to either tensile or compressive strain. Extensometer systems are classified on the basis of the magnitude of their errors.1.2 Because strain is a dimensionless quantity, this document can be used for extensometers based on either SI or US customary units of displacement.Note 18212;Bonded resistance strain gages directly bonded to a specimen cannot be calibrated or verified with the apparatus described in this practice for the verification of extensometers having definite gage points. (See procedures as described in Test Methods E251.)1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer System

ASTM E2207-02 带有薄壁管状样品的应力控制轴向扭曲疲劳检验的标准实施规程

Multiaxial forces often tend to introduce deformation and damage mechanisms that are unique and quite different from those induced under a simple uniaxial loading condition. Since most engineering components are subjected to cyclic multiaxial forces it is necessary to characterize the deformation and fatigue behaviors of materials in this mode. Such a characterization enables reliable prediction of the fatigue lives of many engineering components. Axial-torsional loading is one of several possible types of multiaxial force systems and is essentially a biaxial type of loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens subjected to axial-torsional loading can be used to explore behavior of materials in two of the four quadrants in principal stress or strain spaces. Axial-torsional loading is more convenient than in-plane biaxial loading because the stress state in the thin-walled tubular specimens is constant over the entire test section and is well-known. This practice is useful for generating fatigue life and cyclic deformation data on homogeneous materials under axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial-torsional loading conditions.1.1 The standard deals with strain-controlled, axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial torsional fatigue testing with thin-walled, circular cross-section, tubular specimens at isothermal, ambient and elevated temperatures. This standard is limited to symmetric, completely-reversed strains (zero mean strains) and axial and torsional waveforms with the same frequency in combined axial-torsional fatigue testing. This standard is also limited to thin-walled tubular specimens (machined from homogeneous materials) and does not cover testing of either large-scale components or structural elements.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Axial-Torsional Fatigue Testing with Thin-Walled Tubular Specimens

ASTM F1470-01 特定的机械性能和功能检测用紧固件抽样的标准指南

1.1 This guide provides sampling methods for determining how many fasteners to include in a random sample in order to determine the acceptability or disposition of a given lot of fasteners.1.2 This guide is for mechanical properties, physical properties, coating requirements, and other quality requirements specified in the standards of ASTM Committee F16. Dimensional and thread criteria sampling plans are the responsibility of ASME Committee B18.1.3 This guide provides for two sampling plans: one designated the "detection process," as described in Terminology F 1789, and one designated the "prevention process," as described in Terminology F 1789.

Standard Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection

ASTM D6635-01 平板式膨胀计使用的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes an in-situ penetration plus expansion test. The test is initiated by forcing the steel, flat plate, dilatometer blade, with its sharp cutting edge, into a soil. Each test consists of an increment of penetration, generally vertical, followed by the expansion of a flat, circular, metallic membrane into the surrounding soil. The test provides information about the soil''s in-situ stratigraphy, stress, strength, compressibility, and pore-water pressure for use in the design of earthworks and foundations.1.2 This method includes specific requirements for the preliminary reduction of dilatometer test data. It does not specify how to assess or use soil properties for engineering design.1.3 This method applies best to those sands, silts, clays, and organic soils that can be readily penetrated with the dilatometer blade, preferably using static push (see 4.2). Test results for soils containing primarily gravel-sized particles and larger may not be useful without additional research.1.4 This method is not applicable to soils that cannot be penetrated by the dilatometer blade without causing significant damage to the blade or its membrane.1.5 The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Performing the Flat Plate Dilatometer

ASTM F2132-01(2008)e1 废弃医用针头和其它尖锐物用的容器使用的材料抗穿透性的标准规范

1.1 The purpose of this specification is to provide a test procedure and performance requirement for the puncture resistance of materials used in the construction of containers for discarded medical needles and other sharps. This test specification will establish (1) the average puncture force and (2) a minimum value of puncture force that container material(s) must withstand when following the test procedure described in Section 6. This specification shall be applicable to regions of uniform material and thickness, and needle contact areas as defined in 3.1.7 and 3.1.9. Materials meeting the performance requirements of Section 4 shall be considered “puncture-resistant.” This specification does not evaluate the construction of, or provide pass/fail criteria for, a sharps container. 1.2 This specification provides a test procedure to determine if all regions of one container meet the material puncture resistance requirements. It does not define the number of additional test containers required to achieve a statistically valid sample of a manufacturing lot or process. An appropriate sampling plan shall be determined by the test requester, as this depends upon the manufacturing process variability, manufacturing lot size, and other factors, such as end-user requirements. 1.3 This specification is intended to evaluate the performance of materials used in the construction or manufacture of sharps containers under controlled laboratory conditions, and at normal room temperature (see 6.1). (Warning—This specification only characterizes material puncture resistance at normal room temperatures. Applications of sharps containers outside the range of 23 ± 2°C (such as usage in emergency vehicles) require further material characterization by the product specifier to determine suitable use.) 1.4 The values stated in inch/pound are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test procedure portion, Section 6, of this specification. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Puncture Resistance of Materials Used in Containers for Discarded Medical Needles and Other Sharps

ASTM D6745-01 电极碳线性热膨胀率的标准测试方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes and cathodes used in the aluminum industry, in baked form, by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method for research purposes is ambient to 1000176;C. The recommended maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500176;C.1.3 This test method and procedure is based on Test Method E 228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics dictated by the nature of electrode carbons and the purposes for which they are used are addressed by this procedure.1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons

ASTM D6635-01(2007) 平板式膨胀计使用的标准试验方法

Soundings performed using this test method provide a detailed record of dilatometer results which are useful for evaluation of site stratigraphy, homogeneity, depth to firm layers, voids or cavities, and other discontinuities. The penetration resistance and subsequent membrane expansion are used for soil classification and correlation with engineering properties of soils. When properly performed at suitable sites, the test provides a rapid means of characterizing subsurface conditions. The DMT test provides measurements of penetration resistance, lateral stress, deformation modulus and pore-water pressure (in sands). However, the in-situ soil properties are affected by the penetration of the blade. Therefore, published correlations are used to estimate soil properties for the design and construction of earthworks and foundations for structures, and to predict the behavior of soils subjected to static or dynamic loads. This test method tests the soil in-situ and soil samples are not obtained. However, the interpretation of the results from this test method does provide an estimate of the types of soil penetrated. Soil samples from parallel borings may be obtained for correlation purposes, but prior information or experience may preclude the need for borings.1.1 This test method describes an in-situ penetration plus expansion test. The test is initiated by forcing the steel, flat plate, dilatometer blade, with its sharp cutting edge, into a soil. Each test consists of an increment of penetration, generally vertical, followed by the expansion of a flat, circular, metallic membrane into the surrounding soil. The test provides information about the soil''s in-situ stratigraphy, stress, strength, compressibility, and pore-water pressure for use in the design of earthworks and foundations.1.2 This method includes specific requirements for the preliminary reduction of dilatometer test data. It does not specify how to assess or use soil properties for engineering design.1.3 This method applies best to those sands, silts, clays, and organic soils that can be readily penetrated with the dilatometer blade, preferably using static push (see 4.2). Test results for soils containing primarily gravel-sized particles and larger may not be useful without additional research.1.4 This method is not applicable to soils that cannot be penetrated by the dilatometer blade without causing significant damage to the blade or its membrane.1.5 The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Performing the Flat Plate Dilatometer

ASTM E4-01 试验机的负荷校准的标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof:1.1.1 Use of standard weights,1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices. Note 1--These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of Specification D76.1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1 - 1.1.3 apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.1.3 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as the standard.1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems-be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted-which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2 or 1.1.3 , and are within the 1 % accuracy requirement, comply with Practices E4.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

ASTM D5882-00 桩柱的低应变完整性测试的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device applied axially to the pile normally at the pile head. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to foundation piles, regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing. 1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Fig. 1

Standard Test Method for Low Strain Integrity Testing of Piles

ASTM E831-00 通过热机械分析对固体材料进行线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques. 1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen. 1.3 The lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 [mu]m/(m[dot]176C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11). 1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from -120176C to 600176C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used. 1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used. Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use. In the case of dispute, only the manual procedures described in this test method are to be considered valid. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis

ASTM D6128-00 用Jenike剪切试验机进行散装固体剪切试验的标准试验方法

1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit of the shear cell. It is impossible to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those consisting of highly elastic particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment also may be derived from this data.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell

ASTM E384-99e1 材料显微硬度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of the microindentation hardness of materials, the verification of microindentation hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized test blocks. 1.2 This test method covers microindentation tests made with Knoop and Vickers indenters under test forces in the range from 1 to 1000 gf (9.8 10-3 to 9.8 N).1.3 This test method includes an analysis of the possible sources of errors that can occur during microindentation testing and how these factors affect the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of test results.Note 18212While Committee E04 is primarily concerned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials

ASTM E1012-99 在拉伸负载下试样调直验证的标准实施规范

1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the loading of notched and unnotched tensile specimens in the elastic range and to plastic strains less than 0.002. These methods are particularly applicable to rates of loading normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing.

Standard Practice for Verification of Specimen Alignment Under Tensile Loading