29.030 (Magnetic materials) 标准查询与下载

ASTM A719/A719M-14 磁性材料叠装系数的试验方法

4.1 Lamination factor, S, indicates the deficiency of effective steel volume which is due to the presence of oxides, roughness, insulating coatings, and other conditions affecting the steel surface. 4.2 The term Lamination Factor, S, pertains strictly to the determination of the proportion of material as defined by precise sampling and procedures of this test method. Alternative usage of the term Lamination Factor has evolved to include sampling and procedures outside of the context of this test method. Consideration of alternative sampling and procedures should not be included within the scope of this test method. 1.1 This test method covers measurement of the lamination factor (Note 1) of a specimen composed of strips cut from magnetic material.Note 1—Lamination factor is also termed space factor or stacking factor. 1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M. 1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Lamination Factor of Magnetic Materials

ASTM A889/A889M-14 在低磁通密度下用万用表法和25 cm艾普斯亭(Epstein)框测定材料交流磁特性的标准试验方法

3.1 This test method may be used to determine the specific core loss, specific reactive power, specific exciting power, inductance permeability, and impedance permeability of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide range of inductions and at frequencies up to 400 Hz for symmetrically magnetized test samples. 3.2 These measurements are used by the producer and user of the flat-rolled material for quality control purposes. The fundamental assumption inherent in these measurements is that they can be correlated with the electromagnetic characteristics of a core fabricated from the flat-rolled material. 1.1 This test method covers tests for the magnetic properties of basic flat-rolled magnetic materials at power frequencies (25 to 400 Hz) using a 25-cm Epstein test frame and the 25-cm double-lap-jointed core. 1.2 The magnetic properties of materials are determined from measurements on Epstein core specimens with the core and test coils treated as though they constituted a series-parallel equivalent circuit (Fig. A1.1) for the fundamental frequency of excitation where the apparent parallel inductance, L1, and resistance, R 1, are attributable to the test specimen. 1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of core loss, rms volt-amperes, rms exciting current, reactive volt-amperes, and related properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials under ac magnetization. 1.4 The frequency range of this test method is normally that of the commercial power frequencies 50 to 60 Hz. It is also acceptable for measurements at frequencies from 25 to 400 Hz. This test method is customarily used on nonoriented electrical steels at inductions up to 10 kG [1.0 T] and for grain-oriented electrical steels at inductions up to 15 kG [1.5 T]. 1.5 For reactive properties, both flux and current waveforms introduce limitations. Over its range of useful inductions, the varmeter is valid for the measurement of reactive volt-amperes (vars) and inductance permeability. For the measurement of these properties, it is suggested that test inductions be limited to values sufficiently low that the measured values of vars do not differ by more than 158201;% (Note 1) from those calculated from the measured values of exciting volt-amperes and core loss. Note 1—This limitation is placed on this test method in consideration of the nonlinear nature of the magnetic circuit, which leads to a difference between vars based on fundamental frequency components of voltage and current and current after harmonic rejection and vars computed from rms current, voltage, and watt values when one or more of these quantities are nonsinusoidal. 1.6 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M. 1.7 Explanation of terms, symbols, and definitions used may be found in the various sections of this test method. The official list of definitions and symbols may be found in Terminology A340. 1.8 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units a......

Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Low Magnetic Flux Density Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter-Varmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Frame

ASTM A1054-14 烧结陶瓷铁素体永久磁铁的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered ceramic ferrite permanent magnets. 1.2 Ceramic ferrite magnets have residual magnetic induction Br from 2000 G (0.2 T) up to about 5000 G (0.5 T) and intrinsic coercive field strength Hci8201;(HcJ) from 2000 Oe (1608201;kA/m) up to about 5000 Oe (400 kA/m). Their specific magnetic hysteresis behavior (demagnetization curve) can be characterized using Test Method A977/A977M. 1.3 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Sintered Ceramic Ferrite Permanent Magnets

ASTM A340-14 与磁性试验有关的符号和定义的标准术语

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Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing

ASTM A342/A342M-14 弱磁材料透气性的标准试验方法

3.1 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research and development. 3.2 Because of the restrictions on the specimen shape and size, this test method is most often used to evaluate semifinished product before fabrication of parts. 1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a permeability not exceeding 6.0. 1.2 The test methods covered are as follows: 1.2.1 Test Method 1—Fluxmetric Method is suitable for materials with permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured. 1.2.2 Test Method 2—Permeability of Paramagnetic Materials has been eliminated as an acceptable method of test. 1.2.3 Test Method 3—Low Mu Permeability Indicator is suitable for measuring the permeability of a material as “less than” or “greater than” that of calibrated standard inserts with permeability between 1.01 and 6.0, as designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made. 1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with permeability between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4 1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with permeability between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured. 1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined. 1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefo......

Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Weakly Magnetic Materials

ASTM A712-14 软磁性合金电阻率测定用标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is suitable for the measurement of the electrical resistivity of specimens of soft magnetic materials. 4.2 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method are such that it is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality assurance, and research and development. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of electrical resistivity of strip or bar specimens of soft magnetic alloys. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys

ASTM A1071/A1071M-11 评估湿热永磁合金的耐腐蚀性能的标准测试方法

This test method provides a controlled corrosive environment which can be utilized to produce relative corrosion resistance information for sintered permanent magnets. Although prediction of performance in natural environments has seldom been statistically correlated with corrosion test results, sufficient empirical results are available to support the usefulness of this test in quantifying relative resistance to corrosion from moisture and heat. The reproducibility of results in this test method is dependent on the type, size, and shape of specimens tested, and the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish confidence limits. Replicates may be run simultaneously, in subsequent test runs, or in duplicate test chambers. When multiple test chambers and operators are utilized, efforts shall be made to perform a suitable repeatability and reproducibility study for the equipment, operators, and test method.1.1 This test method covers the equipment, procedures, and measurement of the resistance of permanent magnet alloys against corrosion in high temperature, high pressure water vapor environments. This test is also known as the Bulk Corrosion Test (BCT). 1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard the SI units, when different from customary units, are shown in brackets, the values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Hygrothermal Corrosion Resistance of Permanent Magnet Alloys

ASTM A712-07(2013) 软磁性合金电阻率测定用标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is suitable for the measurement of the electrical resistivity of specimens of soft magnetic materials. 4.2 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method are such that it is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality assurance, and research and development. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of electrical resistivity of strip or bar specimens of soft magnetic alloys. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys

ASTM A977/A977M-07 使用磁滞曲线记录仪测试高矫顽磁力永磁材料磁性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers how to determine the magnetic characteristics of magnetically hard materials (permanent magnets), particularly their initial magnetization, demagnetization, and recoil curves, and such quantities as the residual induction, coercive field strength, knee field, energy product, and recoil permeability. This test method is suitable for all materials processed into bulk magnets by any common fabrication technique (casting, sintering, rolling, molding, and so forth), but not for thin films or for magnets that are very small or of unusual shape. Uniformity of composition, structure, and properties throughout the magnet volume is necessary to obtain repeatable results. Particular attention is paid to the problems posed by modern materials combining very high coercivity with high saturation induction, such as the rare-earth magnets, for which older test methods (see Test Method A 341) are unsuitable. An applicable international standard is IEC Publication 60404-5.1.2 The magnetic system (circuit) in a device or machine generally comprises flux-conducting and nonmagnetic structural members with air gaps in addition to the permanent magnet. The system behavior depends on properties and geometry of all these components and on the operating temperature. This test method describes only how to measure the properties of the permanent magnet material. The basic test method incorporates the magnetic specimen in a magnetic circuit with a closed flux path. Test methods using ring samples or frames composed entirely of the magnetic material to be characterized, as commonly used for magnetically soft materials, are not applicable to permanent magnets.1.3 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M.1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu or inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.1.5 The names and symbols of magnetic quantities used in this test method, summarized in Table 1, are those generally accepted by the industry.1.6 This test method is useful for magnet materials having Hci values between about 100 Oe and 35 kOe [8 kA/m and 2.8 MA/m], and Br values in the approximate range from 500 G to 20 kG [50 mT to 2 T]. High-coercivity rare-earth magnet test specimens may require much higher magnetizing fields than iron-core electromagnets can produce. Such samples must be premagnetized externally and transferred into the measuring yoke. Typical values of the magnetizing fields, Hmag, required for saturating magnet materials are shown in Table A2.1 .1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of High-Coercivity Permanent Magnet Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

ASTM A977/A977M-07(2013) 使用磁滞曲线记录仪测试高矫顽磁力永磁材料磁性的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is suitable for magnet specification, acceptance, service evaluation, quality control in magnet production, research and development, and design. 4.2 When a test specimen is cut or fabricated from a larger magnet, the magnetic properties measured on it are not necessarily exactly those of the original sample, even if the material is in the same condition. In such instances, the test results must be viewed in context of part performance history. 4.3 Tests performed in general conformity to this test method and even on the same specimen, but using different test systems, may not yield identical results. The main source of discrepancies are variations between the different test systems in the geometry of the region surrounding the sample, such as, size and shape of the electromagnet pole caps (see Annex A1 and Appendix X1), air gaps at the specimen end faces, and especially the size and location of the measuring devices for H and B or for their corresponding flux values (Hall-effect probes, inductive sensing coils). Also important is the method of B calibration, for example, a volt-second calibration of the fluxmeter alone versus an overall system calibration using a physical reference sample. The method of B and H sensing should be indicated in test reports (see Section 9). 1.1 This test method covers how to determine the magnetic characteristics of magnetically hard materials (permanent magnets), particularly their initial magnetization, demagnetization, and recoil curves, and such quantities as the residual induction, coercive field strength, knee field, energy product, and recoil permeability. This test method is suitable for all materials processed into bulk magnets by any common fabrication technique (casting, sintering, rolling, molding, and so forth), but not for thin films or for magnets that are very small or of unusual shape. Uniformity of composition, structure, and properties throughout the magnet volume is necessary to obtain repeatable results. Particular attention is paid to the problems posed by modern materials combining very high coercivity with high saturation induction, such as the rare-earth magnets, for which older test methods (see Test Method A341/A341M) are unsuitable. An applicable international standard is IEC Publication 60404-5. 1.2 The magnetic system (circuit) in a device or machine generally comprises flux-conducting and nonmagnetic structural members with air gaps in addition to the permanent magnet. The system behavior depends on properties and geometry of all these components and on the operating temperature. This test method describes only how to measure the properties of the permanent magnet material. The basic test method incorporates the magnetic specimen in a magnetic circuit with a closed flux path. Test methods using ring samples or frames composed entirely of ......

Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of High-Coercivity Permanent Magnet Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

ASTM A1054-07 烧结陶瓷铁素体永久磁铁的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered ceramic ferrite permanent magnets.1.2 Ceramic ferrite magnets have residual magnetic induction Br from 2000 G (0.2 T) up to about 5000 G (0.5 T) and intrinsic coercive field strength Hci (HcJ) from 2000 Oe (160 kA/m) up to about 5000 Oe (400 kA/m). Their specific magnetic hysteresis behavior (demagnetization curve) can be characterized using Test Method A 977/A 977M.1.3 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Sintered Ceramic Ferrite Permanent Magnets

ASTM A34/A34M-06 磁性材料的取样和采购试验的标准实施规程

This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials. A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

ASTM A34/A34M-06(2012) 磁性材料的取样和采购试验的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials. 1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply. 1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

ASTM A348/A348M-05 用瓦特计--安培计--伏特计法(100-10000赫兹)和25厘米艾普斯亭框测定材料的交流磁性能的试验方法

This test method evaluates the performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide frequency range of ac excitation with and without incremental dc bias, as used on transformers, motors, and other laminated core devices. This test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research. The application of test results obtained with this test method to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of the magnetic circuitry upon its performance. Some specific items to consider are size, shape, holes, welding, staking, bolting, bracketing, shorting between laminations, ac waveform, adjacent magnetic fields, and stress. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials using Epstein test specimens with double-lap joints in the 25-cm Epstein frame. It covers determination of core loss, rms and peak exciting current, exciting power, magnetic field strength, and permeability. This test method is commonly used to test grain-oriented and nonoriented electrical steels but may also be used to test nickel-iron, cobalt-iron, and other flat-rolled magnetic materials.1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M and Test Method A 343/A 343M.1.3 Tests under this test method may be conducted with either normal ac magnetization or with ac magnetization and superimposed dc bias (incremental magnetization).1.4 In general, this test method has the following limitations:1.4.1 FrequencyThe range of this test method normally covers frequencies from 100 to 10 000 Hz. With proper equipment, the test method may be extended above 10 000 Hz. When tests are limited to the use of power sources having frequencies below 100 Hz, they shall use the procedures of Test Method A 343/A 343M. 1.4.2 Magnetic Flux Density(may also be referred to as Flux Density)-The range of magnetic flux density for this test method is governed by the test specimen properties and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, for many materials, the magnetic flux density range is from 1 to 15 kG [0.1 to 1.5 T].1.4.3 Core Loss and Exciting PowerThese measurements are normally limited to test conditions that do not cause a test specimen temperature rise in excess of 50C or exceed 100 W/lb [220 W/kg].1.4.4 ExcitationEither rms or peak values of exciting current may be measured at any test point that does not exceed the equipment limitations provided that the impedance of the ammeter shunt is low and its insertion into the test circuit does not cause appreciably increased voltage waveform distortion at the test magnetic flux density.1.4.5 Incremental PropertiesMeasurement of incremental properties shall be limited to combinations of ac and dc excitations that do not cause secondary voltage waveform distortion, as determined by the form factor method, to exceed a shift of 10 % away from sine wave conditions.1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein Frame

ASTM A348/A348M-05(2011) 使用功率表,电流表,电压表,100至10,000 Hz和25-cm爱泼斯坦方圈的材料交流磁性的标准试验方法

This test method evaluates the performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide frequency range of ac excitation with and without incremental dc bias, as used on transformers, motors, and other laminated core devices. This test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research. The application of test results obtained with this test method to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of the magnetic circuitry upon its performance. Some specific items to consider are size, shape, holes, welding, staking, bolting, bracketing, shorting between laminations, ac waveform, adjacent magnetic fields, and stress. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials using Epstein test specimens with double-lap joints in the 25-cm Epstein frame. It covers determination of core loss, rms and peak exciting current, exciting power, magnetic field strength, and permeability. This test method is commonly used to test grain-oriented and nonoriented electrical steels but may also be used to test nickel-iron, cobalt-iron, and other flat-rolled magnetic materials.1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M and Test Method A 343/A 343M.1.3 Tests under this test method may be conducted with either normal ac magnetization or with ac magnetization and superimposed dc bias (incremental magnetization).1.4 In general, this test method has the following limitations:1.4.1 FrequencyThe range of this test method normally covers frequencies from 100 to 10 000 Hz. With proper equipment, the test method may be extended above 10 000 Hz. When tests are limited to the use of power sources having frequencies below 100 Hz, they shall use the procedures of Test Method A 343/A 343M. 1.4.2 Magnetic Flux Density(may also be referred to as Flux Density)-The range of magnetic flux density for this test method is governed by the test specimen properties and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, for many materials, the magnetic flux density range is from 1 to 15 kG [0.1 to 1.5 T].1.4.3 Core Loss and Exciting PowerThese measurements are normally limited to test conditions that do not cause a test specimen temperature rise in excess of 50C or exceed 100 W/lb [220 W/kg].1.4.4 ExcitationEither rms or peak values of exciting current may be measured at any test point that does not exceed the equipment limitations provided that the impedance of the ammeter shunt is low and its insertion into the test circuit does not cause appreciably increased voltage waveform distortion at the test magnetic flux density.1.4.5 Incremental PropertiesMeasurement of incremental properties shall be limited to combinations of ac and dc excitations that do not cause secondary voltage waveform distortion, as determined by the form factor method, to exceed a shift of 10 % away from sine wave conditions.1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein Frame

ASTM A1036-04 使用小薄板测试器测量扁平轧制电工钢工频磁性能的标准指南

Materials Evaluation8212;Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A 343/A 343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A 343/A 343M).1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture.1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2.1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A 804/A 804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in . The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage.1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength.1.6.3 The calibration method described in the Annex of this guide applies to both test methods.1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eac......

Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers

ASTM A1036-04(2009) 使用小薄板测试器测量扁平轧制电工钢工频磁性能的标准指南

Materials Evaluation8212;Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A 343/A 343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing. 1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions. 1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A 343/A 343M). 1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more. 1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture. 1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2. 1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A 804/A 804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage. 1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength. 1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this guide applies to both test methods. 1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be ......

Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers

ASTM A342/A342M-04(2012) 弱磁材料透气性的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a permeability not exceeding 4.0. 1.2 The test methods covered are as follows: 1.2.1 Test Method 1 is suitable for materials with permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. 1.2.2 Test Method 2 is suitable for measuring the permeability of paramagnetic materials having a permeability less than 1.05. 1.2.3 Test Method 3 is a suitable means of measuring the permeability of a material as ???less than??? or ???greater than??? that of calibrated standard inserts designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Feebly Magnetic Materials

ASTM A893/A893M-03 微波频率下非金属磁性材料复介电常数的标准试验方法

This test method can be used to evaluate batch type or continuous production of material for use in microwave applications. It may be used to determine the loss factors of microwave ferrites or help evaluate absorption materials for use in microwave ovens and other shielding applications. The values obtained by use of this practice can be used as quality assurance information for process control, or both, when correlated to the chemistry or process for manufacturing the material.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the complex dielectric constant of isotropic ferrites for extremely high-frequency applications.1.2 The values and equations in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Complex Dielectric Constant of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials at Microwave Frequencies

ASTM A889/A889M-03(2008) 在低磁通密度下用万用表法和25厘米艾普斯亭(Epstein)框测定材料的交流磁特性的标准试验方法

This test method may be used to determine the specific core loss, specific reactive power, specific exciting power, inductance permeability, and impedance permeability of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide range of inductions and at frequencies up to 400 Hz for symmetrically magnetized test samples. These measurements are used by the producer and user of the flat-rolled material for quality control purposes. The fundamental assumption inherent in these measurements is that they can be correlated with the electromagnetic characteristics of a core fabricated from the flat-rolled material.1.1 This test method covers tests for the magnetic properties of basic flat-rolled magnetic materials at power frequencies (25 to 400 Hz) using a 25-cm Epstein test frame and the 25-cm double-lap-jointed core. 1.2 The magnetic properties of materials are determined from measurements on Epstein core specimens with the core and test coils treated as though they constituted a series-parallel equivalent circuit (Fig. A1.1) for the fundamental frequency of excitation where the apparent parallel inductance, L1, and resistance, R1, are attributable to the test specimen. 1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of core loss, rms volt-amperes, rms exciting current, reactive volt-amperes, and related properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials under ac magnetization. 1.4 The frequency range of this test method is normally that of the commercial power frequencies 50 to 60 Hz. It is also acceptable for measurements at frequencies from 25 to 400 Hz. This test method is customarily used on nonoriented electrical steels at inductions up to 10 kG [1.0 T] and for grain-oriented electrical steels at inductions up to 15 kG [1.5 T]. 1.5 For reactive properties, both flux and current waveforms introduce limitations. Over its range of useful inductions, the varmeter is valid for the measurement of reactive volt-amperes (vars) and inductance permeability. For the measurement of these properties, it is suggested that test inductions be limited to values sufficiently low that the measured values of vars do not differ by more than 15 % (Note 1) from those calculated from the measured values of exciting volt-amperes and core loss. Note 18212;This limitation is placed on this test method in consideration of the nonlinear nature of the magnetic circuit, which leads to a difference between vars based on fundamental frequency components of voltage and current and current after harmonic rejection and vars computed from rms current, voltage, and watt values when one or more of these quantities are nonsinusoidal. 1.6 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M. 1.7 Explanation of terms, symbols, and definitions used may be found in the various sections of this test method. The official list of definitions and symbols may be found in Terminology A 340. 1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.

Standard Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Low Magnetic Flux Density Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter-Varmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Frame