59.060.10 (Natural fibres) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D1576-13 利用炉烘干法测定羊毛内水分的标准试验方法

5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1576 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias. 5.2 This test method is a simple and convenient method for routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see Section 13). 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique. 1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1). Note 1—The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495. 1.3x00......

Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

ASTM D1113-13 洗净羊毛中植物性物质和其它碱性不溶杂质的标准试验方法

5.1 Test Method D1113 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and the procedure has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose, particularly in connection with the determination of clean wool fiber present by Test Method D584. The procedure in Test Method D1113 is used by the U.S. Customs Service for the determination of the vegetable matter in importations of raw wool on which the allowance for loss of wool during commercial cleaning is based in part.3 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1113 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of oven-dried, ash-free, alcohol extractive-free vegetable matter and other alkali-insoluble impurities present in scoured wool. It is also applicable to “related fibers” such as the hair from the goat, camel, alpaca, and other animals. Note 1—The determination of clean wool fiber present on a laboratory scale is covered in Test Method D584, the determination of clean wool fiber present on a commercial scale is covered in Test Method D1334, and the calculation of commercial weight and yield of various commercial compositions (formerly covered in Appendix to Test Method D584) is covered in Practice D2720. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Vegetable Matter and Other Alkali-Insoluble Impurities in Scoured Wool

ASTM D2968-13 利用显微投影法测定羊毛和其它动物纤维中的有髓纤维和死毛纤维的标准试验方法

5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias. 5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers having an abnormally large diameter and a high degree of medullation are probably the worst kind. 1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

ASTM D1234-13 含脂羊毛手扯长度的取样和测试用标准试验方法

5.1 The testing procedure in this test method for the determination of staple length is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of grease wool since the test method has been used in the trade for acceptance testing. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias. 5.2 The test method is used for the determination of the average unstretched staple length and the staple length distribution of a lot of wool in order to assign length classes when determining the conformance of lots and shipments to length specifications. 5.3 In this test method, the size of a lot covered by the test procedure is limited to not more than 200 packages per test. Any shipment exceeding the above limits is divided into lots within the prescribed limits. 5.4 The nature of the sampling procedure is such that grease wool staples as originally drawn from the wool of the lot require only a slight amount of preparation before measurement. The bulk and laboratory samples are synonymous in this test method. 5.5 Compression of wool in the bale makes it difficult to penetrate the interior of the bale with the sampling tool. However, staples can be drawn from the surface of the bale with the sampling tool or by hand. 5.6 Practice D4271 contains information on how to write a section on sampling in test methods.Note 2—An extensive discussion of grease wool staple sampling can be found in the literature.5 1.1 This test method2 covers procedures for sampling and measuring the unstretched staple length, and variability in length, of grease or pulled wool staples. The test method is also applicable to mohair and other animal fibers in staple form. The procedure is not recommended for individual fibers or groups of straightened fibers.

Standard Test Method of Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool

ASTM D2525-13 羊毛水分取样的标准操作规程

5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold. 5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken. 5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made. 1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings. 1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested. Note 1—This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D1576 or Test Method D2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D1060. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

ASTM D7879-13 用图像分析测定亚麻纤维宽度的标准试验方法

5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state. 5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters. 1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis

ASTM D2130-13 显微投影法测定羊毛和其它动物纤维直径的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968. 5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate. Note 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.Note 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable. Note 3—For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816. 1.3  This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ......

Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

ASTM D2524-13 毛纤维抗断裂强度的标准试验方法.平列纤维束法.1/8 in(3.2 mm)标距长度

5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. 5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time. 5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294. 5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to achieve the breaking load in 20 s. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp separation. 1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps. 1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers. Note 1—Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and

Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Methodmdash; 18-in. (3.2-mm) Gage Length

ASTM D2462-13 用甲苯蒸馏法测定羊毛中水分的标准试验方法

5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias. 5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4. 5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.4 5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending upon the amount and characteristics of any added oils or finishes. 5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time consuming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is not recommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations, or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not necessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reuse without further treatment. 5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained or lost by a specimen after its mass has been determined will appear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of the principal uses of the method is to determine the average moisture present in large lots of wool or wool products exposed to variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratory samples and test specimens are common. To avoid errors of the type mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions for stabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that, during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and transferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture......

Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

ASTM D1575-13 洗净羊毛及生条中羊毛纤维长度的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing due to its poor between-laboratory precision. In some cases the purchaser and the seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being tested. 5.2 A knowledge of the average length and length distribution of fibers is important to fiber processors. This method is useful for inplant control testing and for research purposes. 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber length and length distribution of wool in nonparallel assemblies, such as scoured wool, and in card sliver. 1.2 This test method is applicable to many fibers other than wool if in the form of a nonparallel assembly or in a card sliver. 1.3 This test method is not applicable to unscoured wool or to wool top. 1.4 This test method specifically requires length in inches and mass in metric units, and is not contrary to ASTM policy. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The information in parentheses is for information only. Note 1—The determination of staple length of grease wool is covered in Method D1234, Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool,2 and the average length of fibers in wool top is covered in Test Method D519. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in Scoured Wool and in Card Sliver

ASTM D7642-12 棉用分类仪器校准棉确定的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice provides instructions for the development of calibration cotton standards by establishing cotton fiber values for micronaire, length, uniformity index, and strength. The purpose of calibration cotton standards is for calibration of cotton classification instruments to the level of the internationally recognized United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Benchmark Reference Cotton Standards. The USDA has established calibration cotton standards for domestic upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) cottons and this practice provides an instruction for other geographical regions to establish their own calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments. 1.2 This practice shall be used for the establishment of calibration cottons for the testing of Upland and ELS cottons. 1.3 Only saw ginned cottons shall be used in this practice. Roller gin cottons are not valid for use due to higher measurement variability. 1.4 The calibration cotton established by this practice is not valid for use as a micronaire calibration standard. The micronaire standard value is not for the instrument calibration of the micronaire module; it is utilized by the instrument for the correction of the strength measurement during the calibration routine. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons for Cotton Classification Instruments

ASTM D5866-12 对棉纤维中棉结的标准试验方法(AFIS-N仪器)

5.1 Entangled cotton fibers that form neps have two sources: those that occur naturally as the cotton fiber develops on the plant into lint that is ready to be harvested and those that occur from mechanical action in harvesting, ginning, cleaning, carding or from a combination of mechanical action. 5.2 This test method does not identify whether the neps counted and measured are a result of seed variety, environmental influences, type of harvesting, or a result of mechanical processing. However, this information can be obtained from studies where samples are taken from plants in the field before harvesting and ginning, before and after cleaning, and carding before spinning. 5.3 The measurement of nep size and quantity going into, and coming out of, a fiber processing stage are commonly used to make adjustments in the processing machinery to reduce or eliminate the generation of mechanical neps. Neps that remain in spun yarns have a direct influence on neps in fabrics. For almost all types of yarn or fabric, neps are considered defects. 5.4 This test method provides a consistent and repeatable measurement of fiber nep count and size. Check cotton samples supplied by the manufacturer are used to verify consistent measurement levels and laboratory-to-laboratory precision. 5.5 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories or more, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. At a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the quantity and size of neps in cotton using various instruments. 1.2 This test method is intended for testing ginned cotton and cotton taken from various fiber processing stages. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers

ASTM D5867-12e1 利用棉花分级仪器测量棉纤维物理性能的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments. 4.2 This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash). 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument. 1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton. 1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons. 1.4 This test method contains the following sections.   Section Color 8-11 Trash Content 12-15 Micronaire Reading 16-19 Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index 20-23 Breaking Tenacity (Strength)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments

ASTM D5867-12 利用棉花分级仪器测量棉纤维物理性能的标准试验方法

This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments. This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument. 1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton. 1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons. 1.4 This test method contains the following sections. Section Color8-11 Trash Content12-15 Micronaire Reading16-19 Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index20-23 Breaking Tenacity (Strength)24-27 1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments

ASTM D1445/D1445M-12 棉纤维的断裂强度和延伸率的标准试验方法(扁纤维束法)

This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias. This test method is useful in research studies to determine the influence of variety, environment, and processing on fiber strength and elongation; and in studies of the relationships between these fiber properties, processing performance, and quality of end-product. Values obtained for flat bundle tenacity and elongation show a high correlation with values measured on single fibers and require much less time and skill. Studies have shown that strength measurements obtained with different types of instruments are highly correlated, but the results are on different levels. By use of correction factors calculated from tests made on standard calibration samples of known or established test values, the results obtained with different types of instruments at a specified gauge length can be adjusted to comparable levels. Due to the normal variation in cottons, strength test results for one gauge length cannot be reliably estimated from tests made at a different gauge length. The terms tensile strength and breaking tenacity are sometimes used interchangeably. They are relational but are not equivalent (see 12.1.1 and 12.1.2). Tenacity is commonly expressed as centinewtons per tex (cN/tex), grams-force per denier (gf/den) or pounds-force per denier (lbf/den). Tenacity in centinewtons/tex is numerically equal to tenacity in grams-force/tex times 0.981.1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gauge length, or (2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. [3.2-mm] clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose ginned cotton fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product. 1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instruments but may be used with other tensile strength and elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps. Note 18212;Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Method D1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool Fiber Bundles1 in gauge Length; and D5867, Test Method for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be r......

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)

ASTM D1441-12 试验用棉纤维取样的标准操作规程

The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination of fiber properties according to established procedures. 1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research. Note 18212;This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, , D2812, D5866 and D5867. 1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing

ASTM D1448-11 棉纤维的马克隆尼读数的标准试验方法

This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias. The micronaire reading of cotton fibers is a function of both fineness and maturity and is related to mill processing performance and to the quality of the end products. Factors correlated with micronaire reading include cleaning efficiency, neppiness, and the strength and uniformity of the yarn. Note 28212;A modification of this test method is used in commercial trading to select bales which will conform to contract guarantees for specified micronaire readings (refer to D5867). For this purpose, it is usual practice to test only one specimen per sample.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the resistance of a specific mass (plug) of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions. Note 18212;For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers based on the air-flow principle, refer to Test Method D1449, Test Method for Specific Area and Immaturity Ratio of Cotton Fibers (Arealometer Method), and to Test Method D1282, Test Method for Resistance to Air Flow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers

ASTM D6961/D6961M-09 亚麻纤维颜色测量标准试验方法

Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Method E308. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

ASTM D7139-09 棉纤维的标准术语

1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers. 1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage. 1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D 7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words. 1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11. 1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D 123.

Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers

ASTM D1447-07(2012)e1 光电测量棉纤维的长度和长度均匀度的标准试验方法

This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias. Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner. Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors. Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes. Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers. 1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph. Note 18212;Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and previous editions. Note 28212;For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement