71.040.40 (Chemical analysis) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1386-09 用溶剂萃取法分离和浓缩从火烧瓦砾样品中获取的可燃液体残渣的标准实施规程

This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for later analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating quantities smaller than 1 μL of ignitable liquid residue from a sample. This practice is particularly useful when the potential for fractionation during separation must be reduced, as when attempting to distinguish between various grades of fuel oil. This practice is particularly useful for the extraction of nonporous surfaces such as glass, or the interior of burned containers. It is also particularly well suited to the extraction of materials from very small samples. This practice can be hampered by coincident extraction of interfering compounds present in the fire debris samples. This practice may not be useful for the extraction of some extremely volatile ignitable liquids, which may evaporate during the concentration step. This is a destructive technique. Whenever possible, this technique should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be reserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for resampling. If destruction of the sample is an issue, consider using passive headspace concentration as described in Practice E1412.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for removing small quantities of ignitable liquid residue from samples of fire debris using solvent to extract the residue. 1.2 This practice is suitable for successfully extracting ignitable liquid residues over the entire range of concentrations. 1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents (Practices E1388, E1412, E1413, and E2154). 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 1.

Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction

ASTM E2027-09 在金属、矿和相关材料的化学分析中进行技术检查的标准实施规程

This practice sets the basic requirements for proficiency test programs in the chemical analysis of metals, ores, and related materials. It does not set specific procedural requirements, but does establish a framework for particular programs, including those with either small or large numbers of participants. (Warning8212;The data from proficiency testing programs must never be used to assign certification values to the materials used in the program. The elements of a properly conceived and implemented certification program are described in detail in Guide E1724.) Most accreditation bodies require that laboratories participate regularly in proficiency testing programs that they have accepted for the purpose. Therefore, it is essential that each program comply with accepted principles including technical requirements, statistical procedures (see Annex A1), and quality management (see Annex A2).1.1 This practice provides direction for organizing and conducting proficiency test programs in analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials. It is consistent with ISO Guide 43 and Guide E1301. It does not address the selection and use of proficiency testing schemes by accrediting bodies.

Standard Practice for Conducting Proficiency Tests in the Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials

ASTM E1868-09 用热重分析法测定干燥损耗的标准试验方法

This test method is used to estimate the amount of volatile materials present in a material. This test method is useful for design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statues, manufacturing control, quality control, specification acceptance, development and research. The results obtained by this test method may be equivalent to those obtained by other test methods and may be known by other terms in their respective fields. Other tests and terms encountered include loss-on-heating (see Footnote and Test Methods D 6, D 2288, and E 359), heating loss (see Test Method D 1509), evaporative loss (see Test Method D 2595), volatile organic carbon, moisture or water (see Test Methods D 2216 and D 3175), volatility (see Test Method D 4893), highly volatile matter (see Test Method E 897), and volatile content (see Guide D 2832).1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the amount of volatile matter of any kind that is driven off from a test specimen under a specific set of temperature and time conditions. This test method determines only the mass of material lost, not its identity. 1.2 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of solid or liquid materials, mixtures or blends where the major component is stable at the test temperature. 1.3 The applicable temperature range for this test method is generally between ambient temperature and 1000 °C. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 There is no ISO method equivalent to this test standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Loss-On-Drying by Thermogravimetry

ASTM D6143-09 双酚A中铁含量的标准试验方法

Iron may increase the color of bisphenol A and affect other properties of end-use products. High purity bisphenol A typically has less than 1 mg/kg of iron.1.1 This test method covers the procedure to determine the iron content of bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol). 1.2 This test method has a lower detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg, and an upper limit of 10 mg/kg of iron in bisphenol A. If the iron content is higher, it may be necessary to dilute the sample. A longer path length cell can also be used for better accuracy at lower Fe levels, as well as calibration within the range expected (for example, 0 to 1 mg/kg versus 0 to 10 mg/kg for samples expected to be in the 0 to 1 mg/kg range. 1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limits prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Iron Content of Bisphenol A (4,4180; - Isopropylidenediphenol)

ASTM E2326-09 查封药品分析员的教育和培训的标准实施规程

These are minimum standards applicable to those performing seized-drug analyses. These standards are intended to apply to any laboratory analyst who: examines and analyzes seized drugs or related materials, or directs such examinations to be done, independently has access to unsealed evidence in order to remove samples from evidence for examination and As a consequence of such examinations, signs reports for court or investigative purposes.1.1 This practice describes prerequisite formal education, training, and continuing professional development for those performing seized-drug analysis. It also describes the kinds of professional documents (for example, texts, manuals, or journals) that should be present in laboratories where analysis of seized drugs is conducted.

Standard Practice for Education and Training of Seized-Drug Analysts

ASTM E394-09 用1,10-菲咯啉法测定痕量铁值的标准试验方法

This test method is suitable for determining trace concentrations of iron in a wide variety of products, provided that appropriate sample preparation has rendered the iron and sample matrix soluble in water or other suitable solvent (see 10.1 and Note 6). This test method assumes that the amount of color developed is proportional to the amount of iron in the test solution. The calibration curve is linear over the specified range. Possible interferences are described in Section 5.1.1 This test method covers the determination of iron in the range from 1 to 100 μg. 1.2 This test method is intended to be general for the final steps in the determination of iron and does not include procedures for sample preparation. 1.3 This test method is applicable to samples whose solutions have a pH less than 2. It is assumed that the pH is adjusted to within this range in the sample preparation. 1.4 Review the current material safety data sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions. 1.5 The values given in SI units are the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Iron in Trace Quantities Using the 1,10-Phenanthroline Method

ASTM D7579-09(2013) 采用甲醇固体过滤法的热解液体中热解固体含量的标准试验方法

5.1 Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various char concentrations. Increasing pyrolysis solids content can affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomization and storage stability in a negative manner. 1.1 This test method describes a filtration procedure for determining the pyrolysis solids content of pyrolysis liquid. It is intended for the analysis of pyrolysis liquid with all ranges of pyrolysis solids concentrations. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.

Standard Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyrolysis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in Methanol

ASTM E2469-08 采用离子色谱法测定单甘醇, 双甘醇, 三甘醇中氯化物的标准试验方法

This test method provides for the quantitative determination of inorganic chloride (chloride ion) in monoethylene glycol (MEG) by direct injection using ion chromatography with conductivity detection. The analysis time is less than 5 min with no sample preparation required. Conductivity detection is a universal detection mode and is linear over the range of the method. Acceptable levels of chloride in polyester-grade and low-conductivity-grade MEG vary with the manufacturer’s specifications but are normally in the low mg/kg range. Knowledge of the chloride content in polyester-grade and low-conductivity-grade MEG is required to establish whether the product meets specification requirements.1.1 This test method covers the determination of inorganic chloride (chloride ion) in polyester-grade and low-conductivity-grade monoethylene glycol (MEG) in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg by ion chromatography (IC). 1.2 Monoethylene glycol can be analyzed directly by this test method without any sample preparation. 1.3 The values given in SI units are to be considered as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures and safety precautions. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Chloride in Monoethylene Glycol by Ion Chromatography

ASTM D5932-08 在工作室空气中9-N-甲氨基甲基葸(MAMA)对2.4-甲苯聚氨酯(2,4-TDI)和2.6-甲苯聚氨酯(2,6-TDI)测定的标准试验方法

p>TDI is used mostly in the preparation of rigid and semi-rigid foams and adhesives. Isocyanate use has been growing for the last 20 years and the industrial need is still growing. Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are irritants to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. They are recognized to cause respiratory allergic sensitization, asthmatic bronchitis, and acute respiratory intoxication (6-9). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a Threshold Limit Value–Time Weighted Average (TLV—TWA) of 0.036 mg/m3 with a Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 0.14 mg/m3 for 2,4-TDI (10). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has a permissible exposure limit of 0.02 ppm(V) or 0.14 mg/m3 of TDI as a ceiling limit and 0.005 ppm (V) or 0.036 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average (11). Monitoring of respiratory and other problems related to diisocyanates and polyisocyanates is aided through the utilization of this test method, due to its sensitivity and low volume requirements (15 L). Its short sampling times are compatible with the duration of many industrial processes and its low quantification limit also suits the concentrations often found in the working area. The segregating sampling device pertaining to this proposed test method physically separates gas and aerosol allowing isocyanate concentrations in both physical states to be obtained, thus helping in the selection of ventilation systems and personal protection. This test method is used to measure gaseous concentrations of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI in air for workplace and ambient atmospheres.1.1 This test method covers the determination of gaseous 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in air samples collected from workplace and ambient atmospheres. 1.2 Differential air sampling is performed with a segregating device. , The gaseous fraction is collected on a glass fiber filter (GFF) impregnated with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) anthracene (MAMA). 1.3 The analysis of the gaseous fraction is performed with a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detectors. 1.4 The analysis of the aerosol fraction is performed separately as described in Ref (1). 1.5 The range of application of this test method, utilizing UV and a fluorescence detector, is validated for 0.029 to 1.16 μg of monomer 2,4- and 2,6-TDI/2.0 mL of desorption solution, which corresponds to concentrations of 0.002 to 0.077 mg/m3 of TDI based on a 15-L air sample. This corresponds to 0.28 to 11 ppb(V) and brackets the established TLV value of 5 ppb(v). 1.6 A field blank sampling system is used to check the possibility of contamination during the entire sampling and analysis. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in Air (with 9-(N-Methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method) (MAMA) in the Workplace

ASTM F327-08(2015) 安全和安保用手持金属探测器的标准性能规范和试验方法

1.1 This practice describes how to connect, prepare, and sample pressurized gas systems (having up to 19.1-mm (0.75-in.) diameter lines) for particulate contamination by using an automatic monitor. 1.2 The values stated in MKS units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 5.

Standard Practice for Sampling Gas Blow Down Systems and Components for Particulate Contamination by Automatic Particle Monitor Method

ASTM E1131-08(2014) 用热解重量分析法进行成分分析的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control, material screening, and related problem solving where a compositional analysis is desired or a comparison can be made with a known material of the same type. 5.2 The parameters described should be considered as guidelines. They may be altered to suit a particular analysis, provided the changes are noted in the report. 5.3 The proportion of the determined components in a given mixture or blend may indicate specific quality or end use performance characteristics. Particular examples include the following: 5.3.1 Increasing soot (carbon) content of used diesel lubricating oils indicates decreasing effectiveness. 5.3.2 Specific carbon-to-polymer ratio ranges are required in some elastomeric and plastic parts in order to achieve desired mechanical strength and stability. 5.3.3 Some filled elastomeric and plastic products require specific inert content (for example, ash, filler, reinforcing agent, etc.) to meet performance specifications. 5.3.4 The volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of coal and coke are important parameters. The “ranking” of coal increases with increasing carbon content and decreasing volatile and hydrocarbon, (medium volatility) content. 1.1 This test method provides a general technique incorporating thermogravimetry to determine the amount of highly volatile matter, medium volatile matter, combustible material, and ash content of compounds. This test method will be useful in performing a compositional analysis in cases where agreed upon by interested parties. 1.2 This test method is applicable to solids and liquids. 1.3 The temperature range of test is typically room temperature to 1000°C. Composition between 1 and 100 weight % of individual components may be determined. 1.4 This test method utilizes an inert and reactive gas environment. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6  This standard is related ISO8201;11358 but is more detailed and specific. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry

ASTM E1899-08 利用与P-甲苯磺酰异氰酸盐(TSI)的反应和氢氧化四丁基铵的电势滴定法的羟基标准试验方法

Hydroxyl is an important functional group and knowledge of its content is required in many intermediate and end use applications. This test method is for the determination of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups and can be used for the assay of compounds containing them. This test method has the following advantages over other hydroxyl number methods: It is rapid (10 min), pyridine-free, ambient temperature, small sample size, applicable to extremely low hydroxyl numbers (<1), and is amenable to automation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroxyl groups attached to primary and secondary carbon atoms in aliphatic and cyclic compounds and phenols. It is not suitable for determination of hydroxyl groups attached to tertiary carbon atoms. This test method is applicable to polyacetals, temperature sensitive materials, high solids polymer polyols, and rigid polyols. Other available test methods listed in Note 1 are not suitable for many of the sample types listed above. 1.1.1 This test method is currently recommended for neutral refined products. Successful application has been made, however, to some in-process samples that contain an excess of acidic species. Proper validation must be performed, of course, to show that the acidic species either does not interfere, or that the acidic species interference has been obviated. Note 18212;Other methods for determination of hydroxyl groups are given in Test Methods D 817, D 871, D 1957, D 2195, D 4252, D 4273, D 4274, E 222, E 326, and E 335. 1.2 Review the current appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated, with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups Using Reaction with p-Toluenesulfonyl Isocyanate (TSI) and Potentiometric Titration with Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide

ASTM F2714-08(2013) 利用荧光衰减对包装物进行氧气顶空分析的标准试验方法

3.1 The oxygen content of a package’s headspace is an important determinant of the packaging protection afforded by barrier materials. The package under test is typically MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) packaged. 3.2 Oxygen content is a key contributor to off-flavors and spoilage of various products, such as chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals. 3.3 The method determines the oxygen in a closed package headspace. This ability has application in: 3.3.1 Package Permeability Studies—The change of headspace composition over a known length of time allows the calculation of permeation. Since the headspace oxygen is measured as a percentage, the volume of the container’s headspace must be known to allow conversion into a quantity such as millilitres (ml) of oxygen. The use of this approach to measure permeation generally applies to empty package systems only as oxygen uptake or outgassing of contained products could affect results. 3.3.2 Leak Detection—If the headspace contains more oxygen than expected or is increasing faster than expected, a leak can be suspected. A wide variety of techniques can be employed to verify that a leak is present and to identify its location. If necessary or of interest, a leak rate may be calculated with known headspace volume and measured oxygen concentration change over time. 3.3.3 Efficacy of the MAP Packaging Process—If the headspace oxygen concentration is found to be higher than expected soon after packaging, the gas flushing process may not be working as well as expected. Various techniques can evaluate whether the MAP system is functioning properly. 3.3.4 Storage Studies—As the method is non-destructive, the headspace can be monitored over time on individual samples to insure that results of storage studies such as shelf life testing are correctly interpreted. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the oxygen concentration in the headspace within a sealed package without opening or compromising the integrity of the package. 1.2 This test method requires that chemically coated components be placed on the inside surface of the package before closing. 1.3 The package must be either transparent, translucent, or a transparent window must be affixed to the package surface without affecting the package’s integrity. 1.4 As this test method determines the oxygen headspace over time, the oxygen permeability can easily be calculated as ingress per unit time as long as the volume of the container is known. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxygen Headspace Analysis of Packages Using Fluorescent Decay

ASTM F327-08 用自动粒子监控器对气体排污测控系统和部件粒子污染物取样的规程

1.1 This practice describes how to connect, prepare, and sample pressurized gas systems (having up to 19.1-mm (0.75-in.) diameter lines) for particulate contamination by using an automatic monitor. 1.2 The values stated in MKS units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 5.

Standard Practice for Sampling Gas Blow Down Systems and Components for Particulate Contamination by Automatic Particle Monitor Method

ASTM E1131-08 用热重力法进行成分分析的标准试验方法

This test method is intended for use in quality control, material screening, and related problem solving where a compositional analysis is desired or a comparison can be made with a known material of the same type. The parameters described should be considered as guidelines. They may be altered to suit a particular analysis, provided the changes are noted in the report. The proportion of the determined components in a given mixture or blend may indicate specific quality or end use performance characteristics. Particular examples include the following: Increasing soot (carbon) content of used diesel lubricating oils indicates decreasing effectiveness. Specific carbon-to-polymer ratio ranges are required in some elastomeric and plastic parts in order to achieve desired mechanical strength and stability. Some filled elastomeric and plastic products require specific inert content (for example, ash, filler, reinforcing agent, etc.) to meet performance specifications. The volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of coal and coke are important parameters. The “ranking” of coal increases with increasing carbon content and decreasing volatile and hydrocarbon, (medium volatility) content.1.1 This test method provides a general technique incorporating thermogravimetry to determine the amount of highly volatile matter, medium volatile matter, combustible material, and ash content of compounds. This test method will be useful in performing a compositional analysis in cases where agreed upon by interested parties. 1.2 This test method is applicable to solids and liquids. 1.3 The temperature range of test is typically room temperature to 1000 °C. Composition between 1 and 100 weight % of individual components may be determined. 1.4 This test method utilizes an inert and reactive gas environment. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard is related ISO 11358 but is more detailed and specific. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry

ASTM E2469-08a 用离子色谱法测定一,二和三乙烯基乙二醇中氯化物的标准试验方法

This test method provides for the quantitative determination of inorganic chloride (chloride ion) in monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG) using ion chromatography with conductivity detection. The analysis time is less than 5 min with little or no sample preparation required. Conductivity detection is a universal detection mode and is linear over the range of the method. Acceptable levels of chloride in polyester-grade and low-conductivity-grade MEG vary with the manufacturer’s specifications but are normally in the low mg/kg range. Knowledge of the chloride content in polyester-grade and low-conductivity-grade MEG is required to establish whether the MEG product meets specification requirements. Glycols have high viscosities and a dilution with high quality deionized water may be required depending on the capability of the autosampler, if used, to deliver the injection. All standards and samples, whether diluted or not should be treated in the same manner.1.1 This test method covers the determination of inorganic chloride (chloride ion) in monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG) in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg by ion chromatography (IC). 1.2 Ethylene glycol can be analyzed directly by this test method without any sample preparation or diluted with high quality deionized water if an autosampler is used and dilution is necessary (that is, 50:50 or other suitable ratio). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 The exception is the additional information of (psi) in 9.3.3. 1.4 Review the current Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures and safety precautions. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Chloride in Mono-, Di- and Tri-ethylene Glycol by Ion Chromatography

ASTM F2714-08 用荧光衰减法进行包装中顶空氧气分析的标准试验方法

The oxygen content of a package’s headspace is an important determinant of the packaging protection afforded by barrier materials. The package under test is typically MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) packaged. Oxygen content is a key contributor to off-flavors and spoilage of various products, such as chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals. The method determines the oxygen in a closed package headspace. This ability has application in: Package Permeability Studies8212;The change of headspace composition over a known length of time allows the calculation of permeation. Since the headspace oxygen is measured as a percentage, the volume of the container’s headspace must be known to allow conversion into a quantity such as millilitres (ml) of oxygen. The use of this approach to measure permeation generally applies to empty package systems only as oxygen uptake or outgassing of contained products could affect results. Leak Detection8212;If the headspace contains more oxygen than expected or is increasing faster than expected, a leak can be suspected. A wide variety of techniques can be employed to verify that a leak is present and to identify its location. If necessary or of interest, a leak rate may be calculated with known headspace volume and measured oxygen concentration change over time. Efficacy of the MAP Packaging Process8212; If the headspace oxygen concentration is found to be higher than expected soon after packaging, the gas flushing process may not be working as well as expected. Various techniques can evaluate whether the MAP system is functioning properly. Storage Studies8212;As the method is non-destructive, the headspace can be monitored over time on individual samples to insure that results of storage studies such as shelf life testing are correctly interpreted.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the oxygen concentration in the headspace within a sealed package without opening or compromising the integrity of the package. 1.2 This test method requires that chemically coated components be placed on the inside surface of the package before closing. 1.3 The package must be either transparent, translucent, or a transparent window must be affixed to the package surface without affecting the package’s integrity. 1.4 As this test method determines the oxygen headspace over time, the oxygen permeability can easily be calculated as ingress per unit time as long as the volume of the container is known. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxygen Headspace Analysis of Packages Using Fluorescent Decay

ASTM E2313-08 单乙二醇中醛的测试方法(光谱光度测量法)

Knowledge of the aldehyde content of Monoethylene glycol is required to establish whether the product meets the requirements of its quality specifications.1.1 This test method describes the spectrophotometric determination of total aldehyde carbonyl content in the range of 0.5 to 50 mg/kg (as acetaldehyde) or 0.3 to 35 mg/kg (as formaldehyde) in mono-, di-, and triethylene glycol (MEG, DEG and TEG). Alkoxyalcohols (hemiacetals), if present, are co-determined, whereas dialkoxyalkanes (acetals), if present, are not. The results provide a measure of the purity of the sample with respect to total aldehyde carbonyl content. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 Review the current material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures and safety precautions. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Aldehydes in Mono-, Di-, and Triethylene Glycol (Spectrophotometric Method)

ASTM D4739-08 电势滴定法测定碱值的标准试验方法

New and used petroleum products can contain basic constituents that are present as additives. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titration with acids. The base number is a measure of the amount of basic substances in the oil always under the conditions of the test. It is sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service. However, any condemning limit shall be empirically established. 5.2 As stated in 1.2, this test method uses a weaker acid to titrate the base than Test Method D 2896, and the titration solvents are also different. Test Method D 2896 uses a stronger acid and a more polar solvent system than Test Method D 4739. As a result, Test Method D 2896 will titrate salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, and weak alkaline salts of some metals. They do not protect the oil from acidic components due to the degradation of the oil. This test method may produce a falsely exaggerated base number. Test Method D 4739 will probably not titrate these weak bases but, if so, will titrate them to a lesser degree of completion. It measures only the basic components of the additive package that neutralizes acids. On the other hand, if the additive package contains weak basic components that do not play a role in neutralizing the acidic components of the degrading oil, then the Test Method D 4739 result may be falsely understated. 5.3 Particular care is required in the interpretation of the base number of new and used lubricants. 5.3.1 When the base number of the new oil is required as an expression of its manufactured quality, Test Method D 2896 is preferred, since it is known to titrate weak bases that this test method may or may not titrate reliably. 5.3.2 When the base number of in-service or at-term oil is required, this test method is preferred because in many cases, especially for internal combustion engine oils, weakly basic degradation products are possible. Test Method D 2896 will titrate these, thus giving a false value of essential basicity. This test method may or may not titrate these weak acids. 5.3.3 When the loss of base number value, as the oils proceed in service, is the consideration, this test method is to be preferred and all values including the unused oil shall be determined by this test method. Base numbers obtained by this test method shall not be related to base numbers obtained by another test method such as Test Method D 2896. 5.3.4 In ASTM Interlaboratory Crosscheck Programs for both new and used lubricants, historically Test Method D 2896 gives a higher value for base number.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of basic constituents in petroleum products and new and used lubricants. This test method resolves these constituents into groups having weak-base and strong-base ionization properties, provided the dissociation constants of the more strongly basic compounds are at least 1000 times than that of the next weaker groups. This test method covers base numbers up to 250. 1.2 In new and used lubricants, the constituents that can be considered to have basic properties are primarily organic and inorganic bases, including amino compounds. This test method uses hydrochloric acid as the titrant, whereas Test Method D 2896 uses perchloric acid as the titrant. This test method may or may not titrate these weak bases and, if so, it will titrate them to a lesser degree of completion; some additives such as inhibitors or detergents may show basic characteristics. 1.3 When testing used engine lubricants, it should be recognized that certain weak bases are the result of the service rather than having been built into the oil. This test method can be used to indic......

Standard Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid Titration

ASTM E1641-07 用热重分析法的分解动力学用标准试验方法

Thermogravimetry provides a rapid method for determining the temperature-decomposition profile of a material. This test method can be used for estimating lifetimes of materials, using Test Method E 1877 provided that a relationship has been established between the thermal endurance test results and actual lifetime tests. 1.1 This test method describes the determination of the kinetic parameters, Arrhenius activation energy, and preexponential factor by thermogravimetry, based on the assumption that the decomposition obeys first-order kinetics.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to materials with well-defined decomposition profiles, namely, a smooth, continuous mass change with a single maximum rate.1.3 This test method is normally applicable to decomposition occurring in the range from 400 to 1300K (100 to 1000 176;C). The temperature range may be extended depending on the instrumentation used. 1.4 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.Note 18212;Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.5 SI units are the standard.1.6 This method is similar to ISO 11358-2 but differs in its mathematical treatment.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Decomposition Kinetics by Thermogravimetry