75.080 (Petroleum products in general) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D4629-08 针管/入口氧化燃烧和化学发光法测定液态石油烃中痕量氮的标准试验方法

Some process catalysts used in petroleum and chemical refining may be poisoned when even trace amounts of nitrogenous materials are contained in the feedstocks. This test method can be used to determine bound nitrogen in process feeds and may also be used to control nitrogen compounds in finished products.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the trace total nitrogen naturally found in liquid hydrocarbons boiling in the range from approximately 50 to 400°C, with viscosities between approximately 0.2 and 10 cSt (mm2/s) at room temperature. This test method is applicable to naphthas, distillates, and oils containing 0.3 to 100 mg/kg total nitrogen. For liquid hydrocarbons containing more than 100 mg/kg total nitrogen, Test Method D 5762 can be more appropriate. This test method has been successfully applied, during interlaboratory studies, to sample types outside the range of the scope by dilution of the sample in an appropriate solvent to bring the total nitrogen concentration and viscosity to within the range covered by the test method. However, it is the responsibility of the analyst to verify the solubility of the sample in the solvent and that direct introduction of the diluted sample by syringe into the furnace does not cause low results due to pyrolysis of the sample or solvent in the syringe needle. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.9, and Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection

ASTM D3339-08 半微量颜色指示剂滴定法测定石油产品酸值的标准试验方法

This test method measures the acid number of oils obtained from laboratory oxidation tests using smaller amounts of sample than Test Methods D 974 or D 664. It has specific application in Test Method D 943 in which small aliquots of oil are periodically removed for testing by Test Method D 3339. This test method, therefore, provides a means of monitoring the relative oxidation of oils, by measuring changes in acid number, at different time intervals and under the various oxidizing test conditions. FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Typical Apparatus1.1 This test method covers the determination of acidic constituents in new or used petroleum products and lubricants soluble or nearly soluble in mixtures of toluene, and isopropyl alcohol. The test method is especially intended for cases in which the amount of sample available to be analyzed is too small to allow accurate analysis by Test Methods D 974 or D 664. It is applicable for the determination of acids having dissociation constants in water larger than 10−9. Extremely weak acids having dissociation constants smaller than 10−9 do not interfere. Salts titrate if their hydrolysis constants are larger than 10−9. 1.2 This test method can be used to indicate relative changes in acid number that occur in an oil during use under oxidizing conditions. Although the titration is made under definite equilibrium conditions, the method does not measure an absolute acidic property that can be used to predict performance of an oil under service conditions. No general relationship between bearing corrosion and acid number is known. 1.3 Since this test method requires substantially less sample than Test Methods D 974 or D 664, it provides an advantageous means of monitoring an oxidation test by changes in acid number by (1) minimizing test sample depletion for acid number analyses and thus minimizing the disturbance of the test or (2) allowing additional acid number analyses to be made while maintaining the same test sample depletion and thus providing additional data. Note 18212;Some oils, such as many cutting oils, rust-proofing oils, and similar compounded oils, or excessively dark-colored oils, may be more difficult to analyze by this test method due to obscurity of the color-indicator end point. These oils can be analyzed by Test Method D 664 provided sufficient sample is available. However, this situation is much less likely using Test Method D 3339 than using Test Method D 974 due to the use of a more highly dilute sample during the titration and due to the greater stability of the end point color change. The acid numbers obtained by Test Method D 3339 may or may not be numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 664 but they should be of the same order of magnitude. Note 28212;The results obtained using this method have been found to be numerically the same as those obtained using Test Method D 974, within the precision of the two methods, for new or oxidized lubricants of the type primarily intended for hydraulic or steam turbine type service. The oxidized lubricants were obtained using the Test Method D 943 oxidation test. This correlation is shown by the correlation coefficient r

Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration

ASTM D2622-08 X射线光谱法测定石油产品中硫含量的试验方法

This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 1 to 2 minutes per sample. The quality of many petroleum products is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of sulfur concentration is necessary for processing purposes. There are also regulations promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in some fuels. This test method provides a means of determining whether the sulfur content of petroleum or a petroleum product meets specification or regulatory limits. When this test method is applied to petroleum materials with matrices significantly different from the white oil calibration materials specified in this test method, the cautions and recommendations in Section 5 should be observed when interpreting results. Note 28212;The equipment specified for Test Method D 2622 tends to be more expensive than that required for alternative test methods, such as Test Method D 4294. Consult the Index to ASTM Standards for alternative test methods.>1.1 This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products that are single-phase and either liquid at ambient conditions, liquefiable with moderate heat, or soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. These materials can include diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, other distillate oil, naphtha, residual oil, lubricating base oil, hydraulic oil, crude oil, unleaded gasoline, gasohol and biodiesel. 1.2 The range of this test method is between the PLOQ value (calculated by procedures consistent with Practice D 6259) of 3 mg/kg total sulfur and the highest level sample in the round robin, 4.6 wt. % total sulfur. Note 18212;Instrumentation covered by this test method can vary in sensitivity. The applicability of the test method at sulfur concentrations below 3 mg/kg may be determined on an individual basis for WDXRF instruments capable of measuring lower levels, but precision in this test method does not apply. 1.2.1 The values of the limit of quantitation (LOQ) and method precision for a specific laboratory’s instrument depends on instrument source power (low or high power), sample type, and the practices established by the laboratory to perform the method. 1.3 Samples containing more than 4.6 mass % sulfur should be diluted to bring the sulfur concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method. Samples that are diluted can have higher errors than indicated in Section 14 than non-diluted samples. 1.4 Volatile samples (such as high vapor pressure gasolines or light hydrocarbons) may not meet the stated precision because of selective loss of light materials during the analysis. 1.5 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrices are well matched, or that the matrix differences are accounted for (see 12.2). Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards or by the presence of other interfering heteroatoms or species (see Table 1). 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

ASTM D4294-08 通过能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定石油产品中硫含量的标准试验方法

This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 1 to 5 minutes per sample. The quality of many petroleum products is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of sulfur concentration is necessary for processing purposes. There are also regulations promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in some fuels. This test method provides a means of determining whether the sulfur content of petroleum or a petroleum product meets specification or regulatory limits. When this test method is applied to petroleum materials with matrices significantly different from the calibration materials specified in 9.1, the cautions and recommendations in Section 5 should be observed when interpreting results.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products that are single-phase and either liquid at ambient conditions, liquefiable with moderate heat, or soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. These materials can include diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, other distillate oil, naphtha, residual oil, lubricating base oil, hydraulic oil, crude oil, unleaded gasoline, gasohol, biodiesel (see Note 2), and similar petroleum products. Note 18212;Oxygenated fuels with ethanol or methanol contents exceeding the limits given in Table 1 can be dealt with using this test method, but the precision and bias statements do not apply (see Appendix X2). Note 28212;For samples with high oxygen contents (>3 wt %) sample dilution as described in 1.3 or matrix matching must be performed to assure accurate results. 1.2 Interlaboratory studies on precision revealed the scope to be 17 mg/kg to 4.6 mass %. An estimate of this test method’s pooled limit of quantitation (PLOQ) is 17.0 mg/kg as calculated by the procedures in Practice D 6259. However, because instrumentation covered by this test method can vary in sensitivity, the applicability of the test method at sulfur concentrations below approximately 20 mg/kg must be determined on an individual basis. An estimate of the limit of detection is three times the reproducibility standard deviation, and an estimate of the limit of quantitation is ten times the reproducibility standard deviation. 1.3 Samples containing more than 4.6 mass % sulfur can be diluted to bring the sulfur concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method. Samples that are diluted can have higher errors than indicated in Section 16 than non-diluted samples. 1.4 Volatile samples (such as high vapor pressure gasolines or light hydrocarbons) may not meet the stated precision because of selective loss of light materials during the analysis. 1.5 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrices are well matched, or that the matrix differences are accounted for (see 5.2). Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards (see Section 5) or by the presence of other heteroatoms. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. TABLE 1 Concentrations of Interfering Species

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

ASTM D97-08 沥青混合料取样的标准实施规程

The pour point of a petroleum specimen is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications.1.1 This test method covers and is intended for use on any petroleum product. A procedure suitable for black specimens, cylinder stock, and nondistillate fuel oil is described in 8.8. A procedure for testing the fluidity of a residual fuel oil at a specified temperature is described in Appendix X1. The cloud point procedure formerly part of this test method now appears as Test Method D 2500. 1.2 Currently there is no ASTM test method for automated Test Method D 97 pour point measurements. 1.3 Several ASTM test methods offering alternative procedures for determining pour points using automatic apparatus are available. None of them share the same designation number as Test Method D 97. When an automatic instrument is used, the ASTM test method designation number specific to the technique shall be reported with the results. A procedure for testing the pour point of crude oils is described in Test Method D 5853. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products

ASTM D1552-08(2014)e1 石油产品含硫量的标准试验方法 (高温法)

4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product. 1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177°C (350°F) and containing not less than 0.06 mass8201;% sulfur. Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employing an induction furnace for pyrolysis, the other a resistance furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace. 1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass8201;% sulfur can be analyzed. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products 40;High-Temperature Method41;

ASTM D1552-08(2014) 石油制品中硫含量的标准试验方法(高温法)

4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product. 1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177°C (350°F) and containing not less than 0.06 mass8201;% sulfur. Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employing an induction furnace for pyrolysis, the other a resistance furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace. 1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass8201;% sulfur can be analyzed. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products 40;High-Temperature Method41;

ASTM D86-08a 评价油漆沉降度的标准试验方法

The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes. The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors. The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits. Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints. Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels containing up to 10 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, 1-D and 2-D diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels. 1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material. 1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments. 1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure

ASTM D6708-08 测量同一物质相同属性的两种测试方法间预期协定的统计评定与改进标准实施规程

This practice can be used to determine if a constant, proportional, or linear bias correction can improve the degree of agreement between two methods that purport to measure the same property of a material. The bias correction developed in this practice can be applied to a single result (X) obtained from one test method (method X) to obtain a predicted result ( ˆY) for the other test method (method Y). Note 78212;Users are cautioned to ensure that ˆY is within the scope of method Y before its use. The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around ˆY that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with about 95 % confidence. This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results collected from an interlaboratory study meeting the requirement of Practice D 6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory study must be conducted on at least ten materials that span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results must be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Note 18212;Examples of standard test methods are those developed by voluntary consensus standards bodies such as ASTM, IP/BSI, DIN, AFNOR, CGSB. 1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one. Note 28212;Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models that are over-fitted and do not perform well in practice. 1.3 The bias corrections of this practice are limited to a constant correction, proportional correction or a linear (proportional + constant) correction. 1.4 The bias-correction methods of this practice are method symmetric, in the sense that equivalent corrections are obtained regardless of which method is bias-corrected to match the other. 1.5 A methodology is presented for establishing the 95 % confidence limit (designated by this practice as the between methods reproducibility) for the difference between two results where each result is obtained by a different operator using different apparatus and each applying one of the two methods X and Y on identical material, where one of the methods has been appropriately bias-corrected in accordance with this practice. Note 38212;In earlier versions of this standard practice, the term “cro......

Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material

ASTM D6300-08 用于石油产品和润滑油的试验方法中的精密性和偏差数据测定的标准实施规程

ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the manufacture, selling, and buying of materials in accordance with specifications and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator, the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the specification. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. These then give the user an idea of the precision of the resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available). Statements addressing determinability are sometimes required as part of the test method procedure in order to provide early warning of a significant degradation of testing quality while processing any series of samples. Repeatability and reproducibility are defined in the precision section of every Committee D02 test method. Determinability is defined above in Section 3. The relationship among the three measures of precision can be tabulated in terms of their different sources of variation (see Table 1). When used, determinability is a mandatory part of the Procedure section. It will allow operators to check their technique for the sequence of operations specified. It also ensures that a result based on the set of determined values is not subject to excessive variability from that source. A bias statement furnishes guidelines on the relationship between a set of test results and a related set of accepted reference values. When the bias of a test method is known, a compensating adjustment can be incorporated in the test method. This practice is intended for use by D02 subcommittees in determining precision estimates and bias statements to be used in D02 test methods. Its procedures correspond with ISO 4259 and are the basis for the Committee D02 computer software, Calculation if Precision Data: Petroleum Test Methods. The use of this practice replaces that of Research Report RR:D02–1007. Standard practices for the calculation of precision have been written by many committees with emphasis on their particular product area. One developed by Committee E11 on Statistics is Practice E 691. Practice E 691 and this practice differ as outlined in Table 2. TABLE 1 Sources of Variation MethodApparatusOperatorLaboratoryTime ReproducibilityCompleteDifferentDifferentDifferentSpecified (Result) RepeatabilityCompleteSameSame SameAlmost same (Result) Dete.......

Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants

ASTM D7397-08 石油产品和液体燃料浊​​点标准测试方法（小型化光学方法）

The cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters used in some fuel systems. Petroleum blending operations require a precise measurement of the cloud point. This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed as a cloud with a resolution of 0.1°C. This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D 5773/IP 446. The temperature results of this test method have been found to be warmer than those of Test Method D 2500/IP 219 by an average of 0.49°C; however, no sample specific bias was observed. Similar to Test Method D 5773/IP 446, this test method determines cloud point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D 2500/IP 219. Note 18212;In cases of samples with cloud points near ambient temperatures, time savings may not be realized. Note 28212;This test method eliminates most of the operator time required of Test Method D 2500/IP 219. Note 38212;The only utility required by the apparatus described in this test method is electricity with power consumption of approximately 20 watts. The electric power can come from an alternating current source (wall receptacle) or direct current source such as a battery or a cigarette lighter plug in a vehicle. Note 48212;The apparatus described by this test method can be made much smaller and lighter than that of Test Methods D 5773/IP 446 and D 2500/IP 219, allowing full portability. Note 58212;The apparatus used in the 2006 interlaboratory study weighed approximately 1 kg and occupied the space of a small lunch box. See Section 13.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument. 1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however, the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 to +12°C. See Section 13. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical Method)

ASTM D2887-08 用气相色谱法测定石油馏分的沸点范围分布的试验方法

The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties. Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D 2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D 86 or D 1160.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538°C (1000°F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5°C (100°F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature. Note 18212;Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8°F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another. 1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D 3710. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D323-08 石油产品蒸气压力的标准试验方法(瑞德法)

Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point above 0°C (32°F). Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution control. Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial refinery treatment. Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products. 1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petroleum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa (26 psi). 1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory test program to determine the precision of this test method. 1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of greater than 180 kPa (26 psi). 1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi). Note 18212;Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) in kilopascals (pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. 1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D 1267 or Test Method D 6897. For determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D 4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D 6377 has been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the air-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5, 21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

ASTM D5949-08 石油产品倾点标准试验方法(自动调压脉冲法)

The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating oil systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point. In most cases, this test method does not require the use of mechanical refrigeration apparatus (see 7.1). This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D 97/IP 15 when the 3°C interval results are reported. Note 28212;Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D 97 (in 3°C intervals) the precisions were derived from the temperatures rounded to the 3° intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D 97, see 13.3. Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 or 3°C intervals. This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D 97/IP 15 as measured in the 1992 and 1998 interlaboratory test programs. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic instrument that applies a controlled burst of nitrogen gas onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled and detects movement of the surface of the test specimen with an optical device. 1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −57 to +51°C. However, the range of temperatures included in the 1992 interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −39 to +6°C and the range of temperatures included in the 1998 interlaboratory test program was from −51 to −11°C. (see 13.4). 1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at 1 or 3°C testing intervals. 1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils. Note 18212;The applicability of this test method or residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on applicability, refer to 13.4. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)

ASTM D3120-08(2014) 用氧化微库仑测定法测定轻质液态石油烃中微量硫的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is used to determine the concentration of sulfur in light liquid hydrocarbons, gasoline, and diesels and their additives, where such concentrations of sulfur can be detrimental to their production, performance, and use. The measurement of sulfur in the production and final product of gasoline and diesel is required for both regulatory purposes and to ensure maximum life expectancy of catalytic converters used in the automotive industry. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur concentration in the range from 3.0 to 10008201;mg/kg in light liquid hydrocarbons and fuels with oxygenates boiling in the range from 26 to 274°C (80 to 525°F). Note 1: Preliminary data has shown that this test method is also applicable to the determination of sulfur in denatured fuel ethanol (Specification D4806), automotive spark ignition engine fuel (Specification D4814), Ed75–Ed85 (Specification D5798) or gasoline-oxygenate fuel blends with greater than 10% ethanol. However, the precision for these materials has not been determined. Subcommittee D02.03 is undertaking activities to obtain precision statements for these materials. 1.2 Other materials falling within the distillation range specified in 1.1, but having sulfur concentrations above 1000 mg/kg, may be tested using appropriate dilutions to bring them within the specified limit. In addition, sample types that may be outside the specified distillation range, such as diesels and biodiesels, may be analyzed by this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 – 9.

Standard Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry

ASTM D4294-08ae1 通过能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定石油产品中硫含量的标准试验方法

This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 1 to 5 min per sample. The quality of many petroleum products is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of sulfur concentration is necessary for processing purposes. There are also regulations promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in some fuels. This test method provides a means of determining whether the sulfur content of petroleum or a petroleum product meets specification or regulatory limits. When this test method is applied to petroleum materials with matrices significantly different from the calibration materials specified in 9.1, the cautions and recommendations in Section 5 should be observed when interpreting results.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products that are single-phase and either liquid at ambient conditions, liquefiable with moderate heat, or soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. These materials can include diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosine, other distillate oil, naphtha, residual oil, lubricating base oil, hydraulic oil, crude oil, unleaded gasoline, gasohol, biodiesel (see Note 2), and similar petroleum products. Note 18212;Oxygenated fuels with ethanol or methanol contents exceeding the limits given in Table 1 can be dealt with using this test method, but the precision and bias statements do not apply (see Appendix X3). Note 28212;For samples with high oxygen contents (>3 wt %) sample dilution as described in 1.3 or matrix matching must be performed to assure accurate results. 1.2 Interlaboratory studies on precision revealed the scope to be 17 mg/kg to 4.6 mass %. An estimate of this test method’s pooled limit of quantitation (PLOQ) is 17.0 mg/kg as calculated by the procedures in Practice D6259. However, because instrumentation covered by this test method can vary in sensitivity, the applicability of the test method at sulfur concentrations below approximately 20 mg/kg must be determined on an individual basis. An estimate of the limit of detection is three times the reproducibility standard deviation, and an estimate of the limit of quantitation is ten times the reproducibility standard deviation. 1.3 Samples containing more than 4.6 mass % sulfur can be diluted to bring the sulfur concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method. Samples that are diluted can have higher errors than indicated in Section 16 than non-diluted samples. 1.4 Volatile samples (such as high vapor pressure gasolines or light hydrocarbons) may not meet the stated precision because of selective loss of light materials during the analysis. 1.5 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrices are well matched, or that the matrix differences are accounted for (see 5.2). Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards (see Section 5) or by the presence of other heteroatoms. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to......

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

ASTM D6378-08 测定石油产品、烃和烃氧化剂混合物蒸气压力(VPX)的标准试验方法(三级膨胀法)

Vapor pressure is a very important physical property of volatile liquids for shipping and storage. The vapor pressure of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends is regulated by various government agencies. Specifications for volatile petroleum products generally include vapor pressure limits to ensure products of suitable volatility performance. In this test method, an air saturation procedure prior to the measurement is not required, thus eliminating losses of high volatile compounds during this step. This test method is faster and minimizes potential errors from improper air saturation. This test method permits VPX determinations in the field. This test method can be applied in online applications in which an air saturation procedure prior to the measurement cannot be performed. 1.1 This test method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by volatile, liquid petroleum products, hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon-oxygenate mixtures. This test method is suitable for testing samples with boiling points above 0°C (32°F) that exert a vapor pressure between 7 and 150 kPa (1.0 and 21 psi) at 37.8°C (100°F) at a vapor-to-liquid ratio of 4:1. The liquid sample volume size required for analysis is dependent upon the vapor-to-liquid ratio chosen (see Note 1) and the measuring chamber volume capacity of the instrument (see 6.1.1 and Note 3). Note 18212;The test method is suitable for the determination of the vapor pressure of volatile, liquid petroleum products at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at vapor to liquid ratios of 4:1 to 1:1 (X = 4 to 1) and pressures up to 500 kPa (70 psi), but the precision statement (see Section 16) may not be applicable. 1.2 This test method also covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by aviation turbine fuels. This test method is suitable for testing aviation turbine fuel samples with boiling points above 0°C (32°F) that exert a vapor pressure between 0 and 110 kPa (0 and 15.5 psi) at a vapor-to-liquid ratio of 4:1, in the temperature range from 25 to 100°C (77 to 212°F). 1.3 The vapor pressure (VPX) determined by this test method at a vapor-liquid ratio of 4:1 (X = 4) of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends at 37.8°C can be correlated to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) value determined by Test Method D 5191 (see 16.3). This condition does not apply when the sample is aviation turbine fuel. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2-7.8.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method)

ASTM D1552-08 石油产品中硫的试验方法(高温法)标准试验方法

This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product.1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177°C (350°F) and containing not less than 0.06 mass % sulfur. Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employing an induction furnace for pyrolysis, the other a resistance furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace. 1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass % sulfur can be analyzed. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)

ASTM D3120-08 用氧化微库仑测定法测定在轻质液态石油烃中硫的微量用标准试验方法

This test method is used to determine the concentration of sulfur in light liquid hydrocarbons, gasoline, and diesels and their additives, where such concentrations of sulfur can be detrimental to their production, performance, and use. The measurement of sulfur in the production and final product of gasoline and diesel is required for both regulatory purposes and to ensure maximum life expectancy of catalytic converters used in the automotive industry.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur concentration in the range from 3.0 to 1000 mg/kg in light liquid hydrocarbons and fuels with oxygenates boiling in the range from 26 to 274°C (80 to 525°F). Note 18212;Preliminary data has shown that this test method is also applicable to the determination of sulfur in denatured fuel ethanol (Specification D 4806), automotive spark ignition engine fuel (Specification D 4814), Ed75–Ed85 (Specification D 5798) or gasoline-oxygenate fuel blends with greater than 10% ethanol. However, the precision for these materials has not been determined. Subcommittee D02.03 is undertaking activities to obtain precision statements for these materials. 1.2 Other materials falling within the distillation range specified in 1.1, but having sulfur concentrations above 1000 mg/kg, may be tested using appropriate dilutions to bring them within the specified limit. In addition, sample types that may be outside the specified distillation range, such as diesels and biodiesels, may be analyzed by this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7-9.

Standard Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry

ASTM D1319-08 用荧光指示剂吸附法测定液态石油产品中烃类物质的标准试验方法

The determination of the total volume % of saturates, olefins, and aromatics in petroleum fractions is important in characterizing the quality of petroleum fractions as gasoline blending components and as feeds to catalytic reforming processes. This information is also important in characterizing petroleum fractions and products from catalytic reforming and from thermal and catalytic cracking as blending components for motor and aviation fuels. This information is also important as a measure of the quality of fuels, such as specified in Specification D 1655. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrocarbon types over the concentration ranges from 5 to 99 volume % aromatics, 0.3 to 55 volume % olefins, and 1 to 95 volume % saturates in petroleum fractions that distill below 315°C. This test method may apply to concentrations outside these ranges, but the precision has not been determined. Samples containing dark-colored components that interfere in reading the chromatographic bands cannot be analyzed. Note 18212;For the determination of olefins below 0.3 volume %, other test methods are available, such as Test Method D 2710. 1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products. Cooperative data have established that the precision statement does not apply to narrow boiling petroleum fractions near the 315°C limit. Such samples are not eluted properly, and results are erratic. 1.3 The applicability of this test method to products derived from fossil fuels other than petroleum, such as coal, shale, or tar sands, has not been determined, and the precision statement may or may not apply to such products. 1.4 This test method has two precision statements depicted in tables. The first table is applicable to unleaded fuels that do not contain oxygenated blending components. It may or may not apply to automotive gasolines containing lead antiknock mixtures. The second table is applicable to oxygenate blended (for example, MTBE, ethanol) automotive spark ignition fuel samples with a concentration range of 13–40 volume percent aromatics, 4–33 volume percent olefins, and 45–68 volume percent saturates. 1.5 The oxygenated blending components, methanol, ethanol, methyl-tert-butylether (MTBE), tert-amylmethylether (TAME), and ethyl-tert-butylether (ETBE), do not interfere with the determination of hydrocarbon types at concentrations normally found in commercial blends. These oxygenated components are not detected since they elute with the alcohol desorbent. Other oxygenated compounds shall be individually verified. When samples containing oxygenated blending components are analyzed, correct the results to a total-sample basis. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 8.1, and 10.5.

Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption