75.160.20 (Liquid fuels) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D910-13a 航空汽油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

ASTM D975-13a 柴油机燃料油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.Note 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is given in X1.2.Note 2—The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

ASTM D7261-13 用便携式分离仪测定柴油燃料水分离特性的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a measure of the presence of surfactants in diesel fuels, and can be performed in the field or in a laboratory. Like Test Method D3948 used for jet fuel, this test method can detect traces of some refinery treating chemicals left in fuel. It can also detect surface active substances added to or picked up by the fuel during handling from point of production to point of use. 5.2 Certain additives, which can act as weak surfactants, give a slightly reduced DSEP rating. Other substances which are strong surfactants give much lower DSEP ratings. 5.3 While filter separators have not been common in diesel fuel systems, they could become more prevalent with ULSD containing increased additive content to ensure clean, dry fuels in new engine designs. Weak surfactants, with slightly reduced DSEP ratings, do not affect the ability of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel. Strong surfactants give a much lower DSEP rating and adversely affect the ability of filter separators to separate free water from the fuel. 5.4 Results from this test method do not have a known relationship to the rate of water settling in tanks. 5.5 The Micro-Separometer instrument has a measurement range from 50 to 100. Values obtained outside of those limits are undefined and invalid. Note 2—In the event a value greater than 100 is obtained, there is a good probability that light transmittance was reduced by material contained in the fuel used to set the 100 reference level. The material was subsequently removed during the coalescing portion of the test, thus, the processed fuel had a higher light transmittance than the fuel sample used to obtain the 100 reference level resulting in the final rating measuring in excess of 100. 1.1 This test method covers a rapid portable means for field and laboratory use to rate the ability of diesel fuels (both neat and those containing additives) to release entrained or emulsified water when passed through fiberglass coalescing material. 1.2 This test method is applicable to diesel fuels such as D975 Grade No. 1 and Grade No. 2 of all sulfur levels, and MIL-F-16884, naval distillate fuel (NATO F-76).Note 1—This test method is similar to Test Method D3948 which is applicable to aviation turbine fuels. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard ......

Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Diesel Fuels by Portable Separometer

ASTM D613-13 柴油的十六烷值标准试验方法

5.1 The cetane number provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. 5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to matching of fuels and engines. 5.3 Cetane number is determined at constant speed in a precombustion chamber type compression ignition test engine. The relationship of test engine performance to full scale, variable speed, variable load engines is not completely understood. 5.4 This test method may be used for unconventional fuels such as synthetics, vegetable oils, and the like. However, the relationship to the performance of such materials in full scale engines is not completely understood. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetane numbers using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, indirect injected diesel engine. 1.2 The cetane number scale covers the range from zero (0) to 100, but typical testing is in the range of 30 to 65 cetane number. 1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units for information only. In addition, the engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for these units. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific warning statements, see Annex A1.

Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil

ASTM D5798-13 灵活燃料汽车火花点火发动机用乙醇混合燃料的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. 1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. 1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established. 1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ASTM D910-13 航空汽油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

ASTM D5797-13 汽车火花点火发动机用燃料甲醇 (M70-M85) 的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 70 to 85 volume % methanol and 30 to 14 volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure for M70-M85. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Annex A1, Annex A2, Annex A3, and Appendix X2 of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ASTM D1655-13a 航空涡轮机燃料的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft. 1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel. 1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ASTM D4806-13 与用作汽车电火花点火发动机燃料的汽油混合用的变性燃料酒精的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume8201;% for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1. 1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D4809-13 用弹式量热器(精密法)测定液态烃类燃料燃烧热的标准试验方法

5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat. 5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuel's mass heat of combustion and its density. 5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distance traveled between refuelings. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.28201;%. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated. 1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.048201;%, insofar as possible. 1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels. 1.4  Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that of Test Method D240. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)

ASTM D3699-13b 煤油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitable for use in critical kerosine burner applications: 1.1.1 No. 1-K—A special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitable for use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances and for use in wick-fed illuminating lamps. 1.1.2 No. 2-K—A regular grade kerosine suitable for use in flue-connected burner appliances and for use in wick-fed illuminating lamps. 1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as a reference for industry and governmental standardization, and as a source of technical information. 1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of kerosine at the time and place of custody transfer. Note 1—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865. 1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Kerosine

ASTM D3241-13 航空涡轮机燃料热氧化稳定性的标准试验方法

5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature. 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system. 1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, and Annex A3.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

ASTM D7467-13 柴油, 生物柴油混合物 (B6至B20) 的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers fuel blend grades of 6 to 20 volume percent (%) biodiesel with the remainder being a light middle or middle distillate diesel fuel, collectively designated as B6 to B20. These grades are suitable for various types of diesel engines. 1.1.1 The biodiesel component of the blend shall conform to the requirements of Specification D6751. The remainder of the fuel shall be a light middle or middle distillate grade diesel fuel conforming to Specification D975 grades No. 1-D and No. 2-D of any sulfur level specified with the following exceptions. The light middle or middle distillate grade diesel fuel whose sulfur level, aromatic level, cetane, or lubricity falls outside of Specification D975 may be blended with biodiesel meeting Specification D6751, provided the finished mixtures meets this specification. 1.1.2 The fuel sulfur grades are described as follows: 1.1.2.1 Grade B6 to B20 S15—A fuel with a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur. 1.1.2.2 Grade B6 to B20 S500—A fuel with a maximum of 500 ppm sulfur. 1.1.2.3 Grade B6 to B20 S5000—A fuel with a maximum of 5000 ppm sulfur. 1.2 This specification prescribes the required properties of B6 to B20 biodiesel blends at the time and place of delivery. The specification requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations that may be more restrictive.Note 1—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more information on this subject, see Guide D4865. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)

ASTM D2880-13b 燃气轮机用燃料油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. 1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties. 1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels. 1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted. Note 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.Note 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils

ASTM D2699-13b 研究火花点火发动机燃料的辛烷值的标准试验方法

5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation. 5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines. 5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation: Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations. 5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals. This is more commonly presented as: 5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States. 5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates. 5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications. 1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 258201;% v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N. 1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.......

Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D7545-13 中间馏出燃料氧化稳定性;快速小规模氧化试验(RSSOT)的标准试验方法

5.1 The induction period may be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of middle distillate fuel. 5.2 Compared to some other oxidation and storage stability test methods, this method uses a small sample and gives a result in a short time period. 1.1 This laboratory test method covers a quantitative determination of the stability of middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuels and heating oils, with up to 100% biodiesel, under accelerated oxidation conditions, by an automatic instrument. 1.2 This test method is designed for products complying with Specification D975 on Diesel Fuel, Grades No. 1D and 2D; Specification D396 on Burner Fuel, Grades No. 1 and No. 2; Specification D6751 on Biodiesel, B100, and Specification D7467 on Diesel Fuel Oil, B6 to B20. 1.3 This test method measures the induction period, under specified conditions, which can be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of middle distillate fuels. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Distillate Fuelsmdash;Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test lpar;RSSOTrpar;

ASTM D4815-13 气相色谱分析法测定汽油中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、二乙基丁基醚(ETBE)、甲苯磺酰－精氨酸甲酯(TAME)、二异丙酯(DIPE)叔戌酯和C1-C4醇的标准试验方法

5.1 Ethers, alcohols, and other oxygenates can be added to gasoline to increase octane number and to reduce emissions. Type and concentration of various oxygenates are specified and regulated to ensure acceptable commercial gasoline quality. Drivability, vapor pressure, phase separation, exhaust, and evaporative emissions are some of the concerns associated with oxygenated fuels. 5.2 This test method is applicable to both quality control in the production of gasoline and for the determination of deliberate or extraneous oxygenate additions or contamination. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethers and alcohols in gasolines by gas chromatography. Specific compounds determined are methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE), tert-amylmethylether (TAME), diisopropylether (DIPE), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, sec -butanol, n-butanol, and tert-pentanol (tert-amylalcohol). 1.2 Individual ethers are determined from 0.20 to 20.0 mass8201;%. Individual alcohols are determined from 0.20 to 12.0 mass8201;%. Equations used to convert to mass8201;% oxygen and to volume8201;% of individual compounds are provided. At concentrations lt;0.20 mass8201;%, it is possible that hydrocarbons may interfere with several ethers and alcohols. The reporting limit of 0.20 mass8201;% was tested for gasolines containing a maximum of 10 volume8201;% olefins. It may be possible that for gasolines containing gt;10 volume8201;% olefins, the interference may be gt;0.20 mass8201;%. Annex A1 gives a chromatogram showing the interference observed with a gasoline containing 10 volume8201;% olefins. 1.3 Alcohol-based fuels, such as M-85 and E-85, MTBE product, ethanol product, and denatured alcohol, are specifically excluded from this test method. The methanol content of M-85 fuel is considered beyond the operating range of the system. 1.4 Benzene, while detected, cannot be quantified using this test method and must be analyzed by alternate methodology (see Test Method D3606). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Alternate units, in common usage, are also provided to increase clarity and aid the users of this test method. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D7826-13 评估新航空汽油和新航空汽油添加剂的标准指南

5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the review of these new products by ASTM members. 5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards. 5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. 5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval of a specification or specification revision. The final requirements will be dependent upon the specific formulation and performance of the candidate fuel and be determined by the ASTM International task forces and committees charged with overseeing the specification development. 5.5 This guide does not describe data requirements of other approving authorities, such as national aviation regulatory authorities, or of other organizations or industry associations. However, the data generated in the conduct of the procedure may be useful for other purposes or other organizations. 5.6 Over 200 000 piston-engine aircraft rely on Specification D910 lead-containing aviation gasoline (avgas) for safe operation. There has been an increase in the research and development of alternatives to Specification D910 gasolines as a result of environmental and economic concerns. 1.1 This guide covers and provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives. 1.2 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.” 1.3 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive. 1.4 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended. 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other uni......

Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives

ASTM D975-13 柴油机燃料油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S15—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel.2 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S5000—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S15—A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S500—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load.2 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S5000—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.Note 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is given in X1.2.Note 2—The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provide......

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

ASTM D2880-13 燃气轮机用燃料油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. 1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties. 1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels. 1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted. Note 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.Note 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils