77.140.50 (Flat steel products and semi-products) 标准查询与下载

ASTM A794/A794M-09 冷轧碳(最大0.16%-最大0.25%)型钢(CS)薄板材用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled commercial steel (CS) sheet in coils and cut lengths, in which the maximum of the specified carbon range is over 0.15 and not over 0.25 %, and the maximum of the specified manganese range is not over 0.90 %. This material is ordered to chemical composition. 1.2 This specification is not applicable to the steels covered in Specifications A109/A109M and A1008/A1008M. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

Standard Specification for Commercial Steel (CS), Sheet, Carbon (0.16 % Maximum to 0.25 % Maximum), Cold-Rolled

ASTM A568/A568M-09a 结构和高强度低合金热轧和冷轧碳钢薄板材的一般要求用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for steel sheet in coils and cut lengths. It applies to the following specifications that describe carbon steel, structural steel, and high-strength, low-alloy steel (HSLA) furnished as hot-rolled sheet and cold-rolled sheet: Specifications A414/A414M, A424, A606, A659/A659M, A794, A1008/A1008M, A1011/A1011M, and A1039/A1039M. 1.2 This specification is not applicable to hot-rolled heavy-thickness carbon sheet coils (Specification A635/A635M). 1.3 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual material specification shall prevail over those of this general specification. 1.4 For the purposes of determining conformance with this and the appropriate product specification referenced in 1.1, values shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the right hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting values in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. 1.5 Annex A1 lists permissible variations in dimensions and mass (see Note 1) in SI [metric] units. The values listed are not exact conversions of the values listed in the inch-pound tables, but instead are rounded or rationalized values. Conformance to Annex A1 is mandatory when the “M” specification is used. Note 18212;The term weight is used when inch-pound units are the standard. However, under SI the preferred term is mass. 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for

ASTM A1031/A1031M-09 热轧合金钢、拉制钢和结构钢薄板和带材、特厚卷材的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers hot-rolled, heavy thickness coils beyond the size limits of Specifications A506 and A507. 1.2 The product is available in three designations: Alloy Steel, Drawing Steel, and Structural Alloy Steel. 1.3 Alloy steel is furnished to chemical composition requirements and is intended primarily for general or miscellaneous use where bending and moderate forming is a requirement. 1.4 Drawing steel is produced principally for applications involving severe cold plastic deformation such as deep drawn or severely formed parts. 1.4.1 Drawing steel may be furnished in several conditions, heat treatments, surface finishes, and edges, as specified herein. 1.5 Structural steel is furnished to chemical composition requirements and to specific mechanical property requirements which may include tension tests, hardness tests, or other commonly accepted mechanical tests. 1.5.1 The formability of structural steel decreases with increasing yield strength or hardness. Therefore, product design in relation to the mechanical properties of the grade used must be considered.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Alloy, Drawing Steel and Structural Steel, Hot-Rolled

ASTM A875/A875M-09a 热浸处理的锌-5%铝合金涂覆的薄钢板用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers steel sheet, in coils and cut lengths, metallic-coated by the hot-dip process, with zinc-5 % aluminum alloy coating. The Zn-5Al alloy coating also contains small amounts of elements other than zinc and aluminum that are intended to improve processing and the characteristics of the coated product. 1.2 The coating is produced as two types: zinc-5 % aluminum-mischmetal alloy (Type I) and zinc-5 % aluminum-0.1 % magnesium alloy (Type II), and in two coating structures (classes). The coated sheet is produced in several coating designations (coating weight [mass]). 1.3 The material is intended for applications requiring corrosion resistance, formability, and paintability. 1.4 The steel sheet is produced in a number of designations, types, grades, and classes designed to be compatible with differing application requirements. 1.5 Coated sheet material furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the latest issue of Specification A924/A924M, unless otherwise provided herein. 1.6 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A875) or metric (SI) units [as A875M]. Values in inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. 1.7 Unless the order specifies the “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.8 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-5 % Aluminum Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

ASTM A424/A424M-09a 搪瓷上釉用薄钢板的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers sheet steel in coils and cut lengths for porcelain enameling. The compositions and processing of these steels are such that articles for porcelain enameling may be fabricated from them and, under proper conditions, enameled. The steels are furnished as Type I, Type II, and Type III. Type I and Type II are supplied in two designations, Commercial Steel and Drawing Steel. Type III steel is interstitial-free and does not require a designation. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 Tolerances are found in General Requirements Specifications A568/A568M and A635/A635M. The appropriate General Requirements specification is applied based on the thickness and width of the product ordered.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enameling

ASTM A792/A792M-09a 热浸处理用55%铝-锌合金涂覆的薄钢板用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers 55 % aluminum-zinc alloy-coated steel sheet in coils and cut lengths. 1.2 This product is intended for applications requiring corrosion resistance or heat resistance, or both. 1.3 The product is produced in a number of designations, types, and grades which are designed to be compatible with differing application requirements. 1.4 Product furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the latest issue of Specification A924/A924M, unless otherwise provided herein. 1.5 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A792) or SI units (as A792M). Values in inch-pound and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. Each system shall be used independent of the other. 1.6 Unless the order specifies the “M” designation (SI units), the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.7 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

ASTM A480/A480M-09a 平轧不锈钢和耐热钢厚板材、薄板材和带材的一般要求用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of general requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to rolled steel plate, sheet, and strip, under each of the following specifications issued by ASTM: Specifications A167, A176, A240/A240M, A263, A264, A265, A666, A693, A793, and A895. 1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by waiving a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent. 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets, except that when A480M is specified, Annex A3 shall apply for the dimensional tolerances and not the bracketed SI values in Annex A2. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

ASTM A623-09 一般要求的锡轧制产品标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products. 1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named. Note 18212;A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developed—Specification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification. 1.3 The following safety caveat pertains to Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements

ASTM A1003/A1003M-09 冷成型框架构件用碳素, 金属和非金属镀层钢薄板的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers coated steel sheet used in the manufacture of cold-formed framing members, such as, but not limited to, studs, joists, purlins, girts, and track. 1.2 The steel sheet used for cold-formed framing members includes metallic-coated, painted metallic-coated, or painted nonmetallic-coated. 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. 1.4 Unless the order specifies the “M” designation [SI units], the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.5 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic- and Nonmetallic-Coated for Cold-Formed Framing Members

ASTM A623M-09 一般要求的锡轧制产品(米制)标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products. 1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification,and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named. 1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developed—A623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.

Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements [Metric]

ASTM A265-09 镍和镍基合金涂层钢板用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers plate of a carbon steel or low-alloy steel base to which is integrally and continuously bonded on one or both sides a layer of nickel or nickel-base alloy. The material is generally intended for pressure vessel use but may be used in other structural applications where corrosion resistance of the alloy is of prime importance. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-Clad Steel Plate

ASTM A876-09 全处理型平轧的晶粒取向的硅铁电工钢用标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which the specified grades of flat-rolled, grain-oriented, fully processed electrical steels shall conform. These steels are used primarily in transformer cores operating at moderate to high magnetic flux densities at commercial power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz). 1.2 These grain-oriented electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron alloys with a silicon content of approximately 3.2 % in which low core loss and high permeability in the direction of rolling have been achieved by appropriate metallurgical processing. 1.3 The electrical-steel grades described in this specification include (1) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 15 kG (1.5 T) in accordance with Test Method A 343/A 343M, (2) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in accordance with Test Method A 343/A 343M, (3) high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in accordance with Test Method A 343/A 343M, and (4) laser-scribed high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in accordance with Test Methods A 804/A 804M. 1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Processed Types

ASTM A875/A875M-09 热浸镀锌-5%铝合金薄钢板的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers steel sheet, in coils and cut lengths, metallic-coated by the hot-dip process, with zinc-5 % aluminum alloy coating. The Zn-5Al alloy coating also contains small amounts of elements other than zinc and aluminum that are intended to improve processing and the characteristics of the coated product. 1.2 The coating is produced as two types: zinc-5 % aluminum-mischmetal alloy (Type I) and zinc-5 % aluminum-0.1 % magnesium alloy (Type II), and in two coating structures (classes). The coated sheet is produced in several coating designations (coating weight [mass]). 1.3 The material is intended for applications requiring corrosion resistance, formability, and paintability. 1.4 The steel sheet is produced in a number of designations, types, grades, and classes designed to be compatible with differing application requirements. 1.5 Coated sheet material furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the latest issue of Specification A 924/A 924M, unless otherwise provided herein. 1.6 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 875) or metric (SI) units [as A 875M]. Values in inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. 1.7 Unless the order specifies the “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.8 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-5 % Aluminum Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process

ASTM A264-09 铬镍复合不锈钢板用规范

1.1 This specification covers plate of a carbon steel or low-alloy steel base to which is integrally and continuously bonded on one or both sides a layer of stainless chromium-nickel steel. The material is generally intended for pressure vessel use. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad Plate

ASTM A463/A463M-09 热浸法镀铝钢板标准规范

1.1 This specification covers aluminum-coated steel sheet in coils and cut lengths available with two types of aluminum coating applied by the hot-dip process, with several coating weights [masses]. 1.2 Product furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the latest issue of Specification A 924/A 924M, unless otherwise provided herein. 1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 463) or SI units [as A 463M]. Values in inch-pound and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. Each system shall be used independently of the other. 1.4 Unless the order specifies the “M” designation (SI units), the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. 1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, by the Hot-Dip Process

ASTM D7055-09 涂层试验用热轧碳钢薄板准备(喷砂清理)的标准实施规程

The procedures described in this practice are designed to provide hot-rolled, carbon steel panels with uniform and reproducible abrasive blast cleaned surfaces for testing of coatings.1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the preparation (by abrasive blast cleaning) of hot rolled steel panels for laboratory testing of coatings. 1.2 This standard practice does not include procedures for the application of coatings. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preparation (by Abrasive Blast Cleaning) of Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Panels for Testing of Coatings

ASTM A987/A987M-09 锡轧制品的形状特性测量用标准规范

The definitions and procedures for measuring shape characteristics of tin mill products are provided so that purchasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures and definitions of shape characteristics. These procedures provide definitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics. The intention of these definitions and measuring practices is not to provide a dimensional specification for shape characteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shape anomalies.1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin mill products. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus the temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It is the purpose of this practice to define accurately the different plate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) most commonly used to measure particular characteristics. 1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should be established on an individual producer and user basis, where appropriate. 1.3 The values stated in either in-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products

ASTM A568/A568M-09 热轧和冷轧低合金结构和高强度碳素钢薄板的一般要求

1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for steel sheet in coils and cut lengths. It applies to the following specifications that describe carbon steel, structural steel, and high-strength, low-alloy steel (HSLA) furnished as hot-rolled sheet and cold-rolled sheet: Specifications A 414/A 414M, A 424, A 606, A 659/A 659M, A 794, A 1008/A 1008M, A 1011/A 1011M, and A 1039/A 1039M. 1.2 This specification is not applicable to hot-rolled heavy-thickness carbon sheet coils (Specification A 635/A 635M). 1.3 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual material specification shall prevail over those of this general specification. 1.4 For the purposes of determining conformance with this and the appropriate product specification referenced in 1.1, values shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the right hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting values in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E 29. 1.5 Annex A1 lists permissible variations in dimensions and mass (see Note 1) in SI [metric] units. The values listed are not exact conversions of the values listed in the inch-pound tables, but instead are rounded or rationalized values. Conformance to Annex A1 is mandatory when the “M” specification is used. Note 18212;The term weight is used when inch-pound units are the standard. However, under SI the preferred term is mass. 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for

ASTM A480/A480M-09 不锈钢和耐热钢板、薄板和带材的一般要求的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a group of general requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to rolled steel plate, sheet, and strip, under each of the following specifications issued by ASTM: Specifications A 167, A 176, A 240/A 240M, A 263, A 264, A 265, A 666, A 693, A 793, and A 895. 1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by waiving a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent. 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets, except that when A 480M is specified, Annex A3 shall apply for the dimensional tolerances and not the bracketed SI values in Annex A2. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

ASTM A635/A635M-09 高强度低合金和改性高强度低合金热轧厚卷板结构碳合金钢板材和带材的标准规格, 通用要求

1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for hot-rolled, heavy-thickness sheet and strip in coils. 1.2 It applies to Specification A 1018/A 1018M. 1.3 This material is available only in coils described as follows: Size Limits, Coils Only Product Width, in. [mm] Thickness, in. [mm] Stripover 8 to 12, incl [over 200 through 300] 0.230 to 1.000, incl [from 6.0 through 25] SheetAll WidthsA All Widths0.230 to 1.000, incl [from 6.0 through 25] A Hot-rolled heavy thickness sheet in coils less than 12 in. [300 mm] and less in width must have slit edges. Hot-rolled heavy thickness coils 12 in. [300 mm] and wider with mill edge is considered hot-rolled heavy thickness strip. Note 18212;The changes in width limits with the publication of A 635/A 635M – 06a result in a change in tensile testing direction for material from 0.180 in. [4.5 mm] to 0.230 in. exclusive [6.0 mm exclusive] over 48 in. [1200 mm] wide as that material is now covered by Specification A 568/A 568M – 06a. The purchaser is advised to discuss this change with the supplier. 1.4 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual material specification shall prevail over those of this general specification. 1.5 Annex A1 lists permissible variations in dimensions and mass (see Note 2) in SI [metric] units. The values listed are not exact conversions of the values listed in the inch-pound tables, but instead are rounded or rationalized values. Conformance to Annex A1 is mandatory when the “M” specification is used. Note 28212;The term weight is used when inch-pound units are the standard. However, under SI, the preferred term is mass. 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, General Requirements for