83.060 (Rubber) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D813-07 橡胶磨损的标准试验方法.裂缝扩展

The test gives an estimate of the ability of a rubber vulcanizate to resist crack growth of a pierced specimen when subjected to bending or flexing. No exact correlation between these test results and service is implied due to the varied nature of service conditions.1.1 This test method covers the determination of crack growth of vulcanized rubber when subjected to repeated bending strain or flexing. It is particularly applicable to tests of synthetic rubber compounds which resist the initiation of cracking due to flexing when tested by Method B of Test Methods D 430. Cracking initiated in these materials by small cuts or tears in service, may rapidly increase in size and progress to complete failure even though the material is extremely resistant to the original flexing-fatigue cracking. Because of this characteristic of synthetic compounds, particularly those of the SBR type, this test method in which the specimens are first artificially punctured in the flex area should be used in evaluating the fatigue-cracking properties of this class of material. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration-Crack Growth

ASTM D1148-07 橡胶变质的标准试验方法.暴露紫外线(UV)和热辐射的浅颜色表面退色

1.1 This test method covers techniques to evaluate the surface discoloration of white or light-colored vulcanized rubber that may occur when subjected to UV or UV/visible exposure from specified sources under controlled conditions of relative humidity, or moisture, and temperature.1.2 This test method also describes how to qualitatively evaluate the degree of discoloration produced under such conditions.1.3 The term "discoloration" applies to a color change of the rubber sample, as distinguished from staining (see Note 1), that refers to a color change of a metal finish in contact with or adjacent to the rubber specimen.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 18212;Tests for staining are covered by Test Methods D 925.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Deterioration8212;Discoloration from Ultraviolet (UV) and Heat Exposure of Light-Colored Surfaces

ASTM D813-07(2014) 橡胶磨损裂纹发展的标准试验方法

4.1 The test gives an estimate of the ability of a rubber vulcanizate to resist crack growth of a pierced specimen when subjected to bending or flexing. 4.2 No exact correlation between these test results and service is implied due to the varied nature of service conditions. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of crack growth of vulcanized rubber when subjected to repeated bending strain or flexing. It is particularly applicable to tests of synthetic rubber compounds which resist the initiation of cracking due to flexing when tested by Method B of Test Methods D430. Cracking initiated in these materials by small cuts or tears in service, may rapidly increase in size and progress to complete failure even though the material is extremely resistant to the original flexing-fatigue cracking. Because of this characteristic of synthetic compounds, particularly those of the SBR type, this test method in which the specimens are first artificially punctured in the flex area should be used in evaluating the fatigue-cracking properties of this class of material. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Deteriorationmdash;Crack Growth

ASTM D3186-07 橡胶的标准试验方法.与炭黑或炭黑和油混合的丁苯橡胶(SBR)的评定

These test methods are intended mainly for referee purposes but may be used for quality control of masterbatch production. They may also be used in research and development work and for comparison of different rubber samples in a standard formula. These test methods may also be used to obtain values for customer acceptance of rubber.1.1 These test methods cover the standard materials, test formula, mixing procedures, and test methods for the evaluation and production control of pigmented types of styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR). This includes the pigmented SBR oil master batches.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Rubber8212;Evaluation of SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) Mixed With Carbon Black or Carbon Black and Oil

ASTM D3183-07 橡胶的标准实施规程.从橡胶制品中制备试验目的用试片

This practice is used when it is necessary to test a product from which specimens cannot be cut directly. Procedures are given for preparing pieces suitable for preparing specimens of the product.1.1 This practice covers methods for the preparation of pieces of a rubber vulcanizate that is not in the form of sheet. Such pieces are used as a source from which specimens are obtained for testing.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Rubber8212;Preparation of Product Pieces for Test Purposes from Products

ASTM D3186-07(2011) 橡胶的标准试验方法.加炭黑或加炭黑和油混合的丁苯橡胶(SBR)的评估

These test methods are intended mainly for referee purposes but may be used for quality control of masterbatch production. They may also be used in research and development work and for comparison of different rubber samples in a standard formula. These test methods may also be used to obtain values for customer acceptance of rubber.1.1 These test methods cover the standard materials, test formula, mixing procedures, and test methods for the evaluation and production control of pigmented types of styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR). This includes the pigmented SBR oil masterbatches. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Rubbermdash;Evaluation of SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) Mixed With Carbon Black or Carbon Black and Oil

ASTM D5289-07 用无转子硫化仪测量橡胶性能硫化的标准试验方法

This test method is used to determine the vulcanization characteristics of (vulcanizable) rubber compounds. This test method may be used for quality control in rubber manufacturing processes, for research and development testing of raw-rubber compounded in an evaluation formulation, and for evaluating various raw materials used in preparing (vulcanizable) rubber compounds. The test specimen in a rotorless cure meter approaches the test temperature in a shorter time and there is a better temperature distribution in the test specimen due to the elimination of the unheated rotor found in oscillating disk cure meters. Several manufacturers produce rotorless cure meters with design differences that may result in different torque responses and curve times for each design. Correlations of test results between cure meters of different designs should be established for each compound tested, and for each set of test conditions.1.1 This test method covers a method for the measurement of selected vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds using unsealed and sealed torsion shear cure meters. The two types of instruments may not give the same results. Note 1 - An alternative method for the measurement of vulcanization characteristics is given in Test Method D 2084.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Vulcanization Using Rotorless Cure Meters

ASTM D3182-07 混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序的标准实施规程

This practice shall be used for specific procedures used in preparing rubber compounds for quality control of production, for research and development purposes, and for comparison of different materials. 1.1 This practice provides a listing of reference compounding materials required to prepare the rubber test compounds listed in succeeding methods and contains procedures for weighing. It also specifies the mixing equipment, general mixing procedures, vulcanization equipment and procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 5.5.

Standard Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets

ASTM F2523-07 室温下硫化人造橡胶的抗爆裂用标准实施规程

This practice may be used to determine the viability of an RTV sealant to withstand pressure leak testing before cure at maximum gap conditions of a system. This practice may be used to indicate an RTV’s acceptability to undergo an assembly line leak check without causing a leak path due to material blow out.1.1 This practice provides a means to determine the blowout resistance of a room-temperature vulcanized elastomer system (RTV) using a standard fixture.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Blowout Resistance of Room-Temperature Vulcanized Elastomers

ASTM D3182-07(2012) 混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序的标准实施规程

This practice shall be used for specific procedures used in preparing rubber compounds for quality control of production, for research and development purposes, and for comparison of different materials. 1.1 This practice provides a listing of reference compounding materials required to prepare the rubber test compounds listed in succeeding methods and contains procedures for weighing. It also specifies the mixing equipment, general mixing procedures, vulcanization equipment and procedures. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 5.5.

Standard Practice for Rubbermdash;Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets

ASTM D1646-07(2012) 橡胶粘度、应力松驰及预硫化特性(穆尼粘度计)的标准试验方法

Viscosity8212;Viscosity values determined by this test method depend on molecular structure, molecular weight, and non-rubber constituents that may be present. Since rubber behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, no simple relationship exists between the molecular weight and the viscosity. Therefore, caution must be exercised in interpreting viscosity values of rubber, particularly in cases where molecular weight is very high. For example, as the molecular weight increases, the viscosity values for IIR polymers (butyl rubbers) reach an upper limit of about 80, at 100°C (212°F) using a large rotor at a rotation speed of 2 r/min, and may then decrease to considerably lower values. For these higher molecular weight rubbers, better correlation between viscosity values and molecular weight is obtained if the test temperature is increased. Stress Relaxation8212;The stress relaxation behavior of rubber is a combination of both an elastic and a viscous response. Viscosity and stress relaxation behavior do not depend on such factors as molecular weight and non-rubber constituents in the same way. Thus both of these tests are important and complement each other. A slow rate of relaxation indicates a higher elastic component in the overall response, while a rapid rate of relaxation indicates a higher viscous component. The rate of stress relaxation has been found to correlate with rubber structure characteristics such as molecular weight distribution, chain branching, and gel content. Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics8212;The onset of vulcanization can be detected with the Mooney viscometer as evidenced by an increase in viscosity. Therefore, this test method can be used to measure incipient cure (scorch) time and the rate of cure during very early stages of vulcanization. This test method cannot be used to study complete vulcanization because the continuous rotation of the disk will result in slippage when the specimen reaches a stiff consistency.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring a property called Mooney viscosity. Mooney viscosity is defined as the shearing torque resisting rotation of a cylindrical metal disk (or rotor) embedded in rubber within a cylindrical cavity. The dimensions of the shearing disk viscometer, test temperatures, and procedures for determining Mooney viscosity are defined in these test methods. 1.2 When disk rotation is abruptly stopped, the torque or stress on the rotor decreases at some rate depending on the rubber being tested and the temperature of the test. This is called “stress relaxation” and these test methods describe a test method for measuring this relaxation. Note 18212;Viscosity as used in these test methods is not a true viscosity and should be interpreted to mean Mooney viscosity, a measure of shearing torque averaged over a range of shearing rates. Stress relaxation is also a function of the test configuration and for these test methods the results are unique to the Mooney viscometer. 1.3 When compounded rubber is placed in the Mooney viscometer at a temperature at which vulcanization may occur, the vulcanization reaction produces an increase in torque. These test methods include procedures for measuring the initial rate of rubber vulcanization. 1.4 ISO 289 Parts 1 and 2 also describes the determination of Mooney viscosity and pre-vulcanization characteristics. In addition to a few insignificant differences there are major technical differences between ISO 289 and this ......

Standard Test Methods for Rubbermdash;Viscosity, Stress Relaxation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics (Mooney Viscometer)

ASTM D3896-07 合成橡胶取样的标准实施规范.取样

The sampling plan is intended for referee purposes only in establishing the properties or quality of a lot or shipment of synthetic rubber.1.1 This practice, intended for referee purposes, covers a uniform procedure for sampling lots of solid synthetic rubbers. Raw synthetic rubber generally is marketed in bales or packages of various sizes.1.2 A procedure for determining the acceptability of lots of synthetic rubber is given. This procedure is based on a variables sampling plan.1.3 The sample size is based on the assumption of a visually homogeneous material. If obvious heterogeneity exists, the number of samples shall be increased.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Rubber From Synthetic Sources8212;Sampling

ASTM D3403-07(2011) 橡胶的标准试验方法.异戊橡胶(IR)的评定

These tests are mainly intended for referee purposes but may be used for quality control of rubber production. They may also be used in research and development work and for comparison of different rubber samples in a standard formula. These tests may also be used to obtain values for customer acceptance of rubber.1.1 These test methods cover the standard materials, test formula, mixing procedures, and test methods for the evaluation and production control of isoprene rubber (IR). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Rubbermdash;Evaluation of IR (Isoprene Rubber)

ASTM D1149-07(2012) 臭氧可控环境中橡胶变质龟裂的标准试验方法

The significance of these test methods lies in the ability to differentiate between the degrees of ozone resistance under the limited and specified conditions of the accelerated tests. The degree of resistance being judged by the appearance and magnitude of the formation of cracks in the surface of the subject material. In service, rubber materials deteriorate when exposed to ozone. It is imperative to have test methods in which simple, accelerated time/exposure, comparisons of the material’s ability to resist cracking caused by ozone exposure can be empirically evaluated. Such tests can be used for producer/consumer acceptance, referee purposes, research, and development. These methods are not necessarily suited for use in purchase specifications as there may be no correlation with service performance as actual service conditions (outdoor exposure) vary widely due to geographic location and, therefore, may not yield repeatable or reproducible results.1.1 These test methods are used to estimate the effect of exposure, under surface tensile strain conditions, either dynamic or static, in an atmosphere containing specified levels of ozone concentration, expressed as partial pressure (refer to Note 1), on vulcanized rubber, rubber compounds, molded or extruded soft rubber, and other specified materials, or as may be determined empirically. The effect of naturally occurring sunlight or light from artificial sources is excluded. 1.2 Previously published ASTM documents Test Method D518 and Test Methods D3395 have been included in these test methods, D1149, in 2007. Please refer to Note 2. 1.2.1 Test Method D518 and Test Methods D3395 have henceforth been withdrawn and superseded by Test Methods D1149. When Test Methods D1149 is cited, or otherwise referenced, a notation shall be included to this effect. Please refer to section 3.2 for the appropriate references. 1.3 The specified conditions of exposure to ozone in the controlled environments are accelerated in comparison to outdoor exposure. These accelerated ozone test methods may not give results which correlate with outdoor exposure tests or service performance. 1.4 All materials, instruments, or equipment used for the determination of mass, force, dimension, ozone concentration, partial pressure, temperature, velocity, and gas exchange rate shall have direct traceability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or other internationally recognized organization parallel in nature. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Many of the stated SI units are direct conversions from the U.S. Customary System to accommodate the instrumentation, practices, and procedures that existed prior to the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. 1.6 This standard involves hazardous materials, specifically ozone. It may also involve hazardous operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;A discussion and explanation regarding the measurement of ozone concentrations based upon parts of ozone per unit of air versus partial p......

Standard Test Methods for Rubber Deteriorationmdash;Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment

ASTM F2523-07(2013) 室温硫化弹性体耐爆裂的标准实施规程

5.1 This practice may be used to determine the viability of an RTV sealant to withstand pressure leak testing before cure at maximum gap conditions of a system. This practice may be used to indicate an RTV’s acceptability to undergo an assembly line leak check without causing a leak path due to material blow out. 1.1 This practice provides a means to determine the blowout resistance of a room-temperature vulcanized elastomer system (RTV) using a standard fixture. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Blowout Resistance of Room-Temperature Vulcanized Elastomers

ASTM D4482-06 橡胶特性的标准试验方法.伸展周期疲劳试验

1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue life of rubber compounds undergoing a tensile-strain cycle. During part of the cycle, the strain is relaxed to a zero value. The specimens are tested without intentionally initiated flaws, cuts, or cracks. Failure is indicated by a complete rupture of the test specimen.1.2 No exact correlation between these test results and service is given or implied. This is due to the varied nature of service conditions. These test procedures do yield data that can be used for the comparative evaluation of rubber compounds for their ability to resist (dynamic) extension cycling fatigue.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Extension Cycling Fatigue

ASTM D3958-06(2011) 卤化异丁烯一异戊二烯橡胶(BIIR和CIIR)评定标准试验方法

These tests are intended mainly for referee purpose but may be used for quality control of rubber production. They may also be used in research and development work and for comparison of different samples in a standard formula. These tests may be used to obtain values for quality control acceptance of rubber.1.1 These test methods cover the standard materials, test formula, mixing procedures, and test methods for the evaluation of halogenated isobutene-isoprene rubbers (BIIR and CIIR). 1.2 Both mill and miniature internal mixer procedures are given. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Rubbermdash;Evaluation of BIIR and CIIR (Halogenated Isobutenemdash;Isoprene Rubber)

ASTM D5044-06 橡胶合成配料的标准试验方法.二硫化苯并噻唑(MBTS)中的游离2-巯基苯并噻唑(MBT)

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is usually the major impurity in MBTS. Free MBT may be determined by this test method. MBT and MBTS are used for rubber and latex vulcanization acceleration. The amount of MBT in MBTS may be of importance in predicting performance in rubber compounds and for raw material purchase and control. This test method may be used as a quality control tool and for research and development work.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for estimation of the acidic impurities in benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rubber Compounding Materials8212;Free 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS)

ASTM D1646-06 橡胶的标准试验方法.粘度、应力张弛、和预硫化特性(穆尼粘度计)

Viscosity8212;Viscosity values determined by this test method depend on molecular structure, molecular weight, and non-rubber constituents that may be present. Since rubber behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, no simple relationship exists between the molecular weight and the viscosity. Therefore, caution must be exercised in interpreting viscosity values of rubber, particularly in cases where molecular weight is very high. For example, as the molecular weight increases, the viscosity values for IIR polymers (butyl rubbers) reach an upper limit of about 80, at 100°C (212°F) using a large rotor at a rotation speed of 2 r/min, and may then decrease to considerably lower values. For these higher molecular weight rubbers, better correlation between viscosity values and molecular weight is obtained if the test temperature is increased. Stress Relaxation8212;The stress relaxation behavior of rubber is a combination of both an elastic and a viscous response. Viscosity and stress relaxation behavior do not depend on such factors as molecular weight and non-rubber constituents in the same way. Thus both of these tests are important and complement each other. A slow rate of relaxation indicates a higher elastic component in the overall response, while a rapid rate of relaxation indicates a higher viscous component. The rate of stress relaxation has been found to correlate with rubber structure characteristics such as molecular weight distribution, chain branching, and gel content. Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics8212;The onset of vulcanization can be detected with the Mooney viscometer as evidenced by an increase in viscosity. Therefore, this test method can be used to measure incipient cure (scorch) time and the rate of cure during very early stages of vulcanization. This test method cannot be used to study complete vulcanization because the continuous rotation of the disk will result in slippage when the specimen reaches a stiff consistency.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring a property called Mooney viscosity. Mooney viscosity is defined as the shearing torque resisting rotation of a cylindrical metal disk (or rotor) embedded in rubber within a cylindrical cavity. The dimensions of the shearing disk viscometer, test temperatures, and procedures for determining Mooney viscosity are defined in these test methods.1.2 When disk rotation is abruptly stopped, the torque or stress on the rotor decreases at some rate depending on the rubber being tested and the temperature of the test. This is called "stress relaxation" and these test methods describe a test method for measuring this relaxation. Viscosity as used in these test methods is not a true viscosity and should be interpreted to mean Mooney viscosity, a measure of shearing torque averaged over a range of shearing rates. Stress relaxation is also a function of the test configuration and for these test methods the results are unique to the Mooney viscometer.1.3 When compounded rubber is placed in the Mooney viscometer at a temperature at which vulcanization may occur, the vulcanization reaction produces an increase in torque. These test methods include procedures for measuring the initial rate of rubber vulcanization.1.4 ISO 289 Parts 1 and 2 also describes the determination of Mooney viscosity and pre-vulcanization characteristics. In addition to a few insignificant differences there are major technical differences between ISO 289 and this test method in that ISO 289 does not provide for sample preparation on a mill, while this test method allows milling sample preparation in some cases prior to running......

Standard Test Methods for Rubber-Viscosity, Stress Relaxation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics (Mooney Viscometer)

ASTM D1415-06(2012) 橡胶特性的标准试验方法.国际硬度

The International Hardness test is based on measurement of the penetration of a rigid ball into the rubber specimen under specified conditions. The measured penetration is converted into IRHD, the scale of degrees being so chosen that 0 represents a material having an elastic modulus of zero, and 100 represents a material of infinite elastic modulus. The scale also fulfills the following conditions over most of the normal range of hardness: one IRHD range represents approximately the same proportionate difference in Young's modulus, and for rubber vulcanizates in the usual range of resilience, readings in IRHD are comparable with those given by a Type A durometer (Test Method D2240) when testing standard specimens. The term “usual range of resilience” is used to exclude those compounds that have unusually high rates of stress relaxation or deformational hysteresis. For such compounds, differences in the dwell time in the two hardness tests (Test Methods D2240 and D1415) result in differences in hardness values. Readings may not be comparable when testing curved or irregularly shaped test specimens. For substantially elastic isotropic materials like well-vulcanized natural rubbers, the hardness in IRHD bears a known relation to Young's modulus, although for markedly plastic or anisotropic rubbers the relationship will be less precisely known. The relation between the difference of penetration and the hardness expressed in IRHD is based on the following: The relation between penetration and Young's modulus for a perfectly elastic isotropic material: where: D = known relationship for a perfectly elastic isotropic material, between indentation, R = radium of the ball, mm, F = total indenting force, E = Young's modulus expressed in megapascals, and f = contact force Use of a probit (integrated normal error) curve to relate log10 M and hardness in IRHD, as shown in Fig. 1. This curve is defined as follows: The value of log10 M corresponding to the midpoint of the curve is equal to 0.364, that is, M = 2.31 MPa or 335 psi. The maximum slope is equal to 57 IRHD per unit increase in log10 M. FIG. 1 Point Curve to Relate Log10 M and the Hardness in IRHD1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the hardness of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber. The hardness is obtained by the difference in penetration depth of a specified dimension ball under two conditions of contact with the rubber: (1) with a s......

Standard Test Method for Rubber Propertymdash;International Hardness