83.080.01 (Plastics in general) 标准查询与下载

ASTM G21-13 测定高分子合成材料抗真菌性的标准实施规程

4.1 The synthetic polymer portion of these materials is usually fungus-resistant in that it does not serve as a carbon source for the growth of fungi. It is generally the other components, such as plasticizers, cellulosics, lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants, that are responsible for fungus attack on plastic materials. To assess materials other than plastics, use of this test method should be agreed upon by all parties involved. It is important to establish the resistance to microbial attack under conditions favorable for such attack, namely, a temperature of 2 to 38°C (35 to 100°F) and a relative humidity of 60 to 1008201;%. 4.2 The effects to be expected are as follows: 4.2.1 Surface attack, discoloration, loss of transmission (optical), and 4.2.2 Removal of susceptible plasticizers, modifiers, and lubricants, resulting in increased modulus (stiffness), changes in weight, dimensions, and other physical properties, and deterioration of electrical properties such as insulation resistance, dielectric constant, power factor, and dielectric strength. 4.3 Often the changes in electrical properties are due principally to surface growth and its associated moisture and to pH changes caused by excreted metabolic products. Other effects include preferential growth caused by nonuniform dispersion of plasticizers, lubricants, and other processing additives. Attack on these materials often leaves ionized conducting paths. Pronounced physical changes are observed on products in film form or as coatings, where the ratio of surface to volume is high, and where nutrient materials such as plasticizers and lubricants continue to diffuse to the surface as they are utilized by the organisms. 4.4 Since attack by organisms involves a large element of chance due to local accelerations and inhibitions, the order of reproducibility may be rather low. To ensure that estimates of behavior are not too optimistic, the greatest observed degree of deterioration should be reported. 4.5 Conditioning of the specimens, such as exposure to leaching, weathering, heat treatment, etc., may have significant effects on the resistance to fungi. Determination of these effects is not covered in this practice. 1.1 This practice covers determination of the effect of fungi on the properties of synthetic polymeric materials in the form of molded and fabricated articles, tubes, rods, sheets, and film materials. Changes in optical, mechanical, and electrical properties may be determined by the applicable ASTM methods. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi

ASTM D2583-13 使用巴科尔硬度仪测定硬质塑料压痕硬度的标准试验方法

5.1 The Barcol Impressor is portable and therefore suitable for testing the hardness of fabricated parts and individual test specimens for production control purposes. 5.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM material standards that currently exist. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of indentation hardness of both reinforced and nonreinforced rigid plastics using a Barcol Impressor, Model No. 934-1 and Model No. 935. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.

Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor

ASTM D1044-13 透明塑料软片表面耐摩擦性的标准试验方法

4.1 Transparent plastic materials, when used as windows or enclosures, are subject to wiping and cleaning; hence the maintenance of optical quality of a material after abrasion is important. It is the purpose of this test method to provide a means of estimating the resistance of such materials to this type and degree of abrasion. 4.2 Although this test method does not provide fundamental data, it is suitable for grading materials relative to this type of abrasion in a manner which correlates with service. 4.3 Comparison of interlaboratory data or the specification of a “haze” value has no significance if the hazemeter requirements given in 5.4 are not used. This is because light diffused from the surface of a Taber track is scattered at a narrow angle (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) while light diffused internally by a specimen is scattered at a wide angle. In many hazemeters, when a diaphragm is inserted to limit the light beam to the width of the abraded track, the specular beam at the exit port becomes smaller. The dark annulus will then be greater than the 0.023 ± 0.002 rad (1.3 ± 0.1°) requirements of Test Method D1003. Since a large percentage of the narrow-angle forward-scattered light will not impinge on the sphere wall, “haze” readings become smaller. For hazemeters that have not been properly adjusted, the magnitude of this reduction is dependent both on the integrating sphere diameter and the reduction of the entrance beam. 4.4 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. 4.5 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. 4.5.1 Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the transfer of coating or other materials from test specimens and must be cleaned at frequent intervals. 4.5.2 The type of material being tested and the number of test cycles being run is known to sometimes influence the temperature of the running surface of the wheel with an effect on the final haze measurement. To reduce any variability due to this temperature effect, stabilize the wheels surface temperature prior to performing actual measurements. This shall be accomplished by conducting multiple refacings on an ST-11 refacing stone, followed by a test on the sample material to be tested (with results to be discarded). 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for estimating the resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surface abrasion by measuring the change in optical properties. 1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numerically quantified by calculating the difference in haze percentage in accordance with Test Method D1003 between an abraded and unabraded specimen. 1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002 and September 2004 have been found to give different re......

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion

ASTM D2863-12 测量支持塑料蜡烛式燃烧的最低需氧浓度的标准试验方法

This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied. In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. 1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index. 1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1). 1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3. 1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically. 1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3. Note 18212;Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein. 1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10. 1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Note 28212;This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement. TABLE 1 Test Specimen Dimensions Test Specimen TypeADimensionsMaterial Form

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

ASTM D7791-12 塑料单轴疲劳性能的标准试验方法

These fatigue tests are used to determine the effect of processing, surface condition, stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of plastic material subjected to uniaxial stress for relatively large numbers of cycles. The results can also be used as a guide for the selection of plastic materials for service under conditions of repeated flexural stress. Properties can vary with specimen depth and test frequency. Test frequency can be 1-25 Hz but it is recommended that a frequency of 5 Hz or less be used. Material response in fatigue is not identical for all plastics. If a plastic does not exhibit an elastic region, where strain is reversible, plastic deformation will occur during fatigue testing, causing the amplitude of the programmed load or deformation to change during testing. In this situation, caution shall be taken when using the results for design as they are generally not indicative of the true fatigue properties of the material. The results of these fatigue tests are suitable for application in design only when the specimen test conditions realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly defined. This procedure accommodates various specimen preparation techniques. Comparison of results obtained from specimens prepared in different manners shall not be considered comparable unless equivalency has been demonstrated.1.1 This test method covers the determination of dynamic fatigue properties of plastics in uniaxial loading. This method is applicable to rigid and semi-rigid plastics. Uniaxial loading systems with tension and compression capabilities are used to determine these properties. Stress and strain levels are below the proportional limits of the material where the strains and stresses are relatively elastic. 1.2 This test method can be used with two procedures: 1.2.1 Procedure A, fatigue testing in tension. 1.2.2 Procedure B, fatigue testing in compression, only for rigid plastics. 1.3 Comparative tests can be run in accordance with either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

Standard Test Method for Uniaxial Fatigue Properties of Plastics

ASTM D4459-12 室内用要求曝露于氙弧灯的塑料标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of plast......

Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Indoor Applications

ASTM D4526-12 使用静态顶空气相色谱法测定聚合物中挥发物的标准实施规程

1.1 Headspace gas chromatography (GC) involves the determination of volatile components in a polymer solution by gas chromatography of a vapor phase in thermal equilibrium with the sample matrix. Volatiles in finely ground insoluble polymers can also be determined with and without an extracting solvent. 1.2 This practice provides two procedures: 1.2.1 Procedure A???Automatic headspace analysis. 1.2.2 Procedure B???Manual injection headspace analysis. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6. Note 1???There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

Standard Practice for Determination of Volatiles in Polymers by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography

ASTM D3418-12 用差示扫描量热法测定聚合物转变温度和熔化焓及结晶焓的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.Note 1???True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed. 1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens. 1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600??C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard. Note 2???This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8). 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 3???This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO8201;11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM D6980-12 用重量损失法测定塑料中水份的标准试验方法

This test method is intended for use as a control, acceptance, and assessment test. Moisture will affect the processability of some materials. For these materials, defects will occur if they are processed with a moisture content outside of the recommended range. The physical properties of some plastics are greatly affected by the moisture content.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of moisture by means of loss in weight technology down to 50 mg/kg as it applies to most plastics. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 Specimens tested by this method will be hot, use caution when handling them after testing has been completed. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Moisture in Plastics by Loss in Weight

ASTM D4065-12 塑料动态机械特性的标准实施规程.程序报告及测定法

1.1 This practice is for general use in gathering and reporting dynamic mechanical data. It incorporates laboratory practice for determining dynamic mechanical properties of plastic specimens subjected to various oscillatory deformations on a variety of instruments of the type commonly called dynamic mechanical analyzers or dynamic thermomechanical analyzers. 1.2 This practice is intended to provide means of determining the transition temperatures, elastic, and loss moduli of plastics over a range of temperatures, frequencies, or time, by free vibration and resonant or nonresonant forced vibration techniques. Plots of elastic and loss moduli are indicative of the viscoelastic characteristics......

Standard Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures

ASTM D2863-12e1 测量支持塑料蜡烛式燃烧的最低需氧浓度的标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. 1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index. 1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1). TABLE 1 Test Specimen Dimensions Test Specimen TypeA Dimensions Material Form Length, mm Width, mm Thickness, mm

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

ASTM D6400-12 市政或工业设施中有氧合成塑料标签设计的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1.2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities.” 1.3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088.

Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities

ASTM E2050-12a 通过燃烧测定铸型粉末中全碳量的标准试验方法

This test method for the determination of total carbon in mold powders is primarily intended to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed such as those described in Guide E882.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon in mold powders in the concentration range from 1 % to 25 %. Note 18212;As used in this test method, “percentage” or “%” refers to a mass fraction of the form (wt / wt %) (g/100g). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This test method has been evaluated in accordance with Practice E1601 and Guide E1763. Unless otherwise noted in the precision and bias section, the lower limit in the scope of each method specifies the lowest analyte content that may be analyzed with acceptable error (defined as a nominal 5 % risk of obtaining a 50 % or larger relative difference in results on the same test sample in two laboratories). 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Carbon in Mold Powders by Combustion

ASTM D7774-12 塑料抗折疲劳性能的标准试验方法

These fatigue tests are used to determine the effect of processing, surface condition, stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of plastic material subjected to flexural stress for relatively large numbers of cycles. The results can also be used as a guide for the selection of plastic materials for service under conditions of repeated flexural stress. Properties can vary with specimen depth and test frequency. Test frequency can be 1-25 Hz but it is recommended that a frequency of 5 Hz or less be used. Material response in fatigue is not identical for all plastics. If a plastic does not exhibit an elastic region, where strain is reversible, plastic deformation will occur during fatigue testing, causing the amplitude of the programmed load or deformation to change during testing. In this situation, caution shall be taken when using the results for design as they are generally not indicative of the true fatigue properties of the material. The results of these fatigue tests are suitable for application in design only when the specimen test conditions realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly defined. This procedure accommodates various specimen preparation techniques. Comparison of results obtained from specimens prepared in different manners shall not be considered comparable unless equivalency has been demonstrated.1.1 This test method covers the determination of dynamic full reversed fatigue properties of plastics in flexure. This method is applicable to rigid and semi-rigid plastics. Stress and strain levels are below the proportional limit of the material where the strains and stresses are relatively elastic. Three-point or four-point bending systems are used to determine these properties. 1.2 This test method can be used with two procedures: 1.2.1 Procedure A, designed for materials that use three-point loading systems to determine flexural strength. Three-point loading system is used for this procedure. 1.2.2 Procedure B, designed for materials that use four-point loading systems to determine flexural strength. Four-point loading system is used for this procedure. 1.3 Comparative tests can be run in accordance with either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;This standard and ISO 13003 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods.

Standard Test Method for Flexural Fatigue Properties of Plastics

ASTM D7474-12 通过浸入各种化学试剂中测定挤压或模制砜塑料件中残余应力的标准操作规程

Thermoplastic moldings contain residual stresses due to differential cooling rates through the thickness of the molding. Changes in residual stress have been found to occur with time after molding due to stress relaxation. Many part performance parameters as well as part failures are affected by the level of residual stress present in a part. Residual stresses cause shrinkage, warpage, and a decrease in environmental stress crack resistance. This practice estimates the relative magnitude of residual stresses in parts produced from the series of sulfone plastics (SP), namely polysulfone (PSU), polyethersulfone (PESU), and polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) materials. No direct correlation has been established between the results of the determination of residual stresses by this practice and part performance properties. For this reason, this practice is not recommended as a substitute for other tests, nor is it intended for use in purchasing specifications for parts. Despite this limitation, this practice does yield information of value in indicating the presence of residual stresses and the relative quality of plastic parts. Residual stresses cannot be easily calculated, hence it is important to have an experimental method, such as this practice, to estimate residual stresses. This practice is useful for extruders and molders who wish to evaluate residual stresses in SP parts. This can be accomplished by visual examination after immersion in one or more chemical reagents to evaluate whether or not cracking occurs. Stresses will relax after molding or extrusion. Accordingly, both immersion in the test medium and visual examination must be made at identical times and conditions after processing, if comparing parts. It is important to note the differences in part history. Thus, this technique may be used as an indication for quality of plastic processing. The practice is useful primarily for indicating residual stresses near the surface.1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of residual stresses in extruded profile or molded SP parts. The presence and relative magnitude of residual stresses are indicated by the crazing of the specimen part upon immersion in one or more of a series of chemical reagents. The specified chemical reagents were previously calibrated by use of Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) techniques to cause crazing in sulfone plastics (SP) at specified stress levels. 1.2 This practice applies only to unfilled injection molding and extrusion grade materials of high molecular weight as indicated by the following melt flow rates: PSU 9 g/10 min, max., PESU 30 g/10 m, max, and PPSU 25 g/10 min, max. Lower molecular weight (higher melt flow) materials will craze at lower stress levels than indicated in Tables 1-3. (See Specification D6394 for melt flow rate conditions.) 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Note 18212;There is no known ISO equivalent for this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. TABLE 1 Liquid Reagents for Residual Stress Test for PSU MixtureMixture CompositionCritical......

Standard Practice for Determining Residual Stresses in Extruded or Molded Sulfone Plastic (SP) Parts by Immersion in Various Chemical Reagents

ASTM D3418-12e1 用差示扫描量热法测定聚合物转变温度和熔化焓及结晶焓的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.Note 1???True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed. 1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens. 1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600??C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard. Note 2???This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8). 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 3???This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO8201;11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM D4754-11 使用液膜蒸馏器(FDA)移动元件进行塑料制品的双侧液体提取的标准试验方法

Knowledge of migrants from plastic materials may serve many useful purposes, such as testing for compliance with food additive regulations. The procedure described in this test method is recommended as suitable for obtaining such data on many migrant(s)/plastic(s) combinations. 1.1 This test method covers the use of the FDA migration cell in the extraction of components and permits quantitation of individual migrants from plastic materials by suitable extracting liquids, including liquid foods and food-stimulating solvents. 1.2 This test method provides a two-sided, liquid extraction test for plastic materials that can be formed into film, sheet, or disks.1.3 This test method has been applied to a variety of migrant/polymer systems in contact with numerous foods and food simulants. Though most of the migrants examined were radiolabeled, the use of the FDA cell has been validated for migration studies of unlabeled sytrene from polystyrene. 1.4 This test method has been shown to yield reproducible results under the conditions for migration tests requested by the FDA. However, if the data is to be submitted to the FDA, it is suggested that their guidelines be consulted. 1.5 Because it employs two-sided extraction, this test method may not be suitable for multi-layered plastics intended for single-sided food contact use. 1.6 The size of the FDA migration cell as described may preclude its use in determining total nonvolatile extractives in some cases. Note 18212;For more information, see Practice D 1898, the AOAC Methods of Analysis on Flexible Barrier Materials Exposed for Extraction, and the 1995 Recommendations for Chemistry Data for Indirect Food Additive Petitions. 1.7 Analytical procedures must be available to quantitate the migrant(s) generated by this test method. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8. Note 28212;There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

Standard Test Method for Two-Sided Liquid Extraction of Plastic Materials Using FDA Migration Cell

ASTM D7309-11 用微量燃烧热量法测定塑料和其他固体材料易燃特征的标准试验方法

This laboratory test method measures thermal combustion properties of materials (1-5). The test uses controlled thermal decomposition of specimens and thermal oxidation of the specimen gases as they are released from the specimen to simulate the condensed and gas phase processes of flaming combustion, respectively, in a small-scale laboratory test (1-7). The thermal combustion properties measured in the test are related to flammability characteristics of the material (4-7). The amount of heat released in flaming combustion per unit mass of material is the fire load and the potential fire load (complete combustion) is estimated in Method A as hc. The net calorific value of the material (see Test Method D5865) is determined directly using Method B as hco without the need to know the atomic composition of the specimen to correct for the latent heat of evaporation of the water produced by combustion, or to perform titrations to correct for the heat of solution of acid gases. See Table X1.2 for comparison of Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) data with Test Method D5865. The heat release temperature Tmax of Method A approximates the surface temperature at piloted ignition in accordance with Ref. (5-7) for purposes of fire modeling (See Guide E1591). The heat release capacity ηc (J/g-K) is a flammability parameter measured in Method A that is unique to this test method.1.1 This test method, which is similar to thermal analysis techniques, establishes a procedure for determining flammability characteristics of combustible materials such as plastics. 1.2 The test is conducted in a laboratory environment using controlled heating of milligram specimens and complete thermal oxidation of the specimen gases. 1.3 Specimens of known mass are thermally decomposed in an oxygen-free (anaerobic) or oxidizing (aerobic) environment at a constant heating rate between 0.2 and 2 K/s. 1.4 The heat released by the specimen is determined from the mass of oxygen consumed to completely oxidize (combust) the specimen gases. 1.5 The rate of heat released by combustion of the specimen gases produced during controlled thermal or thermoxidative decomposition of the specimen is computed from the rate of oxygen consumption. 1.6 The specimen temperatures over which combustion heat is released are measured. 1.7 The mass of specimen remaining after the test is measured and used to compute the residual mass fraction. 1.8 The specimen shall be a material or composite material in any form (fiber, film, powder, pellet, droplet). This test method has been developed to facilitate material development and research. 1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establi......

Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry

ASTM D1929-11 塑料燃点温度测定的标准试验方法

Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions. This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.1.1 This fire test response test method covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace. 1.2 CautionDuring the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that may be hazardous to personnel. Adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator. 1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2 and 1.3. Note 18212;This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in all technical details.

Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

ASTM E2479-11 采用外侧纵(L_CR)波测量聚乙烯罐壁超声波传播速度的标准操作规程

Measuring the velocity of ultrasound in materials is a unique method for determining nondestructively the physical properties, which can vary due to both manufacturing processes and environmental attack. Velocity is directly related to the elastic moduli, which can vary based on environmental exposure and manufacturing process, The LCR method described herein is able to measure the velocity between two adjacent points on a surface and therefore is independent of the conditions on the opposite wall. Applications of the method beyond polymer tanks will undoubtedly be developed and examination may occur in the production line as well as in the in-service mode.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring the ultrasonic velocities in the outer wall of polyethylene storage tanks. An angle beam lateral longitudinal (LCR) wave is excited with wedges along a circumferential chord of the tank wall. A digital ultrasonic flaw detector is used with sending-receiving search units in through transmission mode. The observed velocity is temperature corrected and compared to the expected velocity for a new, unexposed sample of material which is the same as the material being evaluated. The difference between the observed and temperature corrected velocities determines the degree of UV exposure of the tank. 1.2 The practice is intended for application to the outer surfaces of the wall of polyethylene tanks. Degradation typically occurs in an outer layer approximately 3.2-mm (0.125-in.) thick. Since the technique does not interrogate the inside wall of the tank, wall thickness is not a consideration other than to be aware of possible guided (Lamb) wave effects or reflections off of the inner tank wall. No special surface preparation is necessary beyond wiping the area with a clean rag. Inside wall properties are not important since the longitudinal wave does not strike this surface. The excitation of Lamb waves must be avoided by choosing an excitation frequency such that the ratio of wavelength to wall thickness is one fifth or less. 1.3 UV degradation on the outer surface causes a stiffening of the material and an increase in Young's modulus and the longitudinal wave velocity. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring the Ultrasonic Velocity in Polyethylene Tank Walls Using Lateral Longitudinal (L_CR) Waves