93.080.20 (Road construction materials) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D2726-11 非吸收压实沥青混合料毛比重和密度的标准试验方法

The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction. Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature. Note 18212;The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures. 1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures

ASTM D6935-11 乳化沥青水泥混合配比测定的标准试验方法

The result of this test method indicates the ability of a slow setting emulsified asphalt to mix with a finely divided, high surface area material (high early strength, Type III, portland cement) without breaking the emulsified asphalt.1.1 This test method is intended to be a mixing test used to identify or classify a slow setting, SS or CSS, type of emulsified asphalt. 1.2 This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Cement Mixing of Emulsified Asphalt

ASTM D6998-11 骨料涂层乳化沥青评估的标准操作规程

The intent of this practice is to ensure that a given mixing grade emulsified asphalt is stable enough and otherwise possesses the ability to mix with a reference stone for the prescribed time, and coat it uniformly and thoroughly.1.1 This practice covers those emulsified asphalts intended for use by mixing with aggregate. It is not applicable to rapid-setting types or diluted materials used for tack coats, priming, or mulch treatments. 1.2 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Evaluating Aggregate Coating using Emulsified Asphalts

ASTM D2950/D2950M-11 原子能法测定就地沥青混凝土密度的标准试验方法

The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted bituminous mixtures. With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted bituminous concrete. The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density. The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density. The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D1188 or D2726 are required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of bituminous concrete by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] while the detector or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method). 1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see Section 6 and Note 4.

Standard Test Method for Density of Bituminous Concrete in Place by Nuclear Methods

ASTM D3549/D3549M-11 压实沥青铺路混合料样本厚度及高度的标准试验方法

The thickness of a compacted bituminous paving mixture is often used as a construction check to insure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights. Note 18212;The equipment and personnel performing this test method can be evaluated by Practice D 3666.1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted bituminous paving mixture specimens. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens

ASTM D1073-11 沥青铺路混合细集料的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers fine aggregate for use in bituminous paving mixtures. 1.2 This specification is intended to describe material from a single source. When material from two or more sources is to be blended to produce a grading to meet requirements in other specifications for bituminous paving mixtures, the grading requirements of Table 1 of this specification are not applicable. Note 18212; When obtaining materials from two or more sources that are to be blended to produce the final mix, it is recommended that the specifying or the ordering agency specify the alternative gradings and blend ratios to be supplied. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units, shown in parentheses, are for information only. 1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.

Standard Specification for Fine Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures

ASTM D3666-11 道路及铺装材料测试和检查机构最低要求的标准规范

This specification provides the basic minimum criteria for use in evaluating the qualifications of testing or inspection agencies, or both, for road and paving materials. The criteria may be supplemented by more specific criteria and requirements. An individual user can also use it to judge the qualification of an agency. The intent of this specification is to provide a consensus basis for evaluating a testing or inspection agency, or both, with respect to that agency''s capability to objectively and competently provide the specific services needed by the user. This specification can be used as a basis for accreditation.1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for field and laboratory personnel, for establishing and maintaining a quality system, and establishes minimum qualifications for agencies engaged in the testing and inspection of road and paving materials. 1.2 Criteria are provided for evaluating the capability of an agency to properly perform designated tests on road and paving materials, and for establishing guidelines pertaining to an agency''s organization, personnel, facilities, and quality system. This specification may be supplemented by more specific criteria, such as that in Specification E329, and requirements for particular projects. 1.3 This specification can be used as a basis to evaluate testing or inspection agencies, or both, and is intended for use for the qualifying or accrediting, or both, of testing or inspection agencies, public or private, engaged in the testing and inspection of road and paving materials. 1.4 Accreditation is required to comply with this standard. (See 8.1.5.) 1.5 The users of the accredited agency must review the agency''s scope of accreditation to ensure the agency has been accredited for its technical competence to perform the tasks requested by the user. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials

ASTM D6433-11 道路和停车场铺筑状况指数测量的标准操作规程

The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surface condition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of the present condition of the pavement based on the distress observed on the surface of the pavement, which also indicates the structural integrity and surface operational condition (localized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure structural capacity nor does it provide direct measurement of skid resistance or roughness. It provides an objective and rational basis for determining maintenance and repair needs and priorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used to establish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permits early identification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCI provides feedback on pavement performance for validation or improvement of current pavement design and maintenance procedures.1.1 This practice covers the determination of roads and parking lots pavement condition through visual surveys using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition. 1.2 The PCI for roads and parking lots was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1, 2). It is further verified and adopted by DOD and APWA. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.

Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys

ASTM E1656/E1656M-11 路面状况自动测量设备分类标准指南

Highway agencies, equipment manufacturers, and other organizations can use this guide to classify the measuring capabilities of pavement condition survey equipment that operates at traffic speeds and collect some of the data useful in characterizing pavement conditions. The vertical measurement resolution, sample interval, and crack width capabilities as specified in Section 5 are subject to user verification. 1.1 This guide covers information for classifying the measurement capability of pavement condition survey equipment or instrumentation that measures longitudinal profile, transverse profile or cracking of pavement surfaces while operating at or near traffic speeds. 1.2 The measuring equipment or instrumentation, addressed by the guide, samples and stores measurement data while operating at or near traffic speeds. 1.3 This guide does not address equipment that operates at traffic speeds but is incapable of measuring profile or individual crack characteristics, such as response-type roughness measuring systems and semi-automated distress recording systems. 1.4 This guide provides measurement criteria and classification for use in a range of applications. 1.5 The measurement criteria apply to longitudinal profile, transverse profile, or the cracking of pavement surfaces. 1.6 This guide does not address the processing of measured data. 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Classification of Automated Pavement Condition Survey Equipment

ASTM C1272-11 重型车辆通过的路面砖标准规范

1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use as a paving material in areas with a high volume of heavy vehicular traffic. The units are designed for use in such places as streets, commercial driveways, and aircraft taxiways. These units are not intended for applications covered by Specifications C410 or C902. 1.2 Units are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification (see Terminology C1232). 1.3 Brick may be shaped during manufacture by extruding, molding, or pressing. Brick may have spacing lugs, chamfered edges, or both. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Standard Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick

ASTM D6816-11 测定低温下沥青粘结剂性能等级(PG)的标准操作规程

Estimated critical cracking temperature, as determined by this practice, is a criterion for specifying the low-temperature properties of asphalt binder in accordance with Specification D6373. This practice is designed to identify the temperature region where the induced thermal stress in a typical HMA subjected to rapid cooling (1°C/h) exceeds the fracture stress of the HMA. For evaluating an asphalt binder for conformance to Specification D6373, the test temperature for the BBR and DTT data is selected from Table 1 of Specification D6373 according to the grade of asphalt binder. Note 38212;Other rates of elongation and test temperatures may be used to test asphalt binders for research purposes.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of low-temperature properties of asphalt binders using data from the bending beam rheometer (see Test Method D6648) (BBR) and the direct tension tester (see Test Method D6723) (DTT). It can be used on data from unaged material or from material aged using Test Method D2872 (RTFOT), Practice D6521 (PAV), or Test Method D2872 (RTFOT) and Practice D6521 (PAV). It can be used on data generated within the temperature range from +6°C to -36°C. This practice generates data suitable for use in binder specifications such as Specification D6373. 1.2 This practice is only valid for data on materials that fall within the scope of suitability for both Test Method D6648 and Test Method D6723. 1.3 This practice can be used to determine the following: 1.3.1 Critical cracking temperature of an asphalt binder, and 1.3.2 Whether or not the failure stress exceeds the thermal stress in a binder at a given temperature. 1.4 This practice determines the critical cracking temperature for a typical asphalt binder based on the determination of the temperature where the asphalt binder''s strength equals its thermal stress as calculated by this practice. The temperature so determined is intended to yield a low temperature PG Grade of the sample being tested. The low temperature PG grade is intended for use in purchase specifications and is not intended to be a performance prediction of the HMA (Hot Mix Asphalt) in which the asphalt binder is used. 1.5 The development of this standard was based on SI units. In cases where units have been omitted, SI units are implied. 1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to......

Standard Practice for Determining Low-Temperature Performance Grade (PG) of Asphalt Binders

ASTM D7063/D7063M-11 压实沥青铺面混合物样品的有效孔隙度和有效孔隙的标准试验方法

In this test method a compacted sample is vacuum sealed inside a plastic bag. The density of the sample, SG1, is calculated using a water displacement method, with the sample sealed. With the sample still in water, the bag is cut open. Since the sample is under vacuum and the air voids are evacuated, water will rush in to fill all the water accessible air voids in the compacted sample. With the saturated weight of sample known, an apparent maximum density, SG2, can be calculated. The difference between SG2 and SG1 is the measure of the amount of water that has penetrated the compacted sample. This difference can be used to determine the fraction of total number of voids that are accessible to water, Effective Percent Porosity or Percent Effective Air Voids. The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the percentage of total air voids in a compacted sample that can be filled with water through surface or interconnected paths within the sample. In general, Effective Percent Porosity should be less than total percent air voids. This method can be used for 100 mm and 150 mm diameter cylindrical samples and cubical samples.1.1 This test method covers the determination of effective porosity or effective air voids of compacted mixtures by the use of a vacuum sealing method. 1.2 This method can be used for compacted field and laboratory bituminous paving samples, as well as other compacted samples with well defined geometrical shapes, such as concrete cylinders, cored rocks, and metal samples. 1.3 The results of this test method can be used to determine the degree of interconnectivity of air voids within a sample and can be correlated to permeability of compacted bituminous paving mixture samples. 1.4 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for this standard has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Effective Porosity and Effective Air Voids of Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixture Samples

ASTM D3142/D3142M-11 用比重计法测定稀释沥青比重API度或密度的标准试验方法

Accurate determination of the density, specific gravity, or API gravity of cutback asphalts is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15°C or 60°F. Similarly, accurate determination is necessary for converting volumes to mass as required in other ASTM tests on cutback asphalts. Values corrected to 15°C and 60°F will be different because the two temperatures are not equal.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination, using a glass hydrometer, of the density, specific gravity, or API gravity of cutback asphalts as defined in Specifications D2026, D2027, and D2028 (Note 1). Values are measured on a hydrometer at convenient temperatures, readings of density, specific gravity, and API gravity being reduced to 15°C or 60°F by means of international standard tables. By means of these same tables, values determined in one of the three systems of measurement are convertible to equivalent values in either system so that measurements may be made in the units of local convenience. Note 18212;This test method is applicable to cutback asphalts and in general follows, but provides more explicit routines than, the procedure outlined in Test Method D1298. 1.2 Units8212;The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer Method

ASTM D7741-11 使用旋转便携粘度计测量橡胶沥青或其他沥青胶浆的表观粘度标准试验方法

This test is primarily used for field production control of Asphalt-Rubber (A-R) and other high viscosity binders; however the test can also be used in a laboratory setting. A hand held rotational viscometer is used to measure the apparent viscosity of a completed blend of A-R or high viscosity binder. A rotor (spindle), turning at constant speed, is inserted in the liquid binder to be measured. The resistance to movement of the spindle (torque) caused by the viscosity of the surrounding liquid is measured using a special mechanism to obtain direct readings in Pa·s or cP. Note 18212;Spindle generally made of stainless steel, although another metal such as brass could be used. The measured apparent viscosity is used to control the production of the A-R or other high viscosity binder, to assess the uniformity of the binder produced or for other related purposes. As the spindle turns in the A-R or other high viscosity binder, it has a tendency to “drill” into the sample (i.e., for A-R, the spindle spins the rubber particles out of the measurement area). Consequently, the apparent viscosity drops to reflect only the liquid phase of the high viscosity binder. Therefore, the peak viscosity measurement value is recorded to reflect the viscosity of the blended material.1.1 The use of high viscosity asphalt binders like Asphalt-Rubber is becoming more common in the United States and worldwide. Specifications such as Specification D6114 note the need for field control of the apparent viscosity and require the use of a field production rotational viscometer. The testing of Asphalt-Rubber Binder for use in Asphalt- Rubber Hot Mix and for Asphalt-Rubber Membrane is necessary to ensure consistent mix properties that will ensure good performance of these materials. Logistics of field applications limits the use of conventional laboratory controls and testing equipment. This test, using a hand held rotational viscometer can be conducted in either the field or laboratory to determine the apparent viscosity of Asphalt-Rubber and other high viscosity binders for field production control and to assess the uniformity of the binder produced or for other related purposes. 1.2 Asphalt-Rubber Binder consists of a blend of paving grade asphalt cement and crumb rubber as described in Specification D6114. Other high viscosity asphalt binders may consist of asphalts modified with polymer or fiber or both. Testing is performed following the specified reaction time, if any, within the production process. Control of the raw materials is separate from the test. 1.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-compliance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt-Rubber or Other Asphalt Binders by Using a Rotational Hand Held Viscometer

ASTM C936/C936M-11 铺路用实心混凝土内嵌单元的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlocking concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved surfaces. 1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures, finish, color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should be consulted as to availability of units having the desired features. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. ^REFERENCE: ASTM Standards: C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates C140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units C150 Specification for Portland Cement C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes C260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units C418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete C979 Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures C1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

ASTM D3744/D3744M-11a 集料耐久率的标准试验方法

This test method assigns an empirical value to the relative amount, fineness, and character of clay-like material that may be generated in an aggregate when subjected to mechanical degradation. The procedure has been used in limited geographical areas of the United States and the results have been correlated with aggregate performance in various construction applications, including: aggregate base, permeable material for backfill, fine concrete aggregate, and riprap for rock slope protection. , A minimum durability index is permitted to be specified to prohibit the use of an aggregate in various construction applications that is prone to degradation, resulting in generation of clay-like fines. This test method provides a rapid test for evaluation of the quality of a new aggregate source. Research has indicated it may also be suitable for use instead of the sodium sulfate soundness test for evaluating the durability characteristics of fine aggregate for use in portland-cement concrete, thereby reducing the need for time-consuming and expensive soundness tests. Although the application of this method has been limited to aggregates for specific construction uses, the possibility exists for expanding the application of this method to control the quality of aggregates used in other areas of construction, such as aggregates for use in bituminous paving mixtures, coarse aggregate for use in portland-cement concrete, and aggregate for use as railroad ballast. Note 18212;The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of a durability index of an aggregate. The calculated durability index is a value indicating the relative resistance of an aggregate to production of detrimental clay-like fines when subjected to the prescribed mechanical methods of degradation. 1.2 Units8212;The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.2.1 Measurements of volume and mass are only given in SI units because they are the only units typically used in practice when performing this test method. 1.2.2 Measurements in Section 11, Section 15, Equation 3, Equation 4, Table 1, and Figure 2 are only given in inch-pound units because the equipment used in these sections is only manufactured using the inch-pound system. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Aggregate Durability Index

ASTM E2177-11 标准潮湿条件下路面标记反射亮度(R_L)系数测量的标准试验方法

The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user. Under the same conditions of headlight illumination and driver''s viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance at corresponding geometry. The pavement marking''s measured performance in the standard condition of wetness is used to characterize the performance of the marking on the road when wet. Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents that prevent wetting of the product by water. The water will tend to “bead up” on the marking. This “non wetting” condition is usually short lived. Pavement markings that have been on the road for one month prior to testing usually do not exhibit this non-wetting phenomenon. (Warning–This phenomenon produces an interference when assessing the wet characteristics of a pavement marking. Attempts to measure markings with this surface “non-wetting” or “beading” of the water may give higher values.) The retroreflectivity, RL, of pavement (road) markings degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers. For example see Specification D6359 for dry retroreflectivity requirements. For a given viewing distance, measurements of RL made with a retroreflectometer having a geometry corresponding to that viewing distance are a good indicator of the visual ranking of the material measured. As specified by Test Method E1710, the measurement geometry of the instrument is based on a viewing distance of 30 m, an eye height of 1.2 m and a headlight mounting height of 0.65 m (see Appendix X1). It shall be the responsibility of the user to employ an instrument having the specified observation and entrance angles.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols, using a portable or mobile retroreflectometer that can be placed on or before the road marking to measure the retroreflection at the prescribed geometry. 1.2 This method of measuring the wet retroreflective properties (RL) of pavement markings measures the wet retroreflectivity in a standard condition of wetness (see Fig. 1). 1.2.1 Discussion151;This test condition typically exists (1) after a rainfall has ended and the pavement markings are still wet or (2) as the markings are wet from dew or humidity. 1.3 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in conditions of wetness does not necessarily relate to how markings perform in conditions of rain, that is, as markings are being rained upon. Note 18212;Test Method

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance (R_L) of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition of Wetness

ASTM D1075-11 水对压实沥青混合料耐压强度影响的标准试验方法

This test method is useful as an indicator of the susceptibility to moisture of compacted bitumen-aggregate mixtures. Note 18212;The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers measurement of the loss of compressive strength resulting from the action of water on compacted bituminous mixtures containing asphalt cement. A numerical index of reduced compressive strength is obtained by comparing the compressive strength of freshly molded and cured specimens with the compressive strength of duplicate specimens that have been immersed in water under prescribed conditions. 1.2 Units8212;The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Effect of Water on Compressive Strength of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures

ASTM D1461-11 沥青铺砌混合料中水份或挥发性馏份含量的标准试验方法

This test method is used for determining either the amount of moisture or the amount of volatile petroleum distillates in bituminous paving mixtures.1.1 This test method covers the determination, by direct measurement, of moisture or volatile fractions of the bitumen in bituminous paving mixtures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates in Bituminous Paving Mixtures

ASTM D7741/D7741M-11e1 用手持旋转粘度计测定沥青.橡胶或其他沥青表观粘度的标准试验方法

This test is primarily used for field production control of Asphalt-Rubber (A-R) and other high viscosity binders; however the test can also be used in a laboratory setting. A hand held rotational viscometer is used to measure the apparent viscosity of a completed blend of A-R or high viscosity binder. A rotor (spindle), turning at constant speed, is inserted in the liquid binder to be measured. The resistance to movement of the spindle (torque) caused by the viscosity of the surrounding liquid is measured using a special mechanism to obtain direct readings in Pa·s or cP. Note 18212;Spindle generally made of stainless steel, although another metal such as brass could be used. The measured apparent viscosity is used to control the production of the A-R or other high viscosity binder, to assess the uniformity of the binder produced or for other related purposes. As the spindle turns in the A-R or other high viscosity binder, it has a tendency to “drill” into the sample (i.e., for A-R, the spindle spins the rubber particles out of the measurement area). Consequently, the apparent viscosity drops to reflect only the liquid phase of the high viscosity binder. Therefore, the peak viscosity measurement value is recorded to reflect the viscosity of the blended material.1.1 The use of high viscosity asphalt binders like Asphalt-Rubber is becoming more common in the United States and worldwide. Specifications such as Specification D6114 note the need for field control of the apparent viscosity and require the use of a field production rotational viscometer. The testing of Asphalt-Rubber Binder for use in Asphalt- Rubber Hot Mix and for Asphalt-Rubber Membrane is necessary to ensure consistent mix properties that will ensure good performance of these materials. Logistics of field applications limits the use of conventional laboratory controls and testing equipment. This test, using a hand held rotational viscometer can be conducted in either the field or laboratory to determine the apparent viscosity of Asphalt-Rubber and other high viscosity binders for field production control and to assess the uniformity of the binder produced or for other related purposes. 1.2 Asphalt-Rubber Binder consists of a blend of paving grade asphalt cement and crumb rubber as described in Specification D6114. Other high viscosity asphalt binders may consist of asphalts modified with polymer or fiber or both. Testing is performed following the specified reaction time, if any, within the production process. Control of the raw materials is separate from the test. 1.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-compliance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt-Rubber or Other Asphalt Binders by Using a Rotational Hand Held Viscometer