A54 热学计量 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2781-11 用热分析测定动力参数方法评估的标准操作规程

The kinetic parameters provided in this standard may be used to evaluate the performance of a standard, apparatus, techniques or software for the determination parameters (such as Test Methods E698, E1641, E2041, or E2070) using thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, and accelerating rate calorimetry (Guide E1981). The results obtained by these approaches may be compared to the values provided by this practice. Note 48212;Not all reference materials are suitable for each measurement technique.1.1 It is the purpose of this Practice to provide kinetic parameters for reference materials used for evaluation of thermal analysis methods, apparatus and software where enthalpy and temperature are measured. This Practice addresses both exothermic and endothermic, nth order and autocatalytic reactions. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 There is no International Organization for Standardization (ISO) equivalent to this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Kinetic Parameters by Thermal Analysis

DB11/T 745-2010 住宅采暖室内空气温度测量方法

本标准规定了住宅采暖室内空气温度测量的测量仪器技术要求、测量条件、测量方法、数据处理及测量记录与报告的相关要求。本标准适用于以温度测量器具在集中供暖住宅室内进行的空气温度测量（包括第三方检测机构进行的室内空气温度测量和日常室内空气温度监测）。

Method for measuring air temperature in residential heating room

JJF 1261.1-2010 用能产品能源效率标识计量检测规则

本规则规定了用能产品能源效率标识计量检测过程的抽样、检测和评价等活动的通用要求和程序。 本规则适用于对用能产品能源效率标识的计量监督检测,委托检测可参考本规则进行。生产和销售用能产品的单位亦可参照本规则进行检测。 接受检测的用能产品应是生产者自检合格的产品,或者是销售者进口、销售的商品。

Rules of Metrology Testing for Energy Efficiency Label of the Energy-using Products

ASTM C518-10 使用热流计测定稳态热传导特性的标准试验方法

This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately. Proper calibration of the heat flow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s) having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Methods C177, or C1114. Note 18212;Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials, thermal conductances, thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens. The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material; be affected by moisture or other conditions; change with time; change with mean temperature and temperature difference; and depend upon the prior thermal history. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions. As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables, such as mean temperature and temperature difference. These dependencies should be measured or the test made at conditions typical of use. Special care shall be taken in the measurement procedure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies, rigidity, or especially high or low resistance to heat flow (see Practice C1045). The use of a heat flow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may yield very unreliable results. If the thermal bridge is present and parallel to the heat flow the results obtained may well have no meaning. Special considerations also are necessary when the measurements are conducted at either high or low temperatures, in ambient pressures above or below atmospheric pressure, or in special ambient gases that are inert or hazardous. The determination of the accuracy of the method for any given test is a function of the apparatus design, of the related instrumentation, and of the type of specimens under test (see Section 11), but this test method is capable of determining thermal transmission properties within ± 2 % of those determined by Test Method C177 when the ambient temperature is near the mean temperature of the test (T (ambient) = T (mean) ± 1°C), and in the range of 10 to 40°C. In all cases the accuracy of the heat flow meter apparatus can never be better than the accuracy of the primary standards used to calibrate the apparatus. When this test method is to be used for certification testing of products, the apparatus shall have the capabilities required in A1.7 and one of the following procedures shall be followed: The apparatus shall have its calibration checked within 24 h before or after a certification test using either secondary transfer standards traceable to, or...........

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

JGJ 173-2009 供热计量技术规程

本规程适用于民用建筑集中供热计量系统的设计、施工、验收和节能改造。

Technical specification for heat metering of district heating system

ASTM E2683-09 使用嵌装温度梯度表测量热通量的标准试验方法

The purpose of this test method is to measure the net heat flux to or from a surface location. For measurement of the radiant energy component the emissivity or absorptivity of the surface coating of the gage is required. When measuring the convective energy component the potential physical and thermal disruptions of the surface must be minimized and characterized. Requisite is to consider how the presence of the gage alters the surface heat flux. The desired quantity is usually the heat flux at the surface location without the presence of the gage. Temperature limitations are determined by the gage material properties, the method of mounting the sensing element, and how the lead wires are attached. The range of heat flux that can be measured and the time response are limited by the gage design and construction details. Measurements of a fraction of 1 kW/m2 to above 10 MW/m2 are easily obtained with current gages. With thin film sensors a time response of less than 10 μs is possible, while thicker sensors may have response times on the order of 1 s. It is important to choose the gage style and characteristics to match the range and time response of the required application. When differential thermocouple sensors are operated as specified for one-dimensional heat flux and within the corresponding time response limitations, the voltage output is directly proportional to the heat flux. The sensitivity, however, may be a function of the gage temperature. The measured heat flux is based on one-dimensional analysis with a uniform heat flux over the surface of the gage. Measurements of convective heat flux are particularly sensitive to disturbances of the temperature of the surface. Because the heat-transfer coefficient is also affected by any non-uniformities in the surface temperature, the effect of a small temperature change with location is further amplified as explained by Moffat et al. (2) and Diller (3). Moreover, the smaller the gage surface area, the larger is the effect on the heat transfer coefficient of any surface temperature non-uniformity. Therefore, surface temperature disruptions caused by the gage should be kept much smaller than the surface to environment temperature difference driving the heat flux. This necessitates a good thermal path between the sensor and the surface into which it is mounted. If the gage is not water cooled, a good thermal pathway to the system’s heat sink is important. The gage should have an effective thermal conductivity as great or greater than the surrounding material. It should also have good physical contact insured by a tight fit in the hole and a method to tighten the gage into the surface. An example method used to tighten the gage to the surface material is illustrated in Fig. 2. The gage housing has a flange and a separate tightening nut tapped into the surface material. If the gage is water cooled, the thermal pathway to the plate is less important. The heat transfer to the gage enters the water as the heat sink instead of the surrounding plate. Consequently, the thermal resistance between the gage and plate may even be increased to discourage heat transfer from the plate to the cooling water. Unfortunately, this may also increase the thermal mismatch between the gage and surrounding surface. Fig. 2 shows a heat flux gage mounted into a plate with the surface temperature of the gage of Ts and the surface temperature of the surrounding plate of Tp. As previously discussed, a difference in temperature between the gage and plate may also increase the local heat transfer coefficient over the gage. This amplifies the measurement error. Consequently, a well designed heat flux gage will keep the temperature difference ........

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages

ASTM E2684-09 使用安装于表面的单维扁平式量表测量热通量的标准试验办法

This test method will provide guidance for the measurement of the net heat flux to or from a surface location. To determine the radiant energy component the emissivity or absorptivity of the gage surface coating is required and should be matched with the surrounding surface. The potential physical and thermal disruptions of the surface due to the presence of the gage should be minimized and characterized. For the case of convection and low source temperature radiation to or from the surface it is important to consider how the presence of the gage alters the surface heat flux. The desired quantity is usually the heat flux at the surface location without the presence of the gage. Temperature limitations are determined by the gage material properties and the method of application to the surface. The range of heat flux that can be measured and the time response are limited by the gage design and construction details. Measurements from 10 W/m2 to above 100 kW/m2 are easily obtained with current sensors. Time constants as low as 10 ms are possible, while thicker sensors may have response times greater than 1 s. It is important to choose the sensor style and characteristics to match the range and time response of the required application. The measured heat flux is based on one-dimensional analysis with a uniform heat flux over the surface of the gage surface. Because of the thermal disruption caused by the placement of the gage on the surface, this may not be true. Wesley (3) and Baba et al. (4) have analyzed the effect of the gage on the thermal field and heat transfer within the surface substrate and determined that the one-dimensional assumption is valid when: where: ks= the thermal conductivity of the substrate material, R= the effective radius of the gage, δ= the combined thickness, and k= the effective thermal conductivity of the gage and adhesive layers. Measurements of convective heat flux are particularly sensitive to disturbances of the temperature of the surface. Because the heat transfer coefficient is also affected by any non-uniformities of the surface temperature, the effect of a small temperature change with location is further amplified, as explained by Moffat et al. (2) and Diller (5). Moreover, the smaller the gage surface area, the larger is the effect on the heat-transfer coefficient of any surface temperature non-uniformity. Therefore, surface temperature disruptions caused by the gage should be kept much smaller than the surface to environment temperature difference causing the heat flux. This necessitates a good thermal path between the gage and the surface onto which it is mounted. Fig. 2 shows a heat-flux gage mounted onto a plate with the surface temperature of the gage of Ts and the surface temperature of the surrounding plate of Tp. The goal is to keep the gage surface temperature as close as possbible to the plate temperature to minimize the thermal disruption of the gage. This requires the thermal resistance of the gage and adhesive to be minimized along the t.......

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Surface-Mounted One-Dimensional Flat Gages

ASTM E341-08 用能量平衡法测量等离子体电弧气体焓的标准实施规程

The purpose of this practice is to measure the total or stagnation gas enthalpy of a plasma-arc gas stream in which nonreactive gases are heated by passage through an electrical discharge device during calibration tests of the system. The plasma arc represents one heat source for determining the performance of high temperature materials under simulated hyperthermal conditions. As such the total or stagnation enthalpy is one of the important parameters for correlating the behavior of ablation materials. The most direct method for obtaining a measure of total enthalpy, and one which can be performed simultaneously with each material test, if desired, is to perform an energy balance on the arc chamber. In addition, in making the energy balance, accurate measurements are needed since the efficiencies of some plasma generators are low (as low as 15 to 20 % or less in which case the enthalpy depends upon the difference of two quantities of nearly equal magnitude). Therefore, the accuracy of the measurements of the primary variables must be high, all energy losses must be correctly taken into account, and steady-state conditions must exist both in plasma performance and fluid flow. In particular it is noted that total enthalpy as determined by the energy balance technique is most useful if the plasma generator design minimizes coring effects. If nonuniformity exists the enthalpy determined by energy balance gives only the average for the entire plasma stream, whereas the local enthalpy experienced by a model in the core of the stream may be much higher. More precise methods are needed to measure local variations in total enthalpy.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of total gas enthalpy of an electric-arc-heated gas stream by means of an overall system energy balance. This is sometimes referred to as a bulk enthalpy and represents an average energy content of the test stream which may differ from local values in the test stream. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Measuring Plasma Arc Gas Enthalpy by Energy Balance

ASTM E598-08 用瞬变零点量热器测量高能环境的超级传热速率的标准试验方法

The purpose of this test method is to measure extremely high heat-transfer rates to a body immersed in either a static environment or in a high velocity fluid stream. This is usually accomplished while preserving the structural integrity of the measurement device for multiple exposures during the measurement period. Heat-transfer rates ranging up to 2.84 × 102 MW/m2 (2.5 × 104 Btu/ft2-sec) (7) have been measured using null-point calorimeters. Use of copper null-point calorimeters provides a measuring system with good response time and maximum run time to sensor burnout (or ablation). Null-point calorimeters are normally made with sensor body diameters of 2.36 mm (0.093 in.) press-fitted into the nose of an axisymmetric model. Sources of error involving the null-point calorimeter in high heat-flux measurement applications are extensively discussed in Refs (3-7). In particular, it has been shown both analytically and experimentally that the thickness of the copper above the null-point cavity is critical. If the thickness is too great, the time response of the instrument will not be fast enough to pick up important flow characteristics. On the other hand, if the thickness is too small, the null-point calorimeter will indicate significantly larger (and time dependent) values than the input or incident heat flux. Therefore, all null-point calorimeters should be experimentally checked for proper time response and calibration before they are used. Although a calibration apparatus is not very difficult or expensive to fabricate, there is only one known system presently in existence (6 and 7). The design of null-point calorimeters can be accomplished from the data in this documentation. However, fabrication of these sensors is a difficult task. Since there is not presently a significant market for null-point calorimeters, commercial sources of these sensors are few. Fabrication details are generally regarded as proprietary information. Some users have developed methods to fabricate their own sensors (7). It is generally recommended that the customer should request the supplier to provide both transient experimental time response and calibration data with each null-point calorimeter. Otherwise, the end user cannot assume the sensor will give accurate results. Interpretation of results from null-point calorimeters will, in general, be the same as for other heat-flux sensors operating on the semi-infinite solid principle such as coaxial surface thermocouples and platinum thin-film gages. That is, the effects of surface chemical reactions, gradients in the local flow and energy fields, thermal radiation, and model alignment relative to the flow field vector will produce the same qualitative results as would be experienced with other types of heat flux sensors. In addition, signal conditioning and data processing can significantly influence the interpretation of null-point calorimeter data.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the heat-transfer rate or the heat flux to the surface of a solid body (test sample) using the measured transient temperature rise of a thermocouple located at the null point of a calorimeter that is installed in the body and is configured to simulate a semi-infinite solid. By definition the null point is a unique position on the axial centerline of a disturbed body which experiences the same transient temperature history as that on the surface of a solid body in the absence of the physical disturbance (hole) for the same heat-flux input. 1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in both flowing and static environme......

Standard Test Method for Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter

ASTM E457-08 用热容量(芯棒)热量计测量传热速率的标准试验方法

The purpose of this test method is to measure the rate of thermal energy per unit area transferred into a known piece of material (slug) for purposes of calibrating the thermal environment into which test specimens are placed for evaluation. The calorimeter and holder size and shape should be identical to that of the test specimen. In this manner, the measured heat transfer rate to the calorimeter can be related to that experienced by the test specimen. The slug calorimeter is one of many calorimeter concepts used to measure heat transfer rate. This type of calorimeter is simple to fabricate, inexpensive, and readily installed since it is not water-cooled. The primary disadvantages are its short lifetime and relatively long cool-down time after exposure to the thermal environment. In measuring the heat transfer rate to the calorimeter, accurate measurement of the rate of rise in back-face temperature is imperative. In the evaluation of high-temperature materials, slug calorimeters are used to measure the heat transfer rate on various parts of the instrumented models, since heat transfer rate is one of the important parameters in evaluating the performance of ablative materials. Regardless of the source of thermal energy to the calorimeter (radiative, convective, or a combination thereof) the measurement is averaged over the calorimeter surface. If a significant percentage of the total thermal energy is radiative, consideration should be given to the emissivity of the slug surface. If non-uniformities exist in the input energy, the heat transfer rate calorimeter would tend to average these variations; therefore, the size of the sensing element (that is, the slug) should be limited to small diameters in order to measure local heat transfer rate values. Where large ablative samples are to be tested, it is recommended that a number of calorimeters be incorporated in the body of the test specimen such that a heat transfer rate distribution across the heated surface can be determined. In this manner, more representative heat transfer rate values can be defined for the test specimen and thus enable more meaningful interpretation of the test. The slug selection may be determined using the nomogram as a guide (see Appendix X1).1.1 This test method describes the measurement of heat transfer rate using a thermal capacitance-type calorimeter which assumes one-dimensional heat conduction into a cylindrical piece of material (slug) with known physical properties. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Note 18212;For information see Test Methods E 285, E 422, E 458, E 459, and E 511.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter

ASTM E458-08 烧蚀的热标准试验方法

General8212;The heat of ablation provides a measure of the ability of a material to serve as a heat protection element in a severe thermal environment. The parameter is a function of both the material and the environment to which it is subjected. It is therefore required that laboratory measurements of heat of ablation simulate the service environment as closely as possible. Some of the parameters affecting the heat of ablation are pressure, gas composition, heat transfer rate, mode of heat transfer, and gas enthalpy. As laboratory duplication of all parameters is usually difficult, the user of the data should consider the differences between the service and the test environments. Screening tests of various materials under simulated use conditions may be quite valuable even if all the service environmental parameters are not available. These tests are useful in material selection studies, materials development work, and many other areas. Steady-State Conditions8212;The nature of the definition of heat of ablation requires steady-state conditions. Variances from steady-state may be required in certain circumstances; however, it must be realized that transient phenomena make the values obtained functions of the test duration and therefore make material comparisons difficult. Temperature Requirements8212;In a steady-state condition, the temperature propagation into the material will move at the same velocity as the gas-ablation surface interface. A constant distance is maintained between the ablation surface and the isotherm representing the temperature front. Under steady-state ablation the mass loss and length change are linearly related. where: t= test time, s, ρo= virgin material density, kg/m3, δL= change in length or ablation depth, m, ρc= char density, kg/m3, and δc= char depth, m.This relationship may be used to verify the existence of steady-state ablation in the tests of charring ablators. Exposure Time Requirements8212;The exposure time required to achieve steady-state may be determined experimentally by the use of multiple models by plotting the total mass loss as a function of the exposure time. The point at which the curve departs significantly from linearity is the minimum exposure time required for steady-state ablation to be established. Cases exist, however, in the area of very high heating rates and high shear where this type of test for steady-state may not be possible. 1.1 This test method covers determination of the heat of ablation of materials subjected to thermal environments requiring the use of ablation as an energy dissipation process. Three concepts of the parameter are described and defined: cold wall, effective, and thermochemical heat of ab......

Standard Test Method for Heat of Ablation

ASTM E2070-08 用等温法的差示扫描量热法测定动力系数的标准试验

This test method is useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance and specification acceptance purposes. The determination of the order of a chemical reaction or transformation at specific temperatures or time conditions is beyond the scope of this test method. The activation energy results obtained by this method may be compared with those obtained from Test Method E 698 for nth order and autocatalytic reactions. Activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order results by this method may be compared to those for Test Method E 2041 for nth order reactions.1.1 Test Method A determines kinetic parameters for activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order using differential scanning calorimetry from a series of isothermal experiments over a small (8764; 10 K) temperature range. This treatment is applicable to low nth order reactions and to autocatalyzed reactions such as thermoset curing or pyrotechnic reactions and crystallization transformations in the temperature range from 300 to 900 K (30 to 630 °C). This test method is applicable only to these types of exothermic reactions when the thermal curves do not exhibit shoulders, discontinuities or shifts in baseline. 1.2 Test Method B also determines the activation energy of a set of time-to-event and isothermal temperature data generated by this or other procedures. 1.3 Test Method C determines the activation energy and initial heat flow from a series of isothermal experiments over a small temperature range. Because this approach only determines kinetic parameter of activation energy, no knowledge of the kinetic model is required. Therefore it is considered to be “model free”. This approach is broadly applicable to a variety of complicated reactions including those not well understood. 1.4 SI units are the standard. 1.5 This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357, Part 5, and provides more information than the ISO standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods

JJG 484-2007 直流测温电桥检定规程

本规程适用于 0.01 级～0.05 级直流电阻型（史密斯）测温电桥（以下简称测温电桥）的首次检定、后续检定和使用中检验。 本规程不适用于数字测温电桥、直流比较仪测温电桥及其他特殊用途的测温电桥的检定。

D.C.Bridges for Measuring Temperature

JJG 160-2007 标准铂电阻温度计检定规程

本规程适用于-189.3442℃～660.323℃（或各分温区）工作基准、一等和二等标准铂电阻温度计的首次检定和后续检定。

Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer

JJG 874-2007 温度指示控制仪检定规程

本规程适用于测量范围在（-50～+300）℃采用测温热敏电阻或其他半导体类测温传感器的指针式和数字式温度指示仪、温度指示控制仪和温度控制仪（以下简称温控仪）的首次检定、后续检定和使用中的检验。

Verification Regulation of Temperature Indication Controller

JJG 833-2007 标准组铂铑10-铂热电偶检定规程

本规程适用于标准组铂铑10-铂热电偶（以下简称标准组热电偶）的首次检定和后续检定。

Verification Regulation of Standard Group Platinum - 10% Rhodium/Platinum Thermocouples

ASTM C1130-07 微型热流量传感器校正的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice, in conjunction with Test Method C 177, C 518, C 1114, or C 1363, establishes an experimental procedure for determining the sensitivity of heat flux transducers that are relatively thin.1.1.1 For the purpose of this standard, the thickness of the heat flux transducer shall be less than 30 % of the narrowest planar dimension of the heat flux transducer.1.2 This practice discusses a method for determining the sensitivity of a heat flux transducer to one-dimensional heat flow normal to the surface and for determining the sensitivity of a heat flux transducer for an installed application.1.3 This practice should be used in conjunction with Practice C 1046 when performing in-situ measurements of heat flux on opaque building components.1.4 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity of heat flux transducers that are components of heat flow meter apparatus, as in Test Method C 518.1.5 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity of heat flux transducers used for in-situ industrial applications that are covered in Practice C 1041.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Calibrating Thin Heat Flux Transducers

ASTM E2550-07 热重分析法测定热稳定性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the assessment of material thermal stability through the determination of the temperature at which the materials start to decompose or react and the extent of the mass change using thermogravimetry. The test method uses minimum quantities of material and is applicable over the temperature range from ambient to 800176;C.1.2 The absence of reaction or decomposition is used as an indication of thermal stability in this test method under the experimental conditions used.1.3 This test method may be performed on solids or liquids, which do not sublime or vaporize in the temperature range of interest.1.4 This test method shall not be used by itself to establish a safe operating or storage temperature. It may be used in conjunction with other test methods (for example, E 487, E 537 and E 1981) as part of a hazard analysis of a material.1.5 This test method is normally applicable to reaction or decomposition occurring in the range from room temperature to 800 176;C. The temperature range may be extended depending on the instrumentation used.1.6 This test method may be performed in an inert, a reactive or self-generated atmosphere.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry

CSA C900.5-06-2006 量热计.第5部分:初次鉴定试验.第1版

This Standard specifies energy performance requirements for self-contained drinking-water coolers having an hourly rated capacity of up to 20 mL/s (20 US gal/h). Included are (a) uniform procedures for measuring capacity and energy consumption; and (b)

Heat meters Part 5: Initial verification tests First Edition

CSA C900.6-06-2006 量热计.第6部分:安装、试运行,操作监控和维护.第1版

Heat meters Part 6: Installation, commissioning, operational monitoring and maintenance First Edition

Heat meters Part 6: Installation, commissioning, operational monitoring and maintenance First Edition