P22 地基、基础工程 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6282/D6282M-14 环境位点特性分析用直推土壤采样的标准指南

5.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling is used extensively in environmental site characterization of soils below ground surface and can also be used for subsurface geotechnical site characterization (3, 7, 8, 9-12, 13). Limited early studies have been done using Direct Push Soil Sampling for environmental investigations (14, 15, 16). These methods are preferred for environmental site characterization over rotary drilling sampling methods (D6169, D6286) because they are minimally intrusive (less disruptive to the soil column) and they do not generate soil cuttings which could be contaminated and require characterization and safe disposal. Direct Push soil samplers are grouped into two categories; Single Tube and Dual (Double) Tube systems. 5.1.1 Dual Tube Systems—Dual tube soil sampling systems are preferred for use because the bore hole is protected and sealed by the outer casing during operations. However, in some conditions when sampling below the groundwater, a sealed single tube sampler (5.1.2) must to be used to avoid sample cross contamination. Figure 1 shows how a Double Tube system is used. The outer tube stays in place to protect and seal the borehole and prevents potential cross contamination of the boring and the soil sample. Dual tube systems allow for rapid continuous sampling both above and below the water table. When sampling is not required, a sealed inner drive point can be locked in for driving through zones not targeted for sampling or through obstructions or difficult to sample formations. 5.1.1.1 Dual tube systems facilitate deployment of other testing and sampling systems (Test Method D1586 and Practice D1587) and sensors, groundwater sampling (D6001), water testing (D7242), and even monitoring well installations (D6724, D6725). Well installations may require use of specially designed expendable tips that facilitate well construction. 5.1.1.2 In larger Dual Tube systems with inside diameters of at least 75 mm the Standard Penetration Test (D1586) is often conducted in the bottom of the boring. Reliable SPT N values can be obtained in most soil formations that are not disturbed by the driving of the casing. Cohesionless sands and very soft clays may be disturbed during advancement of the Dual System to the test depth and should be evaluated or flagged if suspect. Reliable N values may not be obtained if there is evidence of heave or borehole instability from the base of the borehole to the inside the casing. 5.1...........

Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations

ASTM D4220/D4220M-14 土壤试样保存与运输的标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover procedures for preserving soil samples immediately after they are obtained in the field and accompanying procedures for transporting and handling the samples.1.2 Limitations桾hese practices are not intended to address all requirements applicable to transporting of soil samples known or suspected to contain hazardous materials.1.3 Units桾he values stated in either SI units or inchpound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project抯 many unique aspects. The word 揝tandard?in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples

ASTM D5321/D5321M-14 采用直接剪力法测定土壤与土工合成物或土工合成物之间抗剪强度的标准试验方法

5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance of the soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user. 5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1. 5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Note 2 and Note 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.Note 2—In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this test method.Note 3—Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions. 5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear between a geosynthetic and a supporting material (substratum) or a geosynthetic and an overlying material (superstratum). The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling and interlocking of material components. 5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and geosynthetic used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the geosynthetic in place, rate of shear displacement, and other factors. Every effort should be made to identify, as closely as practicable, the sheared area and failure mode of the specimen. Care should be taken, including close visual inspection of the specimen after testing, to ensure that the testing conditions are representative of those being investigated. 5.2.4 Information on precision among laboratories is incomplete. In cases of dispute, comparative tests to determine whether a statistical bias exists among laboratories may be advisable. 5.3 The test results can be used in the design of geosynthetic applications including, but not limited to, the design of liners and caps for landfills, mining heap leach pads, tailings impoundments, cutoffs for dams and other hydraulic barriers, geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls, embankments, and base courses; in applications in which the geosynthetic is placed on a slope; for determination of geosynthetic overlap requirements; or in other applications in which sliding may occur between soil and a geosynthetic or between two geosynthetic materials. 5.4 The displacement at which peak strength and post-peak strength occurs and the shape of the shear stress versus shear displace......

Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear

ASTM D854-14 用水密度瓶法测定土壤固体比重的标准试验方法

4.1 The specific gravity of a soil solids is used in calculating the phase relationships of soils, such as void ratio and degree of saturation. 4.1.1 The specific gravity of soil solids is used to calculate the density of the soil solids. This is done by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water (at proper temperature). 4.2 The term soil solids is typically assumed to mean naturally occurring mineral particles or soil like particles that are not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soil solids containing extraneous matter, such as cement, lime, and the like, water-soluble matter, such as sodium chloride, and soils containing matter with a specific gravity less than one, typically require special treatment (see Note 1) or a qualified definition of their specific gravity. 4.3 The balances, pycnometer sizes, and specimen masses are established to obtain test results with three significant digits.Note 2—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, by means of a water pycnometer. When the soil contains particles larger than the 4.75-mm sieve, Test Method C127 shall be used for the soil solids retained on the 4.75-mm sieve and these test methods shall be used for the soil solids passing the 4.75-mm sieve. 1.1.1 Soil solids for these test methods do not include solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with a substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic soil solids, such as fibrous matter which floats in water.Note 1—The use of Test Method D5550 may be used to determine the specific gravity of soil solids having solids which readily dissolve in water or float in water, or where it is impracticable to use water. 1.2 Two methods for performing the specific gravity are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority, except when testing the types of soils listed in 1.2.1 1.2.1 Method A—Procedure for Moist Specimens, described in 9.2. This procedure is the preferred method. For organic soils; highly plastic, fine grained soils; tropical soils; and soils containing halloysite, Method A shall be used. 1.2.2 Method B—Procedure for Oven-Dry Specimens, described in 9.3. 1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer

ASTM D4373-14 快速测定土壤中碳酸钙含量的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used to determine the presence and quantity of carbonate in a soil specimen in terms of the calcite equivalent. The method is generally intended for use as an index of approximate carbonate content to assist with characterizing marine soils. Other test methods exist (such as Method C25 and Test Method D3042) to evaluate calcium carbonate equivalency for purposes of characterizing use of calcareous materials as soil modifiers or agricultural lining materials. 5.1.1 Calcium carbonates (CaCO3) are known cementing agents, are water soluble at pH lt; 7, and are soft on the Mohs' scale compared to other soil minerals. 5.2 This test method has limitations as follows: 5.2.1 If low carbonate contents (calcite equivalents) are measured, the user does not know whether the soil is low in carbonate content or contains cerrusite, witherite, and the like, which are carbonate species whose reactions with hydrochloric acid are either very slow or limited. 5.2.2 Testing times may be extensive (longer than 1 hour) for some carbonate species (such as dolomite) if calcite equivalents within about 18201;% are required. 5.2.3 The effects of specimen grain size, duration of testing, pH and specimen mass are discussed in the literature.3Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbonate content of soils and soft rock which can be readily broken down by mechanical effort. It is a gasometric method that uses a simple portable apparatus. Results should be clearly stated as the calcite equivalent in percent because different carbonate species cover a wide range of percent calcite equivalent as shown below for a number of carbonates: Species Cation Calcite Equivalent, % Magnesite Mg 117.0 Dolomite Ca, Mg

Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Carbonate Content of Soils

GOST 32961-2014 一般用途汽车道路. 路缘石块体. 技术要求

Automobile roads of general use. Kerb units. Technical requirements

BS 8601:2013 地基规范和使用要求

This British Standard specifies requirements for the classification, composition and use of subsoils that are moved or traded for creating soil profiles intended to support plant growth. The standard is not applicable to topsoil, or to subsoil that is to remain in situ. It is not intended to preclude the use of subsoil that is already on site and suitable for its intended purpose. This standard specifies requirements for multipurpose subsoil, which is fit for the majority of needs, and also specific purpose subsoils that are acidic or calcareous, for specialist use where acidic or calcareous soil profiles are required. It also specifies requirements for sampling and analysis of subsoil.

Specification for subsoil and requirements for use

NF P94-400-1/A1:2013 土工学调查和试验.土壤的识别和分类.第1部分:鉴别和描述.修改件1

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: identification and description - Amendment 1

DIN EN 16416:2013 土工合成粘土阻挡层 水通量指数的测定 常定水头柔性壁渗透仪法 德文版本EN 16416-2013

Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head; German version EN 16416:2013

DIN EN ISO 14688-1:2013 土工学调查和试验.土壤的识识别与分类.第1部分:识别和描述(ISO 14688-1-2002+Amd 1-2013).德文版本EN ISO 14688-1-2002+A1-2013

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002 + Amd 1:2013); German version EN ISO 14688-1:2002 + A1:2013

DIN EN ISO 14688-2:2013 土工学调查和试验.土壤的识别和分类.第2部分:分类原则(ISO 14688-2-2004+Amd 1-2013).德文版本EN ISO 14688-2-2004+A1-2013

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 2: Principles for a classification (ISO 14688-2:2004 + Amd 1:2013); German version EN ISO 14688-2:2004 + A1:2013

NF G38-173:2013 土工合成物隔层. 液体废弃物处置场所, 转运站或外层安全层建设使用所需特性

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of liquid waste disposal sites, transfer stations or secondary containment

NF G38-176:2013 土工合成物隔层. 固体废弃物存放和处置场所建设使用所需特性

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of solid waste storage and disposal sites

NF G38-178:2013 土工合成物隔层. 交通基础设施使用所需特性

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in transportation infrastructure

NF G38-172:2013 土工合成阻挡层.用作隧道和地下结构的流体阻挡层的特征要求

Geosynthetic Barriers - Characteristics required for use as a fluid barrier in the construction of tunnels and associated underground structures

NF G38-175:2013 土工合成阻挡层.在运河施工中使用要求的特性

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals

NF G38-174:2013 土工合成物隔层. 水库和水坝建设使用所需特性

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of reservoirs and dams

NF G38-165*NF EN 16416:2013 土工合成粘土隔层. 水通量指数的测定. 常定水头柔性壁渗透仪法

Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head

DIN EN 13493:2013 土工合成阻挡层.固体废弃物存储和处理场所的施工中使用的阻挡层所要求的特征.德文版本EN 13493-2013

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of solid waste storage and disposal sites; German version EN 13493:2013

DIN EN 13362:2013 土工合成阻挡层.运河建造中用要求的特性.德文版本EN 13362-2013

Geosynthetic barriers - Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals; German version EN 13362:2013