Z12 液体介质与植物、动物、人体器官采样方法 标准查询与下载

NF T90-511-1:2007 水质.取样.第1部分:取样程序和取样设备的设计指南

Water quality - Sampling - Part 1 : guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques.

ASTM D1498-07 水的氧化还原电势的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared, the theoretical interpretation of the oxidation-reduction potential, or the establishment of a standard oxidation-reduction potential for any given system. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water

ASTM D3370-07 从封闭式管道中提取水样的标准实施规程

1.1 These practices cover the equipment and methods for sampling water from closed conduits such as process streams at power stations for chemical, physical, microbiological, and radiological analyses. It does not cover specialized equipment required for and unique to a specific test or method of analysis. The following are included: SectionsPractice A-Grab Samples9 to 17Practice B-Composite Samples18 to 23Practice C-Continual Sampling24 to 291.2 For information on specialized sampling equipment, tests or methods of analysis, reference should be made to volumes 11.01 and 11.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, relating to water.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 8.3 and 13.4.

Standard Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits

ASTM D5464-07 低传导率水pH值测量的标准试验方法

pH measurement of low conductivity water is frequently applied to power plant water and condensed steam samples for corrosion and scale prevention. It is sometimes used in pure water treatment systems between multiple pass membranes to optimize performance. High purity water is highly unbuffered and small amounts of contamination can change the pH significantly. Specifically, high purity water rapidly absorbs CO2 gas from the atmosphere, which lowers the pH of the sample. The sample container and accompanying pH measurement technique minimize exposure of the high purity water sample to the atmosphere. The high purity water sample may contain volatile trace components that will dissipate from the sample if exposed to the atmosphere. The sample container used in this test method will prevent these losses. High purity water has a significant solution temperature coefficient. For greatest accuracy the sample to be measured should be close to the temperature of the sample stream and appropriate compensation should be applied. When the preferred Test Method D 5128, which requires a real-time, flowing sample, cannot be utilized for practical reasons such as physical plant layout, unacceptable loss of water, location of on-line equipment sample points, or availability of dedicated test equipment, this method offers a viable alternative. The most significant difference between the two test methods is that Test Method D 5128 obtains a real-time pH measurement from a flowing sample and this method obtains a time delayed pH measurement from a static grab sample. pH measurements of low conductivity water are always subject to interferences (7.1-7.5) and Test Method D 5128 is more effective in eliminating these interferences especially with regard to contamination. This static grab sample method is more prone to contamination and temperature-induced errors because of the time lag between the sampling in the plant and sample pH reading which is taken in the laboratory.1.1 This test method is applicable to determine the pH of water samples with a conductivity of 2 to 100 181 S/cm over the pH range of 3 to 11. pH measurements of water of low conductivity are problematic. Specifically, this test method avoids contamination of the sample with atmospheric gases and prevents volatile components of the sample from escaping. This test method provides for pH electrodes and apparatus that address additional considerations discussed in . This test method also minimizes problems associated with the sample''s pH temperature coefficient when the operator uses this test method to calibrate an on-line pH monitor or controller (see Appendix X1).1.2 This test method covers the measurement of pH in water of low conductivity with a lower limit of 2.0 181S/cm, utilizing a static grab-sample procedure where it is not practicable to take a real-time flowing sample.Note 1Test Method D 5128 for on-line measurement is preferred over this method whenever possible. Test Method D 5128 is not subject to the limited conductivity range, temperature interferences, potential KCl contamination, and time limitations found with this method.1.3 For on-line measurements in water with conductivity of 100 181S/cm and higher, see Test Method D 6569.1.4 For laboratory measurements in water with conductivity of 100 181S/cm and higher, see Test Method D 1193.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for pH Measurement of Water of Low Conductivity

ASTM E2591-07 用两栖动物进行整体沉积物毒性试验的标准指南

While federal criteria and state standards exist that define acute and chronic “safe” levels in the water column, effects levels in the sediment are poorly defined and may be dependent upon numerous modifying factors. Even where USEPA recommended Water Quality Criteria (WQC, (35)) are not exceeded by water-borne concentrations, organisms that live in or near the sediment may still be adversely affected (36). Therefore, simply measuring the concentration of a chemical in the sediment or in the water is often insufficient to evaluate its actual environmental toxicity. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be much higher than concentrations in overlying water; this is especially true of hydrophobic organic compounds as well as inorganic ions that have a strong affinity for organic ligands and negatively-charged surfaces. Higher chemical concentrations in sediment do not, however, always translate to greater toxicity or bioaccumulation (37), although research also suggests that amending sediment with organic matter actually increases the bioaccumulation of contaminant particles (38, 39). Other factors that can potentially influence sediment bioaccumulation and toxicity include pH mineralogical composition, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and grain size (40, 41). Laboratory toxicity tests provide a direct and effective way to evaluate the effects of sediment contamination on environmental receptors while providing empirical consideration of all of the physical, chemical and biological parameters that may influence toxicity. Amphibians are often a major ecosystem component of wetlands around the world, however limited data are available regarding the effects of sediment-bound contaminants to amphibians (30-32, 41-43). Laboratory studies such as the procedure described in this standard are one means of directly assessing sediment toxicity to amphibians in order to evaluate potential ecological risks in wetlands. Results from sediment testing with this procedure may be useful in developing chemical-specific sediment screening values for amphibians. Sediment toxicity test can be used to demonstrate the reaction of test organisms to the specific combination of physical and chemical characteristics in an environmental medium. The bioavailability of chemicals is dependent on a number of factors, which are both site-specific and medium-specific. Although many of these factors can be estimated using equilibrium partitioning techniques, it is difficult to account for all the physical and chemical properties which could potentially affect bioavailability. Sediment toxicity tests may be particularly applicable to evaluating hydrophobic compounds which may not readily partition into the water column. See Table 1 for a summary of advantages and disadvantages associated with sediment toxicity tests. TABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages for Use of Sediment Tests (Modified from Test Method E 1706) Advantages Measure bioavailable fraction of contaminant(s). Provide a direct measure of effects on sediment-associated receptors (benthos, larval amphibians), assuming no field adaptation or amelioration of effects. Limited special equipment is required. Methods are rapid and inexpensive. Legal and scientific precedence exist for use; USEPA and ASTM standard methods and guides are avai........

Standard Guide for Conducting Whole Sediment Toxicity Tests with Amphibians

ASTM D3866-07 水中银含量的标准测试方法

The principal adverse effect of silver in the body is cosmetic. It causes argyria, a permanent, blue-gray discoloration of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Relatively small quantities of silver are bactericidal or bacteriostatic and find limited use in both disinfection of swimming pool waters and point-of-use water filters.1.1 These test methods cover the atomic absorption determination of silver in water. Three test methods are given as follows:ConcentrationRange SectionsTest Method A-Atomic Absorp-tion-Chelation-Extraction 1 to 10 g/L7 to 15Test Method B-Atomic Absorp-tion-Direct0.1 to 10 mg/L16 to 24Test Method C-Atomic Absorp-tion-Graphite Furnace 1 to 25 g/L25 to 33 Similar to that in Brown, E., Skougstad, M. W., and Fishman, M. J., "Methods for Collection and Analysis of Water Samples for Dissolved Minerals and Gases," Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A1, 1970, p. 46.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3, Note 5, Note 9, and Note 13.

Standard Test Methods for Silver in Water

ASTM D6759-07 用抓斗采样器和离散深度采样器对液体取样的标准实施规程

Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may be needed to confirm or rule out variations within a target population. This practice describes the design and operation of commercially available grab and discrete depth samplers for persons responsible for designing or implementing sampling programs, or both. These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids in tanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water. Some may be used from the edge or bank of the sampling site, whereas some can only be used from a platform, boat, or bridge over the sampling site. Some of the devices described are suitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueous and other liquids with few or no suspended solids. Practice D 5743 provides guidance for sampling drums, tanks, or similar containers. This practice does not address general guidelines for planning waste sampling activities (Guide D 4687), development of data quality objectives (Practice D 5792), the design of monitoring systems and determination of the number of samples to collect (Practice D 6311), in situ measurement of parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpretation of resultant data (Guide D 6233), sample preservation, sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D 5612), or the selection of sampling locations or obtaining a representative sample (Guide D 6044).1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and procedures for collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whose upper surface can be accessed by the suitable device. These devices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriately sized and located sampling port.1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages and limitations of the following commonly used equipment, some of which can be used for both grab and discrete depth sampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler, Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler, liquid profiler, lidded sludge/water sampler, peristaltic pump, and the Syringe sampler.1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of these samplers.1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices for collecting ground water.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers

ISO 5667-1:2006 水质.取样.第1部分:取样程序和取样技术的设计指南

programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents and bottom deposits). It does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in the various other parts of ISO 5667. Also, it does not include microbiological sampling, which is covered in ISO 19458 [23].

Water quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques

SANS 5667-5:2006 水质．采样．第5部分：从水处理站和管道分配系统采样饮用水的指南

Establishes principles to be applied to the techniques of sampling water intended for human consumption, where water is drawn from municipal or similar distribution systems (including individual systems) where either prior treatment or quality assessment

Water quality - Sampling Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems

KS I ISO 5667-1:2006 水质.取样.第1部分:取样程序和取样技术的设计指南

이 규격은 수질 관리, 수질 특성 분석과 바닥 침전물과 슬러지를 포함한 물 오염 원인의 규

Water quality－Sampling－Part 1：Guidance on the design of sampling programs

SANS 5667-3:2006 水质．采样．第3部分：水样保存和处理方法指南

Gives general guidelines on the precautions to be taken to preserve and transport all water samples including those for biological analyses but not those intended for microbiological analysis. These guidelines are particularly appropriate when spot or co

Water quality - Sampling Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples

SANS 5667-6:2006 水质．采样．第6部分：由河水和溪水中的采样指南

Sets out the principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and the handling of water samples from rivers and streams for physical, chemical and limited microbiological assessment.

Water quality - Sampling Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams

PAS 61-2006 用无源抽样法测定地表水中最先污染物

This PAS describes a method for the determination of time-weighted average concentrations of priority pollutants in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.

Determination of priority pollutants in surface water using passive sampling

EN 14702-1:2006 淤泥特性.沉降性能.第1部分:可沉降性的测定(淤泥体积率和淤泥体积指数的测定)

This document specifies a method for the determination of the settleability of sludge suspensions. This document is applicable to sludge suspensions from:  storm water handling;  urban wastewater collecting systems;  urban wastewater treatment plants;  treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271 EEC);  water supply treatment plants. This method is also applicable to sludge suspensions from other origin.

Characterization of sludges - Settling properties - Part 1: Determination of settleability (Determination of the proportion of sludge volume and sludge volume index)

PD CEN/TR 15175:2006 淤泥的特性.淤泥的化学和微生物学分析用组织和管理实验室间的试验方法用协议

This Technical Report specifies the requirements for interlaboratory tests to validate chemical and microbiological methods for sludges.

Characterization of sludges - Protocol for organizing and conducting inter-laboratory tests of methods for chemical and microbiological analysis of sludges

ASTM D5739-06 用气相色谱法和正离子电子冲击低分辨率质谱法识别溢油源的标准实施规程

This practice is useful for assessing the source for an oil spill. Other less complex analytical procedures (Test Methods D 3328, D 3414, D 3650, and D 5037) may provide all of the necessary information for ascertaining an oil spill source; however, the use of a more complex analytical strategy may be necessary in certain difficult cases, particularly for significantly weathered oils. This practice provides the user with a means to this end. 4.1.1 This practice presumes that a “screening” of possible suspect sources has already occurred using less intensive techniques. As a result, this practice focuses directly on the generation of data using preselected targeted compound classes. These targets are both petrogenic and pyrogenic and can constitute both major and minor fractions of petroleum oils; they were chosen in order to develop a practice that is universally applicable to petroleum oil identification in general and is also easy to handle and apply. This practice can accommodate light oils and cracked products (exclusive of gasoline) on the one hand, as well as residual oils on the other. 4.1.2 This practice provides analytical characterizations of petroleum oils for comparison purposes. Certain classes of source-specific chemical compounds are targeted in this qualitative comparison; these target compounds are both unique descriptors of an oil and chemically resistant to environmental degradation. Spilled oil can be assessed in this way as being similar or different from potential source samples by the direct visual comparison of specific extracted ion chromatograms (EICs). In addition, other, more weathering-sensitive chemical compound classes can also be examined in order to crudely assess the degree of weathering undergone by an oil spill sample. This practice simply provides a means of making qualitative comparisons between petroleum samples; quantitation of the various chemical components is not addressed.1.1 This practice covers the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze and compare petroleum oil spills and suspected sources.1.2 The probable source for a spill can be ascertained by the examination of certain unique compound classes that also demonstrate the most weathering stability. To a greater or lesser degree, certain chemical classes can be anticipated to chemically alter in proportion to the weathering exposure time and severity, and subsequent analytical changes can be predicted. This practice recommends various classes to be analyzed and also provides a guide to expected weathering-induced analytical changes.1.3 This practice is applicable for moderately to severely degraded petroleum oils in the distillate range from diesel through Bunker C; it is also applicable for all crude oils with comparable distillation ranges. This practice may have limited applicability for some kerosenes, but it is not useful for gasolines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by Gas Chromatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

BS PD CEN/TR 15126:2005 污泥的特性描述.污泥和污泥处理残留物填埋的实施规程

This CEN Technical Report gives one of a series of sludge management options and describes good practice for the disposal of sludges and sludge treatment residues to landfill where national regulations permit. This document is applicable to the sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308, i.e. specifically derived from:  storm water handling;  night soil;  urban wastewater collecting systems;  urban wastewater treatment plants;  treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC);  water supply treatment plants;  water distribution systems; but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.

Characterization of sludges — Good practice for landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues

SANS 10380:2003 植被按比例取样程序

Details methods for sampling or resampling natural vegetation, according to scale, which can be used for sustainable utilization and improved renewable vegetation resource quality.

Procedures for sampling vegetation according to scale

ASTM D5285-03 24小时分批测量土壤和沉积物的挥发性有机物吸附作用的标准试验方法

This test method is intended to allow for a rapid (24-h) index Kd of a geomediarsquo;sorption affinity for given chemicals or leachate constituents. A large number of samples may be analyzed using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based on the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24-h time period is used to make the test convenient as well as to minimize microbial degradation, which may be a problem in longer procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value. The 24-h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd. However, to report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, 22 h) to ensure that solute concentrations in the solution phase have reached a steady state by 24 h.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension, for example, soils, fluvial sediments, sedimentary deposits, or any other accumulations of unconsolidated solid particles (for a companion method, for metal solute, see Test Method D 4319). The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions like those produced by waste extraction tests (for example, Test Method D 3987).1.2 This test method is applicable for screening and providing the relative rankings of a large number of samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate closely the sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings and under flow conditions.1.3 While this test method is intended to be applicable for all soluble organic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as volatilization or degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments

ASTM D5495-03(2007) 混合废液取样器取样标准规程(COLIWASA)

This practice is applicable to sampling liquid wastes and other stratified liquids. The COLIWASA is used to obtain a vertical column of liquid representing an accurate cross-section of the sampled material. To obtain a representative sample of stratified liquids, the COLIWASA should be open at both ends so that material flows through it as it is slowly lowered to the desired sampling depth. The COLIWASA must not be lowered with the stopper in place. Opening the stopper after the tube is submerged will cause material to flow in from the bottom layer only, resulting in gross over-representation of that layer. This practice is to be used by personnel acquiring samples. This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687 which covers sampling plans, safety, QA, preservation, decontamination, labeling and chain-of-custody procedures; Practice D 5088 which covers decontamination of field equipment used at waste sites; Practice D 5283 which covers project specifications and practices for environmental field operations, and Practice D 5743 which covers drum sampling..1.1 This practice describes the procedure for sampling liquids with the composite liquid waste sampler, or "COLIWASA." The COLIWASA is an appropriate device for obtaining a representative sample from stratified or unstratified liquids. Its most common use is for sampling containerized liquids, such as tanks, barrels, and drums. It may also be used for pools and other open bodies of stagnant liquid.Note 18212;A limitation of the COLIWASA is that the stopper mechanism may not allow collection of approximately the bottom inch of material, depending on construction of the stopper.1.2 The COLIWASA should not be used to sample flowing or moving liquids.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling With a Composite Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA)