Z12 液体介质与植物、动物、人体器官采样方法 标准查询与下载

NF T90-353:1995 水质.大型无脊椎动物的深水取样.集群，定性和定量取样器的使用导则

Water quality. Sampling in deep waters for macro-invertebrates. Guidance on the use of colonization, qualitative and quantitative samplers.

ASTM D5091-95(2007) 电渗析/电渗析倒转用水质分析标准指南

The design of an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system is determined by the composition of the feedwater and the desired composition of the product water. The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will provide the necessary information for making design projections of staging and power consumption. The recovery at which an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system can be safely operated is dependent on the composition of the feed solution. The determinations measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a system utilizing a specific feed water. The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will be valuable for determining needed pretreatment for meeting specific product water requirements with the specific feed water.1.1 This guide covers the determinations that should be performed on any given water if processing by electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal is being considered. 1.2 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for wastewaters. 1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all analysis required for a specific application. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal Applications

ASTM D4823-95(2003)e1 浸没的非固结沉积物芯样的取样标准指南

1.1 This guide covers core-sampling terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. 1.2 In this guide, sampling procedures and equipment are divided into the following categories based on water depth: sampling in depths shallower than 0.5 m, sampling in depths between 0.5 m and 10 m, and sampling in depths exceeding 10 m. Each category is divided into two sections: equipment for collecting short cores and equipment for collecting long cores. 1.3 This guide emphasizes general principles. Only in a few instances are step-by-step instructions given. Because core sampling is a field-based operation, methods and equipment must usually be modified to suit local conditions. This modification process requires two essential ingredients:operator skill and judgment. Neither can be replaced by written rules. 1.4 Drawings of samplers are included to show sizes and proportions. These samplers are offered primarily as examples (or generic representations) of equipment that can be purchased commercially or built from plans in technical journals. 1.5 This guide is a brief summary of published scientific articles and engineering reports. These references are listed in this guide. These documents provide operational details that are not given in this guide but are nevertheless essential to the successful planning and completion of core sampling projects. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 1 and 2.

Standard Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated Sediments

ISO 6850:1994 摄影.处理废弃物.利用二甲马钱子碱通过光谱测定法测定硝酸脂

This International Standard specifies a spectrometric method for the determination of nitrates in photographic processing wastes. Pretreatment of the sample is necessary to remove interferences present in photographic processing wastes. This method can be applied to samples containing nitrate in the concentration range 4,4 mg/l to 88 mg/I of nitrate (1 mg/l to 20 mg/l of nitrogen).

Photography - Processing wastes - Determination of nitrate by a spectrometric method using brucine

JIS K 0094:1994 工业用水和工业废水的取样方法

この規格は，工業用水及び工場排水の試料(以下，試料という。)の採取及びこれに伴う作業について規定する。

Sampling methods for industrial water and industrial wastewater

NF X31-008-6:1994 水质.取样.第6部分:在实验室里对需氧微生物技术研究评定用土壤的采集、处理和贮存指南

Soil quality. Sampling. Part 6 : guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory.

ASTM D5530-94(2003) 用Karl Fischer滴定法测定有害废油总水份的标准试验方法

The determination of total moisture is important for assessing the quality of fuels. Water content will affect the heating value of fuels directly and can contribute to instability in the operation of an industrial furnace. Additionally, high water contents can present material handling and storage problems during winter months or in cold environments. 1.1 This test method covers the determination by Karl Fischer (KF) titrimetry of total moisture in solid or liquid hazardous waste fuels used by industrial furnaces.1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of hazardous waste fuel composed of solvents, spent oils, paints, and pigments. The expected range of applicability for this test method is between 1.0 and 100 %; however, this evaluation was limited to samples containing approximately 5 to 50 % water.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Moisture of Hazardous Waste Fuel by Karl Fischer Titrimetry

ASTM D5530-94(2009) 用Karl Fischer滴定法测定有害废油总水份的标准试验方法

The determination of total moisture is important for assessing the quality of fuels. Water content will affect the heating value of fuels directly and can contribute to instability in the operation of an industrial furnace. Additionally, high water contents can present material handling and storage problems during winter months or in cold environments. 1.1 This test method covers the determination by Karl Fischer (KF) titrimetry of total moisture in solid or liquid hazardous waste fuels used by industrial furnaces. 1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of hazardous waste fuel composed of solvents, spent oils, paints, and pigments. The expected range of applicability for this test method is between 1.0 and 100 %; however, this evaluation was limited to samples containing approximately 5 to 50 % water. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Total Moisture of Hazardous Waste Fuel by Karl Fischer Titrimetry

ASTM E1625-94(2008) 半连续活性污泥(SCAS)中有机化合物生物降解能力测定的标准试验方法

Secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge is one of the most important biological treatment processes in use today. The semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS) test employs activated sludge from a domestic activated sludge plant to assess biodegradation of organic compounds. The SCAS system provides a high potential for biodegradation because of the high biomass to chemical substrate ratio, the regular reinoculation with a variety of microorganisms from the natural sewage, the possibility of co-metabolism because of the variety of organic substrates present in sewage or synthetic feed, the opportunity for slow-growing microorganisms to be retained due to the high sludge age, and a long hydraulic retention time to increase selection pressure.1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of the biodegradability or removability, or both, of nonvolatile organic chemicals (Henry''s Constant <10−3 atm/m3/day) using a laboratory bench scale test and activated sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. 1.2 This test method is derived from a procedure developed for surfactants by the Soap and Detergent Association (1, 2), one developed for alkylbenzene sulfonates by ASTM (see Test Method D 2667) and one developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for assessing inherent biodegradation (3) and also codified in the Toxic Substances Control Act Test Guidelines (4). For assessment of variability, replicate test systems (three or more) should be employed. It is recommended that the tests be used for chemical compounds that can be well characterized with respect to chemical and physical properties. Testing of mixtures or fully formulated products can lead to serious problems in data interpretations. 1.3 The procedures involve the exposure of the test chemical(s) to activated sludge mixed liquor microorganisms over a finite time cycle in specially designed aeration chambers. Biodegradability is determined from dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements, from radiochemical analyses, or from measurements of test chemical concentration using a specific analytical method. Based on DOC analyses alone, biodegradation can only be claimed if other removal mechanisms (for example, adsorption, volatility, or chemical transformation) are discounted by means of specific testing or knowledge of physical chemical properties of the test chemical. Modifications of this test method for water insoluble and moderately volatile chemicals are presented in this test method and principles are described in somewhat more detail elsewhere (see 5, 6). 1.4 These procedures may also be used as a means of acclimating microorganisms to an organic chemical over an extended period. The acclimated microorganisms may be used as an inoculum source for other biodegradation tests. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7 and in Note 1.

Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Organic Chemicals in Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge (SCAS)

ASTM D5612-94(2008) 水质测量的质量规划和现场实施标准指南

Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use. Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field organizations in order to meet the objectives of the water monitoring activities. This guide defines the criteria for organizations taking water samples and generating environmental data and identifies other activities that may be required based on the DQOs. This guide emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing the DQOs, planning, and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.1.1 This guide covers planning and implementation of the sampling aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data generation efforts are comprised of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); ( 2) design of field sampling and measurement strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and ( 4) data quality assessment. 1.2 This guide defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field aspects of environmental data and sample generation activities. 1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to the application of this guide. The data generated in accordance with this guide are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this guide to generate data adequate to meet the project needs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs. 1.4 This guide presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality samples and data. The words “must,”“ shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this guide. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Quality Planning and Field Implementation of a Water Quality Measurement Program

ASTM E1624-94(2008) 现场沉淀物中/水中小世界中化学消毒的标准指南

The fate of chemicals released to the environment may be evaluated in the field or in laboratory studies. This guide provides direction on the development, use, and evaluation of microcosm studies that simulate a specific aquatic ecosystem and include sediment and relevant biota. A key objective in the use of site-specific microcosms is the ability to extrapolate information obtained in the laboratory system to field situations with a reasonable degree of confidence. Field studies can obtain important information about the fate of chemicals in a particular ecosystem but have many disadvantages. In field studies, environmental variables, in general, cannot be controlled and the study may be subject to wide fluctuations in variables such as temperature, rainfall or sunlight. Introduction of a chemical into an ecosystem may produce an unacceptable environmental risk. Furthermore, field studies often are prohibitively expensive. Some environmental fate studies use structural or synthetic communities (not site-specific microcosms) created by placing water, soil or sediment, plants, animals and microbiota in a container according to an established protocol. Some synthetic communities have been specifically designed to examine the fate of chemical substances in aquatic environments (that is, Metcalf et al. (1) and Isensee and Tayaputch (2). These synthetic communities provide reproducible environments in which to evaluate and rank chemicals according to their fate but extrapolation to specific ecosystems is difficult. This is because they lack complex population structures and processes analogous to specific natural ecosystems. In addition, they frequently contain a biomass of organisms that is not scaled to the volume of water or sediment, thereby giving exaggerated rates of chemical metabolism. A microcosm replicates many of the processes affecting the fate of a chemical in a complex ecosystem. A microcosm can be examined under controlled laboratory conditions in the absence of certain variables that might interfere with an understanding of a particular process. Microcosms provide an opportunity to manipulate variables and to study their effects and interactions. Microcosms also offer replication possibilities for assessing environmental variability, an advantage that is not available from field studies. Microcosms can be used to examine the significance of various fate processes. By examining test compounds in microcosms it is possible to determine the relative effects of various fate processes (for example, biotic versus abiotic). This makes it possible to focus on critical processes and consider site-specific environmental situations where these processes predominate or are absent. Although some fate processes such as hydrolysis or partitioning to sediments may be quantified adequately in simpler studies (for example, shake-flask or aquaria tests) others such as bioturbation may require the complexity of a microcosm for adequate assessment. An important aspect of microcosm testing is determining the significance of biological processes in environmental fate. By studying test compound fate in sterilized microcosms, the role of bioturbation (that can distribute a chemical deep in sediment beds) can be assessed along with biodegradation. The following are examples of chemical fate information that might be obtained in microcosm studies. How long a chemical substance will persist in its parent form in a particular environment, Whether the fate of a chemical is primarily dependent on biotic or abiotic processes, The effect on the fate of a chemical by the presence of plants that may take up the chemical and store or metabolize it and that provide additional surfaces for microbial colonization, The effect on the fate of a chemical by the activity of benthic organisms that move water and sediment, and ......

Standard Guide for Chemical Fate in Site-Specific Sediment/Water Microcosms

BS 6068-6.11:1993 水质.第6部分:取样.第11节:地下水取样导则

Includes design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and handling of samples for analysis, excludes sampling for operational control. To be read in conjunction with Parts 1,2, and 3 of BS 6068

Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on sampling of groundwaters

BS 6068-6.10:1993 水质.第6部分:取样.第10节:废水取样导则

Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and the techniques for the collection of domestic and industrial samples.

Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on sampling of waste waters

ISO 5667-9:1992 水质 采样 第9部分:海水采样指南

Provides guidance on the principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and the handling and preservation of samples of sea water from tidal waters. Does not apply to the collection of samples for microbiological or biological examination. The main objectives are quality characterization measurement, quality control measurement, measurements for specific reasons, and examination of the effects of man-made structures.

Water quality; sampling; part 9: guidance on sampling from marine waters

ASTM D4841-88(2008) 含有有机和无机组成物的水样品保留时间的估算的标准作法

In order to obtain meaningful analytical data, sample preservation techniques must be effective from the time of sample collection to the time of analysis. A laboratory must confirm that sample integrity is maintained throughout maximum time periods between sample collection and analysis. In many cases, it is useful to know the maximum holding time. An evaluation of holding time is useful also in judging the efficacy of various preservation techniques.1.1 This practice covers the means of estimating the period of time during which a water sample can be stored after collection and preservation without significantly affecting the accuracy of analysis. 1.2 The maximum holding time is dependent upon the matrix used and the specific analyte of interest. Therefore, water samples from a specific source must be tested to determine the period of time that sample integrity is maintained by standard preservation practices. 1.3 In the event that it is not possible to analyze the sample immediately at the time of collection, this practice does not provide information regarding degradation of the constituent of interest or changes in the matrix that may occur from the time of sample collection to the time of the initial analysis. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents

ASTM D4841-88(2013) 含有机和无机成分水样保留时间估算的标准实施规程

5.1 In order to obtain meaningful analytical data, sample preservation techniques must be effective from the time of sample collection to the time of analysis. A laboratory must confirm that sample integrity is maintained throughout maximum time periods between sample collection and analysis. In many cases, it is useful to know the maximum holding time. An evaluation of holding time is useful also in judging the efficacy of various preservation techniques. 1.1 This practice covers the means of estimating the period of time during which a water sample can be stored after collection and preservation without significantly affecting the accuracy of analysis. 1.2 The maximum holding time is dependent upon the matrix used and the specific analyte of interest. Therefore, water samples from a specific source must be tested to determine the period of time that sample integrity is maintained by standard preservation practices. 1.3 In the event that it is not possible to analyze the sample immediately at the time of collection, this practice does not provide information regarding degradation of the constituent of interest or changes in the matrix that may occur from the time of sample collection to the time of the initial analysis. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents

ASTM D4841-88(2003) 含有有机和无机组成物的水样品保留时间的估算

In order to obtain meaningful analytical data, sample preservation techniques must be effective from the time of sample collection to the time of analysis. A laboratory must confirm that sample integrity is maintained throughout maximum time periods between sample collection and analysis. In many cases, it is useful to know the maximum holding time. An evaluation of holding time is useful also in judging the efficacy of various preservation techniques.1.1 This practice covers the means of estimating the period of time during which a water sample can be stored after collection and preservation without significantly affecting the accuracy of analysis. 1.2 The maximum holding time is dependent upon the matrix used and the specific analyte of interest. Therefore, water samples from a specific source must be tested to determine the period of time that sample integrity is maintained by standard preservation practices. 1.3 In the event that it is not possible to analyze the sample immediately at the time of collection, this practice does not provide information regarding degradation of the constituent of interest or changes in the matrix that may occur from the time of sample collection to the time of the initial analysis. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents

ASTM E1201-87(2004) 用圆锥形拖网采集浮游生物

1.1 This practice covers the procedure for obtaining qualitative samples of a zooplankton community by use of conical tow nets. Nets will collect most zooplankton, but some forms will avoid nets.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Zooplankton with Conical Tow Nets

ASTM E1199-87(2004) 用克--朋氏浮游生物采样器采集浮游生物

The advantages of the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler are as follows: 4.1.1 It will sample a discrete depth or multiple depths, depending upon the sampling design. 4.1.2 It is a slow to medium speed sampler requiring a towing speed of three to five knots. 4.1.3 The sample size can be easily controlled. 4.1.4 The sampler is lightweight and can be used without auxiliary equipment. 4.1.5 It has a relatively high filtration efficiency factor of 0.88. 4.1.6 It is a versatile sampler and can be used in all but the shallowest waters. 4.1.7 The flowmeter records the amount of water that passes into the net. 4.1.8 Overspill of water at the mouth of the net due to excess speed of towing is of minimal consequence. The disadvantages of the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler are as follows: 4.2.1 The flowmeter requires frequent maintenance including calibration and lubrication. 4.2.2 It is not suitable for use in very small areas or shallow waters. There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using a Clarke-Bumpus sampler. They are: 4.3.1 The flowmeter should be calibrated and serviced frequently to ensure efficient and accurate operation. 4.3.2 The sampler is relatively fragile, particularly the closing device and flowmeter. This necessitates careful deployment and recovery procedures. 4.3.3 Following each collection, the net must be thoroughly washed. 4.3.4 Special attention must be given to the strength of the cable and its attachment to avoid loss of the sampler. 4.3.5 The sampler should not be used in beds of macrophytes, in waters containing submerged objects, or close to the bottom. 4.3.6 The net should be inspected frequently for pin-size holes, tears, net deterioration, and other anomalies. 4.3.7 Following use, the wet net should be suspended full length in the air in subdued light and allowed to dry.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quantitative samples of a zooplankton community by use of a Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Zooplankton with a Clarke-Bumpus Plankton Sampler

ASTM E1200-87(2004) 浮游生物防腐

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) buffered formalin (3 to 5 %) can be used as a permanent preservative for zooplankton. Lugolrsquo;iodine solution can be used to preserve zooplankton for up to one year. Thirty percent ethanol, 30 % glutaraldehyde, or 25 % vinegar (can use 3 % acidic acid solution) can be used for more temporary storage and preservation of zooplankton samples. A 25 % vinegar solution is preferred to preserve soft-bodied planktonic coelenterates.1.1 This practice describes the proper procedures for preserving zooplankton samples with either formaldehyde, ethanol, glutaraldehyde, Lugol's iodine solution, or vinegar (acetic acid). 1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Preserving Zooplankton Samples