绿色化学的12项原则(中文)
1.防止——防止产生废弃物要比产生后再去处理和净化好得多。
2.讲原子经济——应该设计这样的合成程序,使反应过程中所用的物料能最大限度地进到终极产物中。
3.较少有危害性的合成反应出现——无论如何要使用可以行得通的方法,使得设计合成程序只选用或产出对人体或环境毒性很小最好无毒的物质。
4.设计要使所生成的化学产品是安全的——设计化学反应的生成物不仅具有所需的性能,还应具有最小的毒性。
5.溶剂和辅料是较安全的——尽量不同辅料(如溶剂或析出剂),当不得已使用时,尽可能应是无害的。
6.设计中能量的使用要讲效率——尽可能降低化学过程所需能量,还应考虑对环境和经济的效益。合成程序尽可能在大气环境的温度和压强下进行。
7.用可以回收的原料——只要技术上、经济上是可行的,原料应能回收而不是使之变坏。
8.尽量减少派生物——应尽可能避免或减少多余的衍生反应(用于保护基团或取消保护和短暂改变物理、化学过程),因为进行这些步骤需添加一些反应物同时也会产生废弃物。
9.催化作用——催化剂(尽可能是具选择性的)比符合化学计量数的反应物更占优势。
10.要设计降解——按设计生产的生成物,当其有效作用完成后,可以分解为无害的降解产物,在环境中不继续存在。
11.防止污染进程能进行实时分析——需要不断发展分析方法,在实时分析、进程中监测,特别是对形成危害物质的控制上。
12.特别是从化学反应的安全上防止事故发生——在化学过程中,反应物(包括其特定形态)的选择应着眼于使包括释放、爆炸、着火等化学事故的可能性降至最低。
12 Principles of Green Chemistry
Prevent waste: Design chemical
syntheses to prevent waste, leaving no waste to treat or clean up.
Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical products to be fully
effective, yet have little or no toxicity.
Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses to use and
generate substances with little or no toxicity to humans and the environment.
Use renewable feedstocks: Use raw materials and feedstocks that are renewable
rather than depleting. Renewable feedstocks are often made from agricultural
products or are the wastes of other processes; depleting feedstocks are made
from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are mined.
Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: Minimize waste by using catalytic
reactions. Catalysts are used in small amounts and can carry out a single
reaction many times. They are preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which are
used in excess and work only once.
Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or protecting groups or any
temporary modifications if possible. Derivatives use additional reagents and
generate waste.
Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final product contains
the maximum proportion of the starting materials. There should be few, if any,
wasted atoms.
Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using solvents, separation
agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If these chemicals are necessary, use
innocuous chemicals.
Increase energy efficiency: Run chemical reactions at ambient temperature and
pressure whenever possible.
Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: Design chemical products
to break down to innocuous substances after use so that they do not accumulate
in the environment.
Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process real-time
monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the formation
of byproducts.
Minimize the potential for accidents: Design chemicals and their forms
(solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents
including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment.