考虑到可能污染的特定区域(例如：空气、水、土壤)化学物质的多样性，无论是从其复杂性还是花费上来说，分离、鉴别、测定全部污染物都是一项繁杂的任务。在许多情况下适当使用总参量能够极大地降低必要的检测量，因而能够快速评估污染的程度。
Taking into account the diversity of chemicals that can pollute a given environmental area(e.g.，air，water，and soil)，the separation，identiflcation，and determination of all pollutants can be a daunting task with respect to both the complexity and the cost．Application of suitable total parameters could in many cases vastly reduce the number of necessary determinations，thus permitting faster assessment of the degree of pollution．
近10年来化学分析发展很快，有许多新方法和仪器方面的技术被引入分析工作中来[1]。您可以指出一些重要领域，其范围和新型分析技术的重要性都以相当决的速度扩展，它们包括[2]：
(1)超纯物质的制备。此类物质中痕量和超痕量杂质浓度用9的位数来衡量。例如7N代表纯度为99．99999％，即其中全部杂质不得超过0．00001％，或0．1ppm。迄今为止最纯的合成物质是纯度为11N的锗，其中全部杂质不超过0．01ppb。
(2)生物化学及基因工程。
(3)环境保护。
人们日益认识到环境分析和监测是环境科学的基础。分析和监测均不能解决所有环境问题，然而它们可作为有力工具，提供关于环境状况、治理和预防措施的效果以及某些制造技术对环境的影响等方面的信息。
现代分析化学的亮点与仪器进步密切相关，该领域的成就导致不同分析设备在日常工作中的广泛使用，这些设备通常是高度集成的。微处理器控制，高度机械化，加上人工智能的应用，使得现代仪器越来越自动化。
环境分析和监测中使用的分析方法可给出下列信息：
(1)污染物的元素组成，这是其基本特征。这种信息可以利用诸如气相色谱联合多通道原子发射检测器(GC-AED)获取。
(2)污染物分类L3[3]。根据国际理论化学和应用化学学会(IUPAC)的定义，分类分析可以确定与表征一种样品中给定元素存在的各种物理化学形式。可以给出两种分类分析：物理分类分析(化合物存在的各种形式)和化学分类分析(确定与表征含给定元素的所有化合物)。许多文献包含特定类型的化学分类的信息(例如：谱学、分布、基团、手性或个别分类)。
(3)总参量表述所有污染物中或者污染物某一子群中给定元素的全部含量。迄今只发表了一篇文章讨论总参量评估各种环境区域的污染程度适用性[4]。
考虑到可能污染的特定区域(例如：空气、水、土壤)的化学物质的多样性，无论是从其复杂性还是花费上来说，分离、鉴别、测定全部污染物都是一项繁杂的任务。在许多情况下适当使用总参量能够极大地降低必要的检测量，因而能够快速评估污染的程度。然而必须强调的是，两种方法(分类分析和总参量测定)是充分互补的，不能将它们相互对立起来。
1历史回顾
表示样品中有机物含量的两个总参量，用于水和废物分析已经很长时间了：化学耗氧量(COD)和生物耗氧量(BOD)。当然，这是由于测定有机全碳(TOC)的仪器的引入，推动了测定不同样品全组分含量的新方法的发展。早在1931年人们就在考虑测定TOC值，自那之后发表了许多致力于测定各种类型样品TOC值的仪器及方法方面的文章。
TOC测定的重要性基于两个主要原因：1)TOC能方便地测量有机废水中的总污染物，以及地表和废水中有机物的生物降解度；2)TOC水平对衡量水和废物处理效率非常有用。同时传统参数(COD和BOD)具有明显的缺陷，限制了其使用。BOD的确定基于测定某一时段有机物中生物降解过程消耗的溶解氧量，测量的重现性值得怀疑，灵敏度也不好。另外，只有进行生物降解的化合物才对BOD有贡献。熔点高的有机物不能用该方法测定。COD需要使用昂贵、有毒的试剂，当样品中存在某些抗氧化的无机物或者熔点高的有机物时，可能得到不正确的结果。
TOC可用来确定不同有机废水的污染程度：从电子工业和发电厂使用的高纯水到一般工业和城市的废水。典型TOC水平从开始低于1μg C／dM3(1ppb)到随后高于1000 mg／dm3 (1000 ppm)。
近年来超纯水中TOC水平的测定变得尤其重要，即使水中含有痕量(1ppb或更低)的有机杂质也对制造工艺有害，包括不希望的氧化物沉积、粘着力改变导致的光阻层缺陷以及电性能的改变(如击穿电压降低和漏电流过高)。发电厂用水中存在有机物可加速腐蚀。医药工业(如输液的生产)用水中不能存在有机物(尤其是内毒素)。
25年来测定TOC的基本方法没发生根本性的变化。样品中的有机物经由两种方法被氧化成CO2：低温湿法化学氧化(WCO)及高温催化氧化(HTCO)，经常使用辅助手段(如紫外辐射)帮助氧化过程。该技术的详细综述见文献[4]。
表1示出总参量分类的一个例子，用于表征水及含有机物废水的污染程度。这种特殊分类是基于碳组分的测定，污染物中其它元素的类似分类也可做出。
2 在环境分析中的实际应用
随着第一篇关于测定TOC的新方法、仪器及其在水和废物分析方面应用文章的发表，又有许多关于总参量在气态(室内和室外空气)及固态(土壤和沉积物)样品分析中应用文章的发表。表2概括了测定气态样品中总烃的技术，表3总结了环境分析及监测中使用的大量总参量的文献资料。必须强调的是，有时使用不同术语描述同一总参量，并且那些术语也经常是含糊不清的。
3 结论
文献资料表明大量的方法和仪器都可以用来测定不同聚集状态和来源样品的总参量。这些方法可以根据许多参数来划分，包括：
(1)自动化程度。
(2)操作模式(间歇式vs连续式)。
(3)仪器类型(实验型vs工业型)。
(4)进一步提高处理样品能力以增加最后结果的信息量。
(5)对某一形式的指定测量要素(如CO2对于几乎所有含碳的物质)，用作最后的测定技术。
总参量测定是群分类的一个实例。考虑到环境样品中化学物质可能过剩，总参量测定是分析过程中有价值的第一步。如果要确定潜在的问题，需要采取进一步的措施，包括单一化合物的鉴定，这样一来，就成了个别分析的例子。
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