H16 粉末冶金分析方法 标准查询与下载

ISO 3923-1:2008 金属粉末.表观密度的测定.第1部分:漏斗法

This part of ISO 3923 specifies the funnel method for the determination of the apparent density of metallic powders under standardized conditions. The method is intended for metallic powders that flow freely through a 2,5 mm diameter orifice. It may, however, be used for powders that flow with difficulty through a 2,5 mm diameter orifice but flow through a 5 mm diameter orifice. Methods for the determination of the apparent density of powders that will not flow through a 5 mm diameter orifice are specified in ISO 3923-2.

Metallic powders - Determination of apparent density - Part 1: Funnel method

ASTM B311-08 孔隙度小于2％的粉末冶金材料密度的标准试验方法

For PM materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density. For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method. Note 18212;A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs. 1.2 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inch-pound units are shown in parentheses and result from conversion in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity

ASTM B665-08(2012) 硫化钨硬质合金金相样品的制备标准指南

1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Metallographic Sample Preparation of Cemented Tungsten Carbides

ASTM B962-08 用阿基米德原理测定压实或烧结粉末冶金(PM)产品密度的标准试验方法

The volume of a complex shaped PM part cannot be measured accurately using micrometers or calipers. Since density is mass per unit volume, a precise method for measuring the volume is needed. Archimedes’ principle may be used to calculate the volume of water displaced by an immersed object. For this to be applicable to PM materials that contain surface connected porosity, the surface pores are sealed by oil impregnation or some other means. The green density of compacted parts or test pieces is normally determined to assist during press set-up, or for quality control purposes. It is also used for determining the compressibility of base powders, mixed powders, and premixes. The sintered density of sintered PM parts and sintered PM test specimens is used as a quality control measure. The impregnated density of sintered bearings is normally measured for quality control purposes as bearings are generally supplied and used oil-impregnated.1.1 This standard describes a method for measuring the density of powder metallurgy products that usually have surface-connected porosity. 1.2 The density of impermeable PM materials, those materials that do not gain mass when immersed in water, may be determined using Test Method B 311. 1.3 The current method is applicable to green compacts, sintered parts, and green and sintered test specimens. 1.4 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 and are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedesx2019; Principle

ASTM B963-08 用阿基米德原理测定油含量、油浸渍效率和烧结粉末冶金(PM)制品的互联孔隙的标准试验方法

Oil content values are generally contained in specifications for oil-impregnated PM bearings. The oil-impregnation efficiency provides an indication of how well the as-received parts had been impregnated. The desired self-lubricating performance of PM bearings requires a minimum amount of interconnected porosity and satisfactory oil impregnation of the interconnected porosity. A minimum oil content is specified. The results from these test methods may be used for quality control or compliance purposes.1.1 This standard describes three related test methods that cover the measurement of physical properties of oil-impregnated powder metallurgy products. 1.1.1 Determination of the volume percent of oil contained in the material. 1.1.2 Determination of the efficiency of the oil-impregnation process. 1.1.3 Determination of the percent interconnected porosity by oil impregnation. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 and are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Oil Content, Oil-Impregnation Efficiency, and Interconnected Porosity of Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedesx2019; Principle

ASTM B665-08 硫化钨硬质合金金相样品的制备标准指南

This sample preparation procedure may be used to prepare metallographic samples for Test Method B 657 and Practice B 390. It does not include all variations of sample preparation.1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Metallographic Sample Preparation of Cemented Tungsten Carbides

ASTM B215-08 金属粉末取样的标准实施规程

Since many tests are performed using very small amounts of powder, it is most important that the test portions be obtained in a standardized manner. The practices described here take into account the possibility of segregation of the metal powder during and after filling of containers. PRACTICE A Top FOR POWDERS BEING TRANSFERRED FROM BLENDERS OR STORAGE TANKS Top 1.1 These practices describe two procedures for obtaining samples of metal powders for subsequent testing: 1.1.1 Practice A8212;For powders being transferred from blenders or storage tanks. 1.1.2 Practice B8212;For powders already packaged in containers. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Sampling Metal Powders

ASTM B610-08 与处理金属粉末相关测定尺寸变化的标准试验方法

Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders: The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder. The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts. The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling. The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition. Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade, type and lot, particle size distribution, level and types of additions to the base metal powder, amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate, sintering time and temperature, sintering atmosphere, and cooling rate. Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps: The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered. 1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage. 1.3 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents shown in parentheses, have been converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10, may be approximate, and are only for information. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Dimensional Changes Associated with Processing Metal Powders

ASTM B925-08 粉末冶金测试样品制备标准惯例

Test specimens are used to determine the engineering properties of PM materials, for example, tensile strength, ductility, impact energy, etc.; property data that are essential to the successful use of PM material standards. Processing PM test specimens under production conditions is the most efficient method by which to obtain reliable PM material property data since in most cases it is impractical or impossible to cut test bars from sintered parts. The performance characteristics of metal powders, for example, compressibility, green strength and dimensional changes associated with processing are evaluated using PM test specimens under controlled conditions. The data obtained are important to both metal powder producers and PM parts manufacturers. PM test specimens play a significant role in industrial quality assurance programs. They are used to compare properties of a new lot of metal powder with an established lot in an acceptance test and are used in the part manufacturing process to establish and adjust production variables. In those instances where it is required to present equivalent property data for a production lot of PM parts, standard test specimens compacted from the production powder mix to the same green density can be processed with the production PM parts and then tested to obtain this information. Material property testing performed for industrial or academic research and development projects uses standard PM test specimens so the test results obtained can be compared with previous work or published data. Powder metallurgy test specimens may have multiple uses. The dimensions and tolerances given in this standard are nominal in many cases. The user is cautioned to make certain that the dimensions of the test specimen are in agreement with the requirements of the specific test method to be used.1.1 These standard practices cover the specifications for those uniaxially compacted test specimens that are used in ASTM standards, the procedures for producing and preparing these test specimens, and reference the applicable standards. 1.2 Basic tool design and engineering information regarding the tooling that is required to compact the test specimens and machining blanks are contained in the annexes. 1.3 This standard is intended to be a comprehensive one-source document that can be referenced by ASTM test methods that utilize PM test specimens and in ASTM PM material specifications that contain the engineering data obtained from these test specimens. 1.4 These practices are not applicable to metal powder test specimens that are produced by other processes such as cold isostatic pressing (CIP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), powder forging (PF) or metal injection molding (MIM). They do not pertain to cemented carbide materials. 1.5 Detailed information on PM presses, compacting tooling and sintering furnaces, their design, manufacture and use are not within the scope of these practices. 1.6 Test specimen and die cavity dimensions shown in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard and are applicable to the referenced ASTM test methods and material specifications. Values in SI units are shown in parentheses and result from conversion in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10. They may be approximate and are only for information. 1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens

ASTM B214-07(2011) 金属粉末筛分分析的标准试验方法

The particle size distribution of a metal powder affects its behavior in P/M processing and other applications of these materials. The test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder supplier and user, or it may be an internal quality control test for either.1.1 This test method covers the dry sieve analysis of metal powders or mixed powders, using sieves with openings ranging from 45 to 1000 micrometers. 1.2 This test method is based on a particular type of mechanical sieve shaker (see 5.2). Other types of sieve shakers are also available, but their precision and reproducibility have not been determined. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders

ASTM B946-06(2010) 粉末冶金(P/M)产品的表面抛光的标准试验方法

The surface finish of a component may be critical for certain applications, affecting properties such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, and coefficient of friction. Surface finish may also be critical for component assembly or system performance. Dimensional fit and mating surface interaction may require certain surface finish requirements to meet performance specifications.1.1 This test method covers measuring the surface finish of powder metallurgy (PM) products at all stages of manufacturing from green compact to fully hardened finished component. 1.2 This test method provides the definition and schematic of some common surface finish parameters (Ra, Rt, and Rz ISO) 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Surface Finish of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Products

ASTM B329-06(2012) 用斯可特容量计测定金属粉末和化合物表观密度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of the apparent density of metal powders and related compounds using the Scott Volumeter, also known as the Paint Pigment Volumeter. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Metal Powders and Compounds Using the Scott Volumeter

ASTM B276-05(2010) 烧结碳化物显气孔率的标准试验方法

Cemented carbide materials may contain small voids that, depending on the application, may affect the performance of the product. To assist users in specifying the maximum acceptable level of porosity, this test method illustrates a broad range of porosity levels for each of three porosity types. This test method is not intended to be used as a specification, but the levels shown here may be cited in specifications written by producers and users of cemented carbides.1.1 This test method specifies procedures for the metallographic determination of apparent porosity in cemented carbides. Note 18212;The term “apparent porosity” is construed to mean all microstructures observed on a properly prepared, unetched surface, including structures resulting from uncombined carbon, non-metallic inclusions, etc., as well as true, inherent porosity. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Apparent Porosity in Cemented Carbides

ASTM B665-03 硬质钨金金相样品的制备

This sample preparation procedure may be used to prepare metallographic samples for Test Method B 657 and Practice B 390. It does not include all variations of sample preparation.1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Metallographic Sample Preparation of Cemented Tungsten Carbides

ASTM B859-03(2008)e1 粒径分析前耐熔金属粉末及其化合物去除结块的标准实施规程

Refractory metal powders, such as tungsten and molybdenum, are usually produced by hydrogen reduction at high temperatures. Thus, they usually contain numerous large, strongly-sintered agglomerates. Many of the manufacturing processes using these powders involve a milling step or some similar treatment or depend on the individual particulate size, not on the agglomerate size. Thus, a knowledge of the individual particulate size distribution, not the agglomerate size distribution, is usually desired from a particle size analysis of these powders. This practice provides a procedure for breaking down agglomerates into their constituent particles (de-agglomeration), without excessive fracture of the individual particles. The procedure is often referred to as laboratory milling or rod milling. The laboratory milling conditions specified in this guide have been in use since 1965 as part of Test Method B 430. This guide was first published as a separate, stand-alone standard in 1995 because of its applicability in preparing powder samples for analysis by other methods (for example, Test Methods B 761 and B 822), in addition to Test Method B 430. Information on the development and establishment of the milling conditions here specified can be found in the footnoted reference. The milling procedure described in this practice does not necessarily break down only agglomerates without fracturing individual particles; some particle fracture may occur in certain powders. However, use of this practice does provide consistent particle size analysis results that have been found to relate well to powder behavior in numerous manufacturing processes. This practice shall be used for the de-agglomeration of the refractory metal powders and compounds listed in 1.1, when an evaluation of the individual particulate size distribution is required from the subsequent particle size analysis. It shall not be used when the agglomerate (as-is or as-supplied) size distribution is desired. This practice may be used in preparing samples for Test Methods B 330, B 430, B 761, B 822, and other particle size analysis methods, prior to the dispersion procedure of Guide B 821, if used.1.1 This practice covers the de-agglomeration of refractory metal powders and their compounds in preparation for particle size analysis. 1.2 Experience has shown that this practice is satisfactory for the de-agglomeration of elemental tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, and tantalum metal powders, and tungsten carbide. Other metal powders (for example, elemental metals, carbides, and nitrides) may be prepared for particle size analysis using this practice with caution as to effectiveness until actual satisfactory experience is developed. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Note 2.

Standard Practice for De-Agglomeration of Refractory Metal Powders and Their Compounds Prior to Particle Size Analysis

ASTM B930-03(2012) 确定烧结碳化钨(硬质合金)中不规则大颗粒的频度和粒径额定值的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring abnormally large grains and the frequency of those grains in cemented tungsten carbides (hardmetals). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rating Grain Size and Frequency of Abnormally Large Grains in Cemented Tungsten Carbides (Hardmetals)

ASTM B930-03(2008) 确定烧结碳化钨(硬质合金)中不规则大颗粒的频度和粒径额定值的标准试验方法

The microstructure and grain growth of cemented tungsten carbides affect the material''s mechanical and physical properties. The grain size and distribution will affect the material''s wear resistance and fracture toughness. Abnormally large grains as compared to the background may introduce an area of weakness in a sintered part. This test method may be used in acceptance testing of cemented tungsten carbide materials or the tungsten carbide powder used in their manufacture. The specified grain size used for the E-Rating is to be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measuring abnormally large grains and the frequency of those grains in cemented tungsten carbides (hardmetals). 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Rating Grain Size and Frequency of Abnormally Large Grains in Cemented Tungsten Carbides (Hardmetals)

KS D ISO 3326:2001 硬质合金.矫顽磁性(磁化)的测定

이 규격은 중량비 3 % 강자성 결합제 이상을 함유하는 초경합금의 보자력 측정 방법에 관하

Hardmetals-Determination of (the magnetization) coercivity

KS D ISO 3923-2:2001 金属粉末.表观密度的测定.第2部分:斯科特(Scott)容量计法

이 규격은 특정한 장치를 사용하여 금속분(이하 시료라 한다.)의 겉보기 밀도를 시험하는 방

Method for determination of apparent density of metal powers-Scott volumeter method

YS/T 423.3-2000 核级碳化硼粉末化学分析方法.游离硼量的测定

Methods for chemical analysi of nuclear-grade boron carbide powder.Determination of uncarbonized boron content