N46 照相机与照相器具 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2023-10 中子射线照相灵敏度指示器制造的标准实施规程

The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements. This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded to be standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic Sensitivity Indicators

ASTM E2699-10 数字射线照相(DR)试验方法用无损评估(DICONDE)中的数字照相和通信的标准实施规程

Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of digital X-ray test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard provide a standard means to organize digital X-ray test parameters and results. The digital X-ray test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any digital X-ray inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.1.1 This practice facilitates the interoperability of digital X-ray imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of the NEMA Standards Publication titled Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules and a data dictionary that are specific to digital X-ray test methods. 1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from digital X-ray equipment test using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the digital X-ray technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology. 1.3 This practice does not specify: 1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation''s conformance to the standard. 1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance. 1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance. 1.3.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of reg......

Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital Radiographic (DR) Test Methods

ASTM E2736-10 数字检测器阵列放射学的标准指南

This standard provides a guide for the other DDA standards (see Practices E2597, , and E2737). It is not intended for use with computed radiography apparatus. Figure 1 describes how this standard is interrelated with the aforementioned standards. This guide is intended to assist the user to understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in related standards as stated in 4.1 in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application. This guide is also intended to assist cognizant engineering officers, prime manufacturers, and the general service and manufacturing customer base that may rely on DDAs to provide advanced radiological results so that these parties may set their own acceptance criteria for use of these DDAs by suppliers and shops to verify that their parts and structures are of sound integrity to enter into service. The manufacturer characterization standard for DDA (see Practice E2597) serves as a starting point for the end user to select a DDA for the specific application at hand. DDA manufacturers and system integrators will provide DDA performance data using standardized geometry, X-ray beam spectra, and phantoms as prescribed in Practice E2597. The end user will look at these performance results and compare DDA metrics from various manufacturers and will decide on a DDA that can meet the specification required for inspection by the end user. See Sections 5 and 8 for a discussion on the characterization tests and guidelines for selection of DDAs for specific applications. Practice is designed to assist the end user to set up the DDA with minimum requirements for radiological examinations. This standard will also help the user to get the required SNR, to set up the required magnification, and provides guidance for viewing and storage of radiographs. Discussion is also added to help the user with marking and identification of parts during radiological examinations. Practice E2737 is designed to help the end user with a set of tests so that the stability of the performance of the DDA can be confirmed. Additional guidance is provided in this document to support this standard.1.1 This standard is a user guide, which is intended to serve as a tutorial for selection and use of various digital detector array systems nominally composed of the detector array and an imaging system to perform digital radiography. This guide also serves as an in-detail reference for the following standards: Practices E2597, , and E2737. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiology

ASTM E2003-10 中子射线照相束纯度指示仪制造的标准实施规程

The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and, thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice. This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam Purity Indicators

ASTM E2767-10 X射线计算机断层摄影试验方法用无损评估(DICONDE)中的数字照相和通信的标准实施规程

Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of X-ray tomographic NDE data will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard provide a standard means to organize X-ray tomography test parameters and results. The X-ray CT test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any tomographic inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.1.1 This practice facilitates the interoperability of X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of the NEMA Standards Publication titled Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules and a data dictionary that are specific to X-ray CT test methods. 1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from tomographic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the X-ray CT technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology. 1.3 This practice does not specify: 1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard. 1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance. 1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance. 1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practi......

Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Test Methods

ASTM E2698-10 使用数字检测器阵列进行放射学检查的标准实施规程

This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the digital radiologic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It will require a detailed procedure delineating the technique or procedure requirements and shall be approved by the CEO.1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radiological examination for metallic and nonmetallic material using a digital detector array (DDA) system. 1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of radiologic images and are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts or materials. 1.3 This practice covers the radiologic examination with DDAs including DDAs described in Practice E2597 such as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that has a phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-out structure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) array, a Linear Detector Array (LDA) or a CCD (charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure. 1.4 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT application based on knowledge of the technology described in Guide , and of the selected DDA properties provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice E2597. 1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice shall be used together and both be approved by the CEO Level 3 in Radiography before inspection of production hardware. The requirements of Practice will provide the baseline evaluation and long term stability test procedures for the DDA system. 1.6 The requirements in this practice shall be used when placing a DDA into NDT service and, before being placed into service, an established baseline of system qualification shall be performed in accordance with Practice . 1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs are diverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive. Refer to Guides E94, E1000, , Terminology E1316, Practice E747 and E1025, Fed. Std. Nos. 21CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for a list of documents that provide additional information and guidance.

Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays

BS ISO 14524:2009 摄影.数码照相机.光电转换函数(OECFs)的测量方法

Photography - Electronic still-picture Cameras - Methods for measuring optoelectronic conversion functions (OECFs)

ISO 14524:2009 摄影.电子静态图像摄影机.光电转换功能(OECFs)测量方法

Photography - Electronic still-picture cameras - Methods for measuring opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs)

BS ISO 1230:2007 摄影.电子闪光设备闪光指数的测定

Photography - Determination of flash guide numbers for electronic flash equipment

ISO 517:2008 摄影技术.照相机镜头光圈及其相关特性.名称和测量法

ISO 517:2008 pertains to apertures and related properties of photographic lenses affecting the illuminance at the centre of the image. ISO 517:2008 specifies aperture markings for all types of lenses used in still cameras, and gives tolerances for the stop numbers. It also defines aperture stop, entrance pupil, focal length, relative aperture and stop numbers, and gives methods for their measurement or determination. ISO 517:2008 applies only to lenses focused on objects at infinity; that is, at least 50 times the focal length of the lens.

Photography - Apertures and related properties pertaining to photographic lenses - Designations and measurements

KS A ISO 10157:2007 摄影.闪光曝光计.条件

필름감도에 따라 정확히 촬영하기 위하여 광1)과 시간을 셔터스피드와 f-번호로 가리켜야 한

Photography－Flash exposure meter－Requirements

KS C IEC 60789:2007 医用电气设备.放射性核素成像设备的特性和试验条件.ANGER型γ射线照相机

이 규격의 목적은 앵거 타입 감마선 카메라(Anger type GAMMA CAMERAS)의

Medical electrical equipment－Characteristics and test conditions of radionuclide imaging devices－Anger type gamma cameras

ISO 1230:2007 摄影.电子闪光设备闪光指数的测定

This International Standard specifies the definition and determination of the ISO guide number of electronic flash equipment. It does not specify the definitions and measuring methods for the light output of electronic flash equipment, which are specified in ISO 2827.

Photography - Determination of flash guide numbers for electronic flash equipment

DIN ISO 10330:2007 摄影技术.照相机和闪光装置用同步闪光器、暴光电路和连接器.电气特性及其试验方法

The International Standard specifies the electrical requirements of the camera synchronizer, the ignition circuit in the photoflash unit and the cable to connect these, and the test methods to secure positive firing of the photoflash unit.

Photography - Synchronizers, ignition circuits and connectors for cameras and photoflash units - Electrical characteristics and test methods (ISO 10330:2002)

JIS B 7091 ERRATUM 1:2007 勘误

ERRATUM

ASTM E2545-07(2012) 用数字照相机测量齿龈客观颜色的标准试验方法

The color of gingiva or changes in gingival color can be observed. The light reflected from the facial surfaces of the gingiva can be used to calculate color coordinates. These data reveal information about the efficacy of a product, treatment studied, or epidemiology of anti-gingivitis treatments. For example, clinical studies of gingivitis treatment systems evaluate the efficacy of manufacturers' products. The change in color of the facial surface gingiva can be used to determine and optimize the efficacy of anti-gingivitis treatments. For example, the data can provide the answer to the question: “What product or system is the most efficacious in the treatment of gingivitis?” Chronic inflammatory disease of the gingiva and periodontium results in destruction of gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Clinically, inflammation is seen as redness, swelling, and bleeding observed upon probing. This procedure is suitable for use in diagnosis and monitoring, research and development, epidemiological or other surveys, marketing studies, comparative product analysis, and clinical trials. Popular methods assess gingival inflammation via repeated clinical examination of the gingival tissues. , These methods typically quantify gingival color, which are used to assess gingival health or disease, at multiple intraoral sites on the gingiva using a simple non-linear scoring system or index. Assessment of gingival color is an important component of health status for mild-to-severe gingival disease. These techniques are time-consuming, subjective, and often invasive, and for archival purposes, separate intraoral photographs must be collected to document gingival color and appearance. Variation between and among examiners may contribute to appreciable differences in measurement. 1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of gingival color. In particular it is meant to measure the color of gingiva in human subjects. 1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate gingival color on the facial labial or buccal surfaces of the gingiva. The marginal gingival tissue adjacent to natural teeth may be of particular interest for analysis. All other non-relevant parts; such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis. 1.2.1 The broadband reflectance factors of gingiva and the surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the gingiva using a digital still camera to capture the digital image. 1.3 Data acquired using this test method may be used to assess personal gingival color for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess gingival color, health and disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or saf......

Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Gingival Color Using Digital Still Cameras

ASTM E2545-07 用数字照相机测量齿龈客观颜色的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of gingival color. In particular it is meant to measure the color of gingiva in human subjects.1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate gingival color on the facial labial or buccal surfaces of the gingiva. The marginal gingival tissue adjacent to natural teeth may be of particular interest for analysis. All other non-relevant parts; such as teeth, tongue, spaces, dental restorations or prostheses, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, pigmentations, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.1.2.1 The broadband reflectance factors of gingiva and the surrounding tissue are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the gingiva using a digital still camera to capture the digital image.1.3 Data acquired using this test method may be used to assess personal gingival color for the purposes of identifying overall health status, health status at specific sites in the mouth, or to track changes in personal health status for individuals over time. Pooled data may be used to assess gingival color, health and disease among populations in epidemiological surveys, evaluation of comparative product efficacy, or safety and treatment response in clinical trials involving gingival health or disease.1.4 The apparatus, measurement procedure, and data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Gingival Color Using Digital Still Cameras

KS A ISO 14807:2006 摄影.投影式和反射式浓度界限.性能测定方法

이 규격은 일반적인 변수들을 기록하는 형식에 대해 정의하고 있으며 제조업자가 기록한 기능에

Photography－Transmission and reflection densitometers－Method for determining performance

ISO 10594:2006 缩微摄影技术.轮转式摄影系统.检测性能用的测试标板

This International Standard specifies a test target and a method for checking the optical and mechanical performances of rotary cameras used for producing 16 mm microfilm. This test target and method can be used for — evaluating the performance of cameras (e.g. before purchase to establish initial reference), — acceptance tests (e.g. confirming purchase specifications after maintenance), and — routine checking (e.g. weekly or monthly). NOTE The characteristics of a rotary camera are indicated in Annex A.

Micrographics - Rotary camera systems - Test target for checking performance

BS ISO 12232:2006 摄影技术.数字静物摄影机.曝光指数、ISO感光度标定值、标准输出灵敏度和推荐曝光指数的测定

This International Standard specifies the method for assigning and reporting ISO speed ratings, ISO speed latitude ratings, standard output sensitivity values, and recommended exposure index values, for digital still cameras. This International Standard is applicable to both monochrome and colour digital still cameras.

Photography - Digital still cameras - Determination of exposure index, ISO speed ratings, standard output sensitivity, and recommended exposure index