incoatec光学仪器组件, Multilayers are not natural crystals but artificially produced “layer analyzers.” The lattice plane distances d are produced by applying thin layers of two materials in alternation onto a substrate (Fig. 18). Multilayers are characterized by high reflectivity and a somewhat reduced resolution. For the analysis of light elements the multilayer technique presents an almost revolutionary improvement for numerous applications in comparison to natural crystals with large lattice plane distances.