Carotenoids are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature, and they are exclusively synthesized by plants and microorganisms. These compounds may serve a protective role against many chronic diseases such as cancers, age-related macular degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases and also act as an excellent antioxidant system within cells. Recent advances in the microbial genome sequences and increased understanding about the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways will assist industrial microbiologists in their exploration of novel microbial carotenoid production strategies. Here we present an overview of microbial carotenogenesis from biochemical, proteomic, and biotechnological points of view.