1. Scope and Application 1.1
The Scope establishes that CSA Standard S136-94 applies to the design of cold
formed steel structural members and that the design is based on limit states
design (LSD) methods. Such members are roll or brake formed from carbon or low
alloy flat-rolled steel products. Cold formed members find application where
large surfaces are needed, as in deck and cladding, or where hot-rolled shapes
are inappropriate or uneconomical. Cold formed steel structural members may be
broadly divided into two categories as follows:
(a) large-surface elements, eg, deck and cladding; and
(b) individual structural sections, eg, channels, zees, and hats.
Most of the experimental evidence supporting the provisions of the Standard
has been obtained on specimens with material thicknesses between 0.4 and 6.5
mm, with some work on material up to 25 mm in thickness (1).
With the exception of connections and columns, the requirements of the
Standard may be deemed to apply to members of any thickness up to 25 mm. In
the case of connections (see Clause 7 of the Standard), certain requirements
such as the resistance of welds and fasteners in bearing are noted to apply
only to a specific range of thickness. Where the requirements of the Standard
are being applied in conjunction with, and supplementary to, the requirements
of another design Standard (eg, S16.1), any upper limitation on thickness will
be based on the requirements of the Standard that would normally govern.
Although the requirements of the Standard are intended principally for
applications in the design of buildings, the Standard may be used as a guide to
the design of cold formed members in other structures, provided allowances are
made for dynamic effects or other service conditions differing from those
encountered in building structures.
Cold formed components may also be combined with hot-rolled components in a
single entity such as an open web steel joist having cold formed chords and
hot-rolled web members. In this case, two aspects of the design require
consideration, namely: the design of individual components within the joist and
the overall design of the joist. If the Standard is used to design the cold
formed column or beam-column (compression chord), then that component should be
designed in complete accordance with Clause 6.6 or 6.7. With respect to the
overall design, the requirements of another Standard could be used, provided
the requirements are critically appraised to determine if they apply to cold
formed, thin-walled members. For example, if another Standard that
specifically covers steel joists contains simplification in design, such as
neglect of joint eccentricities and neglect of transverse loads applied to a
compressive member, where such simplifications are based on tests of non-cold
formed, relatively thick-walled members only, these simplifications should not
be applied to the design of cold formed, thin-walled compressive members
without due consideration and justification.
The Standard is thus intended not only to stand on its own but also to
supplement other CSA Standard for the design of steel structural members.
There are two fundamental concepts that distinguish the Standard from other
structural steel design Standards.
The first, the process of cold forming, induces selective strain hardening at
corners that affects response to load in a manner quite different from the
response of hot-rolled members, and the Standard allows this to be taken into
account in Clause 5.2.
Secondly, in contrast to individual structural sections whose prime function
is to carry load, the structural strength of many cold formed members such as
deck, cladding, and various members of a steel building system is only one of
several desired functions. The optimum shape or profile is not necessarily the
one that would be chosen on structural considerations alone and, in particular,
the width-to-thickness ratio of flat elements may be well in excess of that
which would be structurally economical. The Standard recognizes postbuckling
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