This part of ISO/IEC 15693 specifies the nature and characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-directional communications between vicinity coupling devices (VCDs) and vicinity cards (VICCs). This part of ISO/IEC 15693 is to be used in conjunction with other parts of ISO/IEC 15693. This part of ISO/IEC 15693 does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of compliance with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations which can vary according to country regulations and/or standards.