07.100.10 医学微生物学 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1326-20 评估非文化微生物测试标准指南

1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist users and producers of non-culture microbiological tests in determining the applicability of the test for processing different types of samples and evaluating the accuracy of the results. Culture test procedures such as the Heterotrophic (Standard) Plate Count, the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and the Spread Plate Count are widely cited and accepted for the enumeration of microorganisms. However, these methods have their limitations, such as performance time. Moreover, any given culture test method typically recovers only a portion of the total viable microbes present in a sample. It is these limitations that have recently led to the marketing of a variety of non-culture procedures, test kits and instruments. 1.2 Culture test methods estimate microbial population densities based on the ability of mircoorganisms in a sample to proliferate in or on a specified growth medium, under specified growth conditions. Non-culture test methods attempt to provide the same or complimentary information through the measurement of a different parameter. This guide is designed to assist investigators in assessing the accuracy and precision of non-culture methods intended for the determination of microbial population densities or activities. 1.3 It is recognized that the Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) does not recover all microorganisms present in a product or a system (1, 2).2 When this problem occurs during the characterization of a microbiological population, alternative standard enumeration procedures may be necessary, as in the case of sulfate-reducing bacteria. At other times, chemical methods that measure the rates of appearance of metabolic derivatives, the utilization of contaminated product components or genetic profile of the microbial population might be indicated. In evaluating non-culture tests, it is possible that the use of these alternative standard procedures might be the only means available for establishing correlation. In such cases, this guide can serve as a reference for those considerations. 1.4 Because there are so many types of tests that could be considered non-culture based, it is impossible to recommend a specific test protocol with statistical analyses for evaluating the tests. Instead, this guide should assist in determining what types of tests should be considered to verify the utility and identify the limitations of the nonconventional test. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological Tests

PN-EN ISO 11737-2-2020-11 E 医疗保健产品灭菌 微生物方法 第2部分：在灭菌过程的定义、验证和维护中进行的无菌测试（ISO 11737-2:2019）

Sterilization of health care products -- Microbiological methods -- Part 2: Tests of sterility performed in the definition, validation and maintenance of a sterilization process (ISO 11737-2:2019)

SN EN ISO 11737-2:2020 保健品灭菌 微生物方法 第2部分：在灭菌过程的定义、验证和维护中进行的无菌测试（ISO 11737-2:2019）

Sterilization of health care products - Microbiological methods - Part 2: Tests of sterility performed in the definition, validation and maintenance of a sterilization process (ISO 11737-2:2019)

EN ISO 11737-2:2020 医疗器械的灭菌.微生物法.第2部分:灭菌方法验证中进行的无菌检验

1.1 This document specifies the general criteria for tests of sterility on medical devices that have been exposed to a treatment with the sterilizing agent which has been reduced relative to that anticipated to be used in routine sterilization processing. These tests are intended to be performed when defining, validating or maintaining a sterilization process. 1.2 This document is not applicable to: a) sterility testing for routine release of product that has been subjected to a sterilization process, b) performing a test for sterility (see 3.12), NOTE 1 The performance of a) or b) is not a requirement of ISO 11135, ISO 11137-1, ISO 11137-2, ISO 14160, ISO 14937, ISO 17665-1 or ISO 20857. c) test of sterility or test for sterility for demonstration of product shelf life, stability and/or package integrity, and d) culturing of biological indicators or inoculated products. NOTE 2 Guidance on culturing biological indicators is included in ISO 11138-7.

Sterilization of health care products - Microbiological methods - Part 2: Tests of sterility performed in the definition, validation and maintenance of a sterilization process (ISO 11737-2:2019)

ASTM E3251-20 一次性使用系统上微生物侵入试验的标准试验方法

1.1 The microbial test method outlined in this document applies to microbial ingress risk assessment of a single-use system (SUS) or its individual components that require integrity testing either by the assembly supplier or the end user of the assembly based on a potential risk of a breach to the product or manufacturing process. 1.2 The aim of microbial ingress testing of sterile SUSs used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing is two-fold: 1.2.1 Firstly, it is used to evaluate the ability of a SUS fluid path to remain sterile after a SUS has been challenged by microbial exposure. Microbial exposure is achieved either by directly placing a SUS into a container of microbial challenge solution, or by delivering an aerosolized microbial challenge onto a SUS that is placed inside a test chamber designed to generate and deliver the aerosol. The choice of the test challenge organism should be justified based on a risk assessment of the SUS and conditions of use. 1.2.2 Additionally, microbial ingress testing can be used to determine the maximum allowable leakage limit (MALL) that does not allow microbial ingress under specific test conditions. The defect size that can be detected by specific physical integrity testing methods can be correlated to this MALL in order to claim microbial integrity. Test articles bearing calibrated defects over a range of dimensions, including up to a defect size expected to consistently allow microbial ingress as a positive control (defect-based positive control), may be tested to determine the MALL. 1.3 Both purposes for microbial ingress testing as described in 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 can either be conducted by liquid immersion or aerosol exposure. For the purpose described in 1.2.2, the type of exposure should be determined according to the SUS’s use-case conditions and a risk assessment. 1.4 The method used to create a breach, hole or defect in single-use film or in a SUS test article, as well as the analytical method used to physically characterize the defect size is outside of the scope of this document. The sampling plan for a given test article should be justified with the rationale of sampling size to obtain a statistically meaningful effect (Practice E3244). Determining the appropriate number of SUS test articles will depend on a risk assessment of the SUS and the conditions of its use and is also outside of this document’s scope. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Test Method for Microbial Ingress Testing on Single-Use Systems

ASTM F813-20 医疗器械材料直接接触细胞培养评估标准实践

1.1 This practice covers a reference method of direct contact cell culture testing which may be used in evaluating the cytotoxic potential of materials for use in the construction of medical materials and devices. 1.2 This practice may be used either directly to evaluate materials or as a reference against which other cytotoxicity test methods may be compared. 1.3 This is one of a series of reference test methods for the assessment of cytotoxic potential, employing different techniques. 1.4 Assessment of cytotoxicity is one of several tests employed in determining the biological response to a material, as recommended in Practice F748. 1.5 The L-929 cell line was chosen because it has a significant history of use in assays of this type. This is not intended to imply that its use is preferred; only that the L-929 is a well characterized, readily available, established cell line that has demonstrated reproducible results in several laboratories. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Practice for Direct Contact Cell Culture Evaluation of Materials for Medical Devices

ASTM E1968-19 可卡因法医分析中微晶试验的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to the analysis of cocaine using multiple microcrystal tests (1-6).2 1.2 These procedures are applicable to cocaine, which is present in solid form or an injectable liquid form. They are not typically applicable to the analysis of cocaine in biological samples. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 These procedures could generate observations indicating a positive test for cocaine or its enantiomers which could be incorporated into the analytical scheme as defined by the laboratory. 1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2326) and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Cocaine

ASTM E2125-19 苯环定及其类似物法医分析中微晶试验的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to the analysis of phencyclidine and its analogues using microcrystal tests (1-8).2 1.2 These procedures are applicable to phencyclidine and its analogues which are present in solid form or in a liquid form. They are not typically applicable to the analysis of phencyclidine and its analogues in biological samples. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 These procedures could generate observations indicating a positive test for phencyclidine and its analogues which could be incorporated into the analytical scheme as defined by the laboratory. 1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2326) and is to be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Phencyclidine and Its Analogues

DB22/T 243-2019 霍乱弧菌检测 气相色谱-质谱法

Vibrio cholerae Detection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

DB22/T 3052-2019 脑膜炎奈瑟菌检测 实时荧光PCR法

Neisseria meningitidis detection real-time fluorescent PCR method

ASTM F2148-18 用小鼠局部淋巴结分析（LLNA）评价迟发性接触超敏反应的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice provides a methodology to use a combination of in vivio and in situ procedures for the evaluation of delayed contact hypersensitivity reactions. 1.2 This practice is intended to provide an alternative to the use of guinea pigs for evaluation of the ability of a device material to stimulate delayed contact hypersensitivity reactions. This alternative is particularly applicable for materials used in devices that contact only intact skin. However, the guinea pig maximization test is still the recommended method when assessing the delayed hypersensitivity response to metals or when testing substances that do not penetrate the skin but are used in devices that contact deep tissues or breached surfaces. This practice may be used for testing metals, with the exception of nickel-containing metals, unless the unique physicochemical properties of the materials may interfere with the ability of LLNA to detect sensitizing substances. 1.3 This practice consists of a protocol for assessing an increase in lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes draining the site of test article administration on the ears of mice. 1.4 The LLNA has been validated only for low-molecularweight chemicals that can penetrate the skin. The absorbed chemical or metabolite must bind to macromolecules, such as proteins, to form immunogenic conjugates. 1.5 This practice is one of several developed for the assessment of the biocompatibility of materials. Practice F748 may provide guidance for the selection of appropriate methods for testing materials for a specific application. 1.6 Identification of a supplier of materials or reagents is for the convenience of the user and does not imply a single source. Appropriate materials and reagents may be obtained from many commercial supply houses. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Delayed Contact Hypersensitivity Using the Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA)

GOST R 52770-2016 医疗器械. 安全要求. 卫生化学和毒理学试验方法

Medical devices. Safety requirements. Methods of sanitation-chemical and toxicological tests

ASTM E1326-15a 评估非文化微生物测试标准指南

1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist users and producers of non-culture microbiological tests in determining the applicability of the test for processing different types of samples and evaluating the accuracy of the results. Culture test procedures such as the Heterotrophic (Standard) Plate Count, the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and the Spread Plate Count are widely cited and accepted for the enumeration of microorganisms. However, these methods have their limitations, such as performance time. Moreover, any given culture test method typically recovers only a portion of the total viable microbes present in a sample. It is these limitations that have recently led to the marketing of a variety of non-culture procedures, test kits and instruments. 1.2 Culture test methods estimate microbial population densities based on the ability of mircoorganisms in a sample to proliferate in or on a specified growth medium, under specified growth conditions. Non-culture test methods attempt to provide the same or complimentary information through the measurement of a different parameter. This guide is designed to assist investigators in assessing the accuracy and precision of non-culture methods intended for the determination of microbial population densities or activities. 1.3 It is recognized that the Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) does not recover all microorganisms present in a product or a system (1, 2).2 When this problem occurs during the characterization of a microbiological population, alternative standard enumeration procedures may be necessary, as in the case of sulfate-reducing bacteria. At other times, chemical methods that measure the rates of appearance of metabolic derivatives, the utilization of contaminated product components or genetic profile of the microbial population might be indicated. In evaluating non-culture tests, it is possible that the use of these alternative standard procedures might be the only means available for establishing correlation. In such cases, this guide can serve as a reference for those considerations. 1.4 Because there are so many types of tests that could be considered non-culture based, it is impossible to recommend a specific test protocol with statistical analyses for evaluating the tests. Instead, this guide should assist in determining what types of tests should be considered to verify the utility and identify the limitations of the nonconventional test. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological Tests

GSO ISO 11737-2:2015 医疗器械灭菌 微生物方法 第2部分：定义、验证和维护灭菌过程时进行的灭菌测试

1.1 This part of ISO 11737 specifies the general criteria for tests of sterility on medical devices that have been exposed to a treatment with the sterilizing agent reduced relative to that anticipated to be used in routine sterilization processing. These tests are intended to be performed when defining, validating or maintaining a sterilization process. 1.2 This part of ISO 11737 is not applicable to: a) sterility testing for routine release of product that has been subjected to a sterilization process; b) performing a test for sterility (see 3.12); NOTE 1 The performance of a) or b) is not a requirement of ISO 11135-1, ISO 11137-1, ISO 14160, ISO 14937 or ISO 17665-1. c) culturing of biological indicators or inoculated products. NOTE 2 Guidance on culturing biological indicators is included in ISO 14161 [8].

Sterilization of medical devices -- Microbiological methods -- Part 2: Tests of sterility performed in the definition, validation and maintenance of a sterilization process

DIN 58943-32:2015 医用微生物学.结核病的诊断.第32部分:采用显微镜法检测分枝杆菌;德文和英文

Medical microbiology - Diagnosis of tuberculosis - Part 32: Detection of mycobacteria by microscopic methods; Text in German and English

GSO ASTM F665:2014 生物医学应用中使用的聚氯乙烯的标准分类

1.1 This classification provides guidance to engineers and users in the selection of practical vinyl chloride plastics for medical applications and further provides a method for specifying these materials by use of a simple line call-out designation. This classification excludes vinyl chloride plastics used in long-term implants. 1.2 Use is made of a classification scheme based on the premise that the composition of vinyl chloride plastics, copolymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, and other additives in these systems can be arranged into characteristic material designations. 1.3 In all cases where the provisions of this classification system would conflict with those of the detailed specification for a particular device, the latter shall take precedence. Note 1—For cases in which the vinyl chloride plastic may be used for purposes where the requirements are too specific to be completely described by this classification system, it is advisable for the purchaser to consult the supplier to secure adjustment of the properties to suit the actual conditions to which the device is to be subjected. 1.4 The biocompatibility of vinyl chloride plastics as a class of materials has not been established. Since many compositions and formulations fall under this class, it is essential that the fabricators/device manufacturers assure the safety and efficacy of the specific composition or formulation, in its intended application, using state-of-the-art test methods. 1.5 This classification is to assist the interface between the material supplier and the device manufacturer (fabricator) who purchases a formulated vinyl chloride plastic for a component. For those device manufacturers (fabricators) who do their own formulating, compounding, extrusion, molding, and so forth, this classification does not apply. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Classification for Vinyl Chloride Plastics Used in Biomedical Application

DIN 58959-3:2014 医学微生物学. 医学微生物学中的质量管理. 第3部分: 请求和报表要求

Medical microbiology - Quality management in medical microbiology - Part 3: Requirements for request and report forms

ASTM E1326-13 计数细菌用非常规微生物试验评定的标准指南

5.1 This guide should be used by producers and potential producers of nonconventional tests to determine the accuracy, selectivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the tests, as defined in Practices E691 and D3870. Results of such studies should identify the limitations and indicate the utility or applicability of the nonconventional test, or both, for use on different types of samples. 5.2 Nonconventional test users and potential users should employ this guide to evaluate results of the nonconventional test as compared to their present methods. Practices D5245 and D5465 should be reviewed in regards to the conventional microbiological methods employed. If conventional methods have not been used for monitoring the systems, then guidelines are included for obtaining microbiological expertise. 5.3 Utilization of a nonconventional test may reduce the time required to determine the microbiological status of the system and enable an improvement in the overall operating efficiency. In many cases, the findings of a significantly high level of bacteria indicates the need for an addition of an antimicrobial agent. By accurately determining this in a shorter time period than by conventional methods, treatment with antimicrobial agents may circumvent more serious problems than if the treatment were postponed until conventional results were available. If the antimicrobial treatment program relies on an inaccurate nonconventional test, then unnecessary loss of product and problems associated with inappropriate selection or improper dosing with antimicrobial agents would exist. 5.4 Since many methods based on entirely different chemical and microbiological principles are considered, it is not possible to establish a unique design and recommend a specific method of statistical analyses for the comparisons to be made. It is only possible to present guides that should be followed while performing the experiments. It is also recommended that a statistician be involved in the study. 5.5 There are various ways for categorizing microbiological test methods. One valid approach is to differentiate between methods intended to quantify a particular microbe from those intended to quantify overall bioburden. 5.5.1 Methods used to quantify a single microbe typically can be evaluated for precision (Practice E691). Even though it is unlikely that reference standards exist, often these methods can also be evaluated for bias relative to other methods used to detect the same microbe. 5.5.2  Methods used to quantify total populations are more problematic in terms of precision and bias testing. Guide D7847 addresses many of the factors that confound efforts to determine the precision of microbiological test methods used to quantify microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. Many of these issues are broadly relevant to the challenge of developing relevant precision terms for microbiological test methods used to quantify total bioburdens in industrial systems. 1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist users and producers of nonconventional tests in determining the applicability of the test for processing different types of samples and evaluating the accuracy of the results. Conventional procedures such as the Heterotrophic (Standard) Plate Count, the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and the Spread Plate Count are widely cited and accepted for the enumeration of microorganisms. However, these methods have their limitations, such as performance time and degree o......

Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonconventional Microbiological Tests Used for Enumerating Bacteria

ANSI/NSF 49(i46)-2012 生物技术安全橱柜:设计,建造,性能和现场认证

Biosafety Cabinetry: Design, Construction, Performance and Field Certification

ANSI/NSF 49(i44)-2012 生物安全柜:设计,结构,性能和现场认证

Biosafety Cabinetry: Design, Construction, Performance and Field Certification