07.100.20 (Microbiology of water) 标准查询与下载

ASTM F838-15 测定液体过滤用膜过滤器的细菌保留率的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is designed to assess the retentivity of a sterilizing filter under standard challenge conditions. 5.1.1 A challenge of 107 bacteria per cm2 of effective filtration area is selected to provide a high degree of assurance that the filter will be challenged uniformly across the membrane surface to assure it will quantitatively retain large numbers of organisms. The model challenge organism, B. diminuta, is widely considered to be a small bacterium and is recognized as an industry standard for qualifying sterilizing filters. Other species may represent a worst-case test in terms of ability to penetrate a filter. This test does not provide assurance that filters can completely retain such bacteria. 5.1.2 The analytical procedure utilized in this test method provides a method to assign a numerical value to the filtration efficiency of the filter being evaluated under standard filtration conditions. For the purpose of product sterility assurance, additional process-specific studies should be performed. 1.1 This test method determines the bacterial retention characteristics of membrane filters for liquid filtration using Brevundimonas diminuta as the challenge organism. This test method may be employed to evaluate any membrane filter system used for liquid sterilization. 1.2 This test method is not intended to be used in performance of product- and process-specific validation of the bacterial retention characteristics of membrane filters to be used in pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical sterilizing filtration, or both. Process- and product-specific bacterial retention validation should be carried out using the intended product manufacturing process parameters and the product solution or surrogate as the carrier fluid. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.3.1 Exception—The inch-pound values given for units of pressure are to be regarded as standard; SI unit conversions are shown in parentheses. 1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Bacterial Retention of Membrane Filters Utilized for Liquid Filtration

ASTM D5392-14 使用两步膜滤法对水中大肠杆菌进行分离和计数的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is useful for measuring recreational water quality and chlorinated wastewaters, although it can be used for any water suspected of contamination by fecal wastes of warm-blooded animals. The significance of finding E. coli in recreational water samples, especially samples obtained from fresh recreational waters, is that there is a risk of gastrointestinal illness, directly related to the E. coli density, associated with swimming.5 5.2 Since small or large volumes of water or dilutions thereof can be analyzed by the MF technique, a wider range of levels of E. coli in water can be detected and enumerated than with other methods. 1.1 This test method describes a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli, a bacterium found exclusively in the feces of humans and other warm-blooded animals. The presence of these microorganisms in water is an indication of fecal pollution and the possible presence of enteric pathogens. These bacteria are found in water and wastewater in a wide range of densities. The detection limit of this procedure is one colony forming unit (CFU) per volume filtered. 1.2 This test method has been used successfully with temperate fresh and marine ambient waters, and wastewaters. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of other types. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Isolation and Enumeration of Escherichia Coli in Water by the Two-Step Membrane Filter Procedure

ASTM D3862-13 评定微生物水质的常规过滤程序用0.2微米薄膜过滤器滞留特性的标准试验方法

5.1 Microbiological water testing procedures using membrane filtration are based on the premise that all bacteria within a specific size range will be retained by the membrane filter used. If the membrane filter does not retain these bacteria, false negative results or lowered density estimates may occur that could have serious repercussions due to the presence of unrecognized potential health hazards in the water being tested, especially in drinking water. 5.1.1 This procedure as devised will enable the user to test each membrane filter lot number for its ability to retain all bacterial equal to, or larger than, the stated membrane pore size. 5.2 Since this membrane is often used to sterilize nonautoclavable liquids, it is essential that the retention characteristics of this membrane are stable. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure to test membrane filters for their ability to retain bacteria whose diameter is equal to or slightly larger than the 0.2-µm pore size of the membrane filter. 1.2 The procedures described are for the use of user laboratories as differentiated from manufacturers'' laboratories. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Retention Characteristics of 0.2-181m Membrane Filters Used in Routine Filtration Procedures for the Evaluation of Microbiological Water Quality

ASTM D5246-13 水中绿脓假单胞菌的分离和计数的标准试验方法

5.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, and has been linked as the causative agent of numerous infections that may be transmitted through a contaminated water supply to a susceptible host.Note 1—Fecal waste is gt;95 % E. coli which is found in humans and warm bloodied animals. 5.2 The membrane filtration procedure described is a rapid and reliable test method of detecting P. aeruginosa in water. 1.1 The test method covers the isolation and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Testing was performed on spiked reagent grade water samples. 1.2 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this method for surface waters, ground waters, recreational waters fresh and marine), wastewaters. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 10.

Standard Test Method for Isolation and Enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Water

ASTM F838-05(2013) 测定液体过滤用膜过滤器细菌滞留的标准试验方法

5.1 Since all sterilizing filtration processes are performed under positive pressure, this test method is designed to assess the retentivity of a sterilizing filter under process conditions. 5.1.1 A challenge of 107 bacteria per cm2 of effective filtration area is orders of magnitude higher than one would expect to encounter in a sterilizing filtration process. This level was selected in order to provide a high degree of assurance that the filter would quantitatively retain large numbers of organisms. This concept is important, in view of the requirement to provide a quantitative assessment in validating a sterilization process. 5.1.2 The analytical procedure utilized in this test method provides a method to assign a numerical value to the filtration efficiency of the filter being evaluated. This value, coupled with a knowledge of the number and types of organisms (bioburden) indigenous to the process, may then be utilized to determine the probability of obtaining a sterile filtrate. Conversely, the numerical value of the filtration efficiency may be used when one must meet a specified probability of sterility assurance to calculate the volume of fluid that may be filtered in order to maintain that level of assurance. 1.1 This test method determines the bacterial retention characteristics of membrane filters for liquid filtration using Pseudomonas diminuta as the challenge organism. This test method may be employed to evaluate any membrane filter system used for liquid sterilization. 1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Bacterial Retention of Membrane Filters Utilized for Liquid Filtration

ASTM E1706-05e1 淡水中无脊椎动物沉积物有关污染物的毒性测量的标准试验方法

General: Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; (65)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected (66). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, bulk sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability (67). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment (40, 41). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain. The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests (68). Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among chemicals, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices. A variety of methods have been developed for assessing the toxicity of chemicals in sediments using amphipods, midges, polychaetes, oligochaetes, mayflies, or cladocerans (Section 13 and 14; Annex A1 to Annex A5; (2), (4), (356), (390). Several endpoints are suggested in these methods to measure potential effects of contaminants in sediment including survival, growth, behavior, or reproduction; however, survival of test organisms in 10-day exposures is the endpoint most commonly reported. These short-term exposures which only measure effects on survival can be used to identify high levels of contamination in sediments, but may not be able to identify moderate levels of contamination in sediments (USEPA (2); Sibley et al., (54); Sibley et al., (55); Sibley et al., (69); Benoit et al., (70); Ingersoll et al., (56)). Sublethal endpoints in sediment tests might also prove to be better estimates of resp......

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

ASTM E1706-05 淡水中无脊椎动物沉积物有关污染物的毒性测量的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwater organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory.1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca ( H. azteca) (see ) and the midge Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as C. tentans; Shobanov et al. 1999.() (see ). The toxicity tests are conducted for 10 days in 300-mL chambers containing 100 mL of sediment and 175 mL of overlying water. Overlying water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments (up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca. In addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in and , general procedures are also described for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see ) and C. dilutus (see ).Note 1Morphological comparison of populations of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans(Fabricius) from Europe, Asia, and North America have confirmed cytogenetic evidence that two distinct species inhabit the Palearctic and Nearctic under this name. The Palearctic species is the true C. tentans and the Nearctic populations constitute a new species described under the name Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus (Shobanov et al. 1999 ()."1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is outlined in for Chironomus riparius, in for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, in for Hexagenia spp., in for Tubifex tubifex, and in for the Diporeia spp. Guidance is also provided in for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca by measuring effects on survival, growth, and reproduction. Guidance is also provided in for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with C. dilutus by measuring effects on survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction. outlines the data that will be needed before test methods are developed from the guidance outlined in to for these test organisms. General procedures described in Sections for sediment testing with H. azteca and C. dilutus are also applicable for sediment testing with the test organisms described in to .1.2 Procedures outlined in this test method are based primarily on procedures described in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ( ), Test Method E 1367, and Guides E 1391, E 1525 and E 1688.1.3 Additional research and methods development are now in progress to: (1) evaluate additional test organisms, (2) further evaluate the use of formulated sediment, (3) refine sediment dilution procedures, (4) refine sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures (), (5) refine sediment spiking procedures, (6) develop in situ toxicity tests to assess sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation under field conditions, (7) evaluate relative sensitivities of endpoints measured in tests, (8) develop methods for new species, (9) evaluate relationships between toxicity and bioaccumulation, and (10) produce additional data on confirmation of responses in laboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organisms. Some issues that may be considered in interpretation of test results are the subject of continuing research including the influence of feeding on bioavailability, nutritional requirements of the test organisms, and additional performance criteria for organism health. See Section for additional detail. This information will be described in fut......

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

ASTM E1218-04(2012) 用微藻类进行静态毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to growth medium on growth of certain species of freshwater and saltwater microalgae during a static exposure. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting short-term toxicity tests with other species of algae, although modifications might be necessary. Although the test duration is comparable to an acute toxicity test with aquatic animals, an algal toxicity test of short duration (72, 96 or 120 h) allows for examination of effects upon multiple generations of an algal population and thus should not be viewed as an acute toxicity test. 1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results ......

Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests with Microalgae

ASTM E1218-04 用微型海藻做静态毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to growth medium on growth of certain species of freshwater and saltwater microalgae during a static exposure. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting short-term toxicity tests with other species of algae, although modifications might be necessary. Although the test duration is comparable to an acute toxicity test with aquatic animals, an algal toxicity test of short duration (72, 96 or 120 h) allows for examination of effects upon multiple generations of an algal population and thus should not be viewed as an acute toxicity test.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting toxicity tests with microalgae.1.3 These procedures are applicable to many chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E 1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Static tests might not be applicable to materials that are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test vessels or organisms during the test. However, practical flow-through test procedures with microalgae have not been developed.1.4 Results of tests using microalgae should usually be reported in terms of the 96-h (or other time period) IC50 (see ) based on reduction in growth. In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentration unacceptably affects the growth of the test species or whether the IC50 is above or below a specific concentration.1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced DocumentsTerminologySummary of GuideSignificance and UseHazardsApparatusFacilitiesEquipmentTest VesselsCleaningAcceptabilityGrowth MediumTest MaterialGeneralStock SolutionTest Concentration(s)Test OrganismsSpeciesSourceCultureQualityProcedureExperimental DesignTemperatureIlluminationBeginning the TestGas ExchangeDuration of TestBiological DataOther MeasurementsDetermination of Algistatic and Algicidal EffectsAnalytical MethodologyAcceptability of TestCalculationReportKeywordsThis standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsib......

Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests with Microalgae

ASTM E1218-04e1 用微型海藻做静态毒性试验的标准指南

Tests with algae provide information on the toxicity of test materials to an important component of the aquatic biota and might indicate whether additional testing (1)4 is desirable. Algae are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, where they incorporate solar energy into biomass, produce oxygen, function in nutrient cycling and serve as food for animals. Because of their ecological importance, sensitivity to many toxicants, ready availability, ease of culture, and fast growth rates (rendering it possible to conduct a multi-generation test in a short period of time), algae are often used in toxicity testing. Results of algal toxicity tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species of algae and the toxicities of different materials to algae and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests. Results of algal toxicity tests might be an important consideration when assessing the hazards of materials to aquatic organisms (See Guide E 1023) or deriving water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (2). Results of algal toxicity tests might be useful for studying biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials. Results of algal toxicity tests will depend on the temperature, composition of the growth medium, and other factors. These tests are conducted in solutions that contain concentrations of salts, minerals, and nutrients that greatly exceed those in most surface waters. These conditions may over- or under-estimate the effects of the test material if discharged to surface waters.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to growth medium on growth of certain species of freshwater and saltwater microalgae during a static exposure. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting short-term toxicity tests with other species of algae, although modifications might be necessary. Although the test duration is comparable to an acute toxicity test with aquatic animals, an algal toxicity test of short duration (72, 96 or 120 h) allows for examination of effects upon multiple generations of an algal population and thus should not be viewed as an acute toxicity test.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting toxicity tests with microalgae.1.3 These procedures are applicable to many chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E 1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Static tests might not be applicable to materials that are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solutions, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test vessels or organisms during the test. However, practical flow-through test procedures with microalgae have not been developed.1.4 Results of tests using microalgae should usually be reported in terms of the 96-h (or other time period) IC50 (see ) based on reduction in growth. In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific conc......

Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests with Microalgae

ASTM E1295-01 用网纹水蚤(Dubia)进行三卵、复原毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of an effluent or a test material (added to dilution water, but not to food) on Ceriodaphnia dubiaRichard 1894, during continuous exposure throughout a portion of the organism''s life. These procedures should also be useful for conducting life cycle toxicity tests with other Cladocera (Guide E 1193), although modifications will be necessary.1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E 1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments (see also Guide E 1383), and surface waters. Renewal tests might not be applicable to materials that have high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed, or sorb to test chambers. If the concentration of dissolved oxygen falls below 4 mg/L or the concentration of test material decreases by more than 20 % in test solution(s) between renewals, more frequent renewals might be necessary.1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows: SectionReferenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Apparatus6Facilities6.1Construction Materials6.2Test Chambers6.3Cleaning6.4Reagents and Materials7Hazards8Dilution Water9Requirements9.1Source9.2Treatment9.3Characterization9.4Test Material10General10.1Stock Solution10.2Effluent10.3Test Concentration(s)10.4Collection10.5Sample Containers10.6Preservation10.7Treatment10.8Test Organisms11Species11.1Age11.2Source11.3Brood Stock11.4Food11.5Handling11.6Quality11.7Procedure12Demonstration of Feasibility12.1Experimental Design12.2Dissolved Oxygen12.3Temperature12.4Preparing Test Solutions12.5Conditioning Test Chambers12.6Beginning a Test12.......

Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia

ASTM E1295-01(2013) 用网纹水蚤 (Dubia) 进行三卵复原毒性试验的标准指南

5.1 Ceriodaphnia  was first used as a toxicity test organism by Mount and Norberg (4). Introduced for use in effluent and ambient water evaluations, Ceriodaphnia have also been a valuable addition to single chemical test procedures. 5.2 Protection of a population requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species, or species for which the test species serves as a surrogate. A three-brood toxicity test is conducted to help determine changes in survival and the number of neonates produced that result from exposure to the test material. 5.3 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be used to predict chronic or partial chronic effects on species in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions. 5.4 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be compared with the chronic sensitivities of different species and the chronic toxicities of different materials, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests. 5.5 Results of three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia might be useful for predicting the results of chronic tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water. Most such predictions are based on the results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results of a three-brood toxicity test with C. dubia might be greatly increased by also reporting the results of an acute toxicity test (see Guides E729 and E1192) conducted under the same conditions. In addition to conducting an acute test with unfed C. dubia, it might also be desirable to conduct an acute test in which the organisms are fed the same as in the three-brood test, to see if the presence of that concentration of that food affects the results of the acute test and the acute chronic ratio (see 10.4.1). 5.5.1 A 48 or 96-h EC50 or LC50 can sometimes be obtained from a three-brood toxicity test with a known test material, but often all the concentrations in the test will be below the EC50 or LC50. In addition, it is usually desirable to know the EC50 or LC50 before beginning the three-brood test, as a means to determine the concentrations for use in the chronic test (see 10.4.1). It should be noted that results from an acute test may not necessarily correspond to those of a chronic test, due to the addition of food to the chronic test. 5.6 Three-brood toxicity tests with C. du......

Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia

ASTM D6734-01(2009) 水中低水平大肠菌噬体的标准试验方法

Coliphage organisms may serve as indicators of fecal contamination. The presence of coliphages in water in the absence of a disinfectant indicates the probable presence of fecal contamination. The absolute relationship between the number of coliforms and coliphages in natural waters has not been conclusively demonstrated. Coliphages are generally more resistant than coliforms to chlorination and may have some advantage over coliforms as an indicator of treatment efficiency in disinfected waters. The detection of coliphages in a water sample depends upon the use of a sensitive host strain in the coliphage assay. Coliphages may be detected by this concentration procedure in 6.5 h to provide important same-day information on the sanitary quality of water. The lower detection limit of this concentration procedure is 1 coliphage per volume of water sample tested.1.1 This test method covers the determination of coliphages infective for E. coli C in water. The test method is simple, inexpensive, and yields an indication of water quality within 6.5 h. This coliphage method can determine coliphages in water down to 1 coliphage per volume of water sampled. 1.2 The test method is applicable to natural fresh water samples and to settled, filtered or finished water samples. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Low Levels of Coliphages in Water

ASTM E1295-01(2006) 用网纹水蚤(Dubia)进行三卵、复原毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of an effluent or a test material (added to dilution water, but not to food) on Ceriodaphnia dubiaRichard 1894, during continuous exposure throughout a portion of the organism''s life. These procedures should also be useful for conducting life cycle toxicity tests with other Cladocera (Guide E 1193), although modifications will be necessary.1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures, that can be measured accurately at the necessary concentrations in water. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E 1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments (see also Guide E 1383), and surface waters. Renewal tests might not be applicable to materials that have high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed, or sorb to test chambers. If the concentration of dissolved oxygen falls below 4 mg/L or the concentration of test material decreases by more than 20 % in test solution(s) between renewals, more frequent renewals might be necessary.1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting three-brood toxicity tests with C. dubia.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows: SectionReferenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Apparatus6Facilities6.1Construction Materials6.2Test Chambers6.3Cleaning6.4Reagents and Materials7Hazards8Dilution Water9Requirements9.1Source9.2Treatment9.3Characterization9.4Test Material10General10.1Stock Solution10.2Effluent10.3Test Concentration(s)10.4Collection10.5Sample Containers10.6Preservation10.7Treatment10.8Test Organisms11Species11.1Age11.2Source11.3Brood Stock11.4Food11.5Handling11.6Quality11.7Procedure12Demonstration of Feasibility12.1Experimental Design12.2Dissolved Oxygen12.3Temperature12.4Preparing Test Solutions12.5Conditioning Test Chambers12.6Beginning a Test12.......

Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia

ASTM D6734-01 水中低水平大肠菌噬体的标准测试方法

Coliphage organisms may serve as indicators of fecal contamination. The presence of coliphages in water in the absence of a disinfectant indicates the probable presence of fecal contamination. The absolute relationship between the number of coliforms and coliphages in natural waters has not been conclusively demonstrated. Coliphages are generally more resistant than coliforms to chlorination and may have some advantage over coliforms as an indicator of treatment efficiency in disinfected waters. The detection of coliphages in a water sample depends upon the use of a sensitive host strain in the coliphage assay. Coliphages may be detected by this concentration procedure in 6.5 h to provide important same-day information on the sanitary quality of water. The lower detection limit of this concentration procedure is 1 coliphage per volume of water sample tested.1.1 This test method covers the determination of coliphages infective for E. coli C in water. The test method is simple, inexpensive, and yields an indication of water quality within 6.5 h. This coliphage method can determine coliphages in water down to 1 coliphage per volume of water sampled.1.2 The test method is applicable to natural fresh water samples and to settled, filtered or finished water samples.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Low Levels of Coliphages in Water

ASTM E1706-00e2 淡水中无脊椎动物沉积物有关污染毒性测量的试验方法

1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwater organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory.1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca (H. azteca) (see 13.1.2) and the midge Chironomus tentans (C. tentans) (see 14.1.2). The toxicity tests are conducted for 10 days in 300-mL chambers containing 100 mL of sediment and 175 mL of overlying water. Overlying water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments (up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca. In addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in 13.1.2 and 14.1.2, general procedures are also described for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see 13.1.2) and C. tentans (see 14.1.2).1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is outlined in Annex A1 for Chironomus riparius, in Annex A2 for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, in Annex A3 for Hexagenia spp., in Annex A4 for Tubifex tubifex, and in Annex A5 for the Diporeia spp. Guidance is also provided in Annex A6 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca by measuring effects on survival, growth, and reproduction. Guidance is also provided in Annex A7 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with C. tentans by measuring effects on survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction. 1.6 outlines the data that will be needed before test methods are developed from the guidance outlined in Annex A1 to Annex A7 for these test organisms. General procedures described in Sections 17 for sediment testing with H. azteca and C. tentans are also applicable for sediment testing with the test organisms described in Annex A1 to Annex A7.1.2 Procedures outlined in this test method are based primarily on procedures described in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1-8)sup2; and Guides E 1367, E 1391, E 1525 and E 1688.1.3 Additional research and methods development are now in progress to: (1) evaluate additional test organisms, (2) further evaluate the use of formulated sediment, (3) refine sediment dilution procedures, (4) refine sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures (9), (5) refine sediment spiking procedures, (6) develop in situ toxicity tests to assess sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation under field conditions, (7) evaluate relative sensitivities of endpoints measured in tests, (8) develop methods for new species, (9) evaluate relationships between toxicity and bioaccumulation, and (10) produce additional data on confirmation of responses in laboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organisms. Some issues that may be considered in interpretation of test results are the subject of continuing research including the influence of feeding on bioavailability, nutritional requirements of the test organisms, and additional performance criteria for organism health. See Section 6 for additional detail. This information will be described in future editions of this standard.1.4 The USEPA (1) and Guide E 1688 also describes 28-day bioaccumulation methods for the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus.1.5 Results of tests, even those with the same species, using procedures different from those described in the test method may not be comparable and using these different procedures may alter bioavailability. Comparison of results obtained using modified versions ......

Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

ASTM E1562-00(2013) 多毛纲环节动物做剧烈的, 慢性的及寿命周期水生动物毒性试验的标准指南

5.1 Polychaetes are an important component of the benthic community, in which they generally comprise 30 to 508201;% of the macroinvertebrate population. They are preyed upon by many species of fish, birds, and larger invertebrate species. Larger polychaetes feed on small invertebrates, larval stages of invertebrates, and algae. Polychaetes are especially sensitive to inorganic toxicants and, to a lesser extent, to organic toxicants (1).3 The ecological importance of polychaetes and their wide geographical distribution, ability to be cultured in the laboratory, and sensitivity to contaminants make them appropriate acute and chronic toxicity test organisms. Their short life cycle enables the investigator to measure the effect of contaminants on reproduction. 5.2 An acute toxicity or chronic text is conducted to obtain information concerning the immediate effects of an exposure to a test material on a test organism under specified experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test provides data on the short-term effects, which are useful for comparisons to other species but do not provide information on delayed effects. Chronic toxicity tests provide data on long-term effects. 5.3 A life-cycle toxicity test is conducted to determine the effects of the test material on survival, growth, and reproduction of the test species. Additional sublethal endpoints (for example, biochemical, physiological, and histopathological) may be used to determine the health of the species under field conditions. 5.4 The results of acute, chronic, and life-cycle toxicity tests can be used to predict effects likely to occur on marine organisms under field conditions. 5.5 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species and the toxicities of different test materials, as well as to study the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests. 5.6 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be an important consideration when assessing the hazards of materials to marine organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (2). 5.7 The results of acute, chronic, or life-cycle toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure activity relationships between, test materials. 5.8 The results of acute, chronic, and life-cycle toxicity tests will depend partly on the temperature, quality of food, condition of test organisms, test procedures, and other factors. 1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to marine and estuarine waters on certain species of polychaetes during short- or long-term continuous exposure. The polychaete species used in these tests are taken from laboratory cultu......

Standard Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic, and Life-Cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids

ASTM E1562-00 用多毛纲环节动物做剧烈的、慢性的及寿命周期水生动物毒性试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to marine and estuarine waters on certain species of polychaetes during short- or long-term continuous exposure. The polychaete species used in these tests are taken from laboratory cultures and exposed to varying concentrations of a toxicant in static conditions. These procedures may be useful for conducting toxicity tests with other species of polychaetes, although modifications might be necessary. 1.2 Modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to those of many other tests. Comparisons of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute, chronic, or life-cycle tests with other species of polychaetes. 1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, and known or unknown mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct these tests on factors such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. These procedures can also be used to assess the toxicity of potentially toxic discharges such as municipal wastes, oil drilling fluids, produced water from oil well production, and other types of industrial wastes. An LC50 (medial lethal concentration) is calculated from the data generated in each acute and chronic toxicity test. Reproductive success and the number of offspring produced are used to measure the effect of a toxicant on life-cycle tests; data are analyzed statistically to indicate that concentration at which a significant difference occurs between the test solutions and control(s). 1.4 The results of acute or chronic toxicity tests with toxicants added experimentally to salt water should usually be reported in terms of an LC50. The results of life-cycle toxicity tests with toxicants added experimentally to salt water should be reported as that concentration at which a statistically significant difference in the number of offspring is produced with reference to the control(s). 1.5 This guide is arranged as follows: Section Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Guide 4 Significance and Use 5 Apparatus 6 Facilities 6.1 Construction Materials 6.2 Test Chambers 6.3 Cleaning 6.4 Acceptability 6.5 Safety Precautions 7 Dilution Water 8 Requirements 8.1 Source 8.2 Treatment 8.3 Characterization 8.4 Test Material 9 General 9.1 Stock Solution 9.2 Test Concentrations 9.3 Test Organisms 10 Species 10.1 Age 10.2 Source ......

Standard Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic, and Life-Cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids

ASTM D5660-96 使用发光海生细菌毒性试验法评定化学污染的水和土壤微生物去毒的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method (1) covers a procedure for the rapid evaluation of the toxicity of wastewaters and aqueous extracts from contaminated soils and sediments, to the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum , prior to and following biological treatment. This test method is meant for use as a means to assess samples resulting from biotreatability studies. Sensitivity data for P. phosphoreum to over 1300 chemicals have been reported in the literature (2). Some of the publications are very relevant to this test method (3). The data obtained from this test method, when combined with respirometry, total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), or spectrophotometric data, can assist in the determination of the degree of biodegradability of a contaminant in water, soil, or sediment (3). The percentage difference between the IC20 of treated and untreated sample is used to assess the progress of detoxification. 1.2 This test method is applicable to the evaluation of the toxicity (to a specific microbe) and its implication on the biodegradation of aqueous samples from laboratory research bio-reactors (liquid or soil), pilot-plant biological treatment systems, full-scale biological treatment systems, and land application processes (see Notes 1 and 2). Note 1-If the biologically treated material is to be discharged in such a manner as to potentially impact surface waters and ground water, or both, then the user must consult appropriate regulatory guidance documents to determine the proper test species for evaluating potential environmental impact (4). Correlations between data concerning reduction in toxicity produced by this test method and by procedures for acute or short-term chronic toxicity tests, or both, utilizing invertebrates and fish (see Guides E729 and E1192), should be established, wherever possible. Note 2-Color (especially red and brown), turbidity, and suspended solids interfere with this test method by absorbing or reflecting light. In these situations data are corrected for these effects by use of an absorbance correction procedure included in this test method (see 5.3, 6.1, and 6.2). 1.3 The results of this test method are reported in terms of an inhibitory concentration (IC), which is the calculated concentration of sample required to produce a specific quantitative and qualitative inhibition. The inhibition measured is the quantitative reduction in light output of luminescent marine bacteria (that is, IC20 represents the calculated concentration of sample that would produce a 20% reduction in the light output of exposed bacteria over a specified time). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxification of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using a Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium

ASTM D5465-93(2004) 由沉积法分析的水测定微生物计数的标准规程

These practices provide a uniform set of counting, calculating, and reporting procedures for ASTM test methods in microbiology.

Standard Practice for Determining Microbial Colony Counts from Waters Analyzed by Plating Methods