13.080.20 土壤的物理特性 标准查询与下载

ASTM D7263-09 实验室测定土壤样品的密度(单位重量)的标准试验方法

Dry density, as defined as “density of soil or rock” in Terminology D 653 and “bulk density” by soil scientists, can be used to convert the water fraction of soil from a mass basis to a volume basis and vise-versa. When particle density, that is, specific gravity (Test Methods D 854) is also known, dry density can be used to calculate porosity and void ratio (see Appendix X1). Dry density measurements are also useful for determining degree of soil compaction. Since moisture content is variable, moist soil density provides little useful information except to estimate the weight of soil per unit volume, for example, pounds per cubic yard, at the time of sampling. Since soil volume shrinks with drying of swelling soils, bulk density will vary with moisture content. Hence, the water content of the soil should be determined at the time of sampling. Densities (unit weights) of remolded/reconstituted specimens are commonly used to evaluate the degree of compaction of earthen fills, embankments, etc. Dry density values are usually used in conjunction with compaction curve values (Test Methods D 698 and D 1557). Density (unit weight) is one of the key components in determining the mass composition/phase relations of soil, see Appendix X1. Note 18212;The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.1.1 These test methods describe two ways of determining the total/moist and dry densities (unit weights) of intact, disturbed, remolded, and reconstituted (compacted) soil specimens. Density (unit weight) as used in this standard means the same as “bulk density” of soil as defined by the Soil Science Society of America. Intact specimens may be obtained from thin-walled sampling tubes, block samples, or clods. Specimens that are remolded by dynamic or static compaction procedures may also be measured by these methods. These methods apply to soils that will retain their shape during the measurement process and may also apply to other materials such as soil-cement, soil-lime, soil-bentonite or solidified soil-bentonite-cement slurries. It is common for the density (unit weight) of specimens after removal from sampling tubes and compaction molds to be less than the value based on tube or mold volumes, or of in-situ conditions. This is due to the specimen swelling after removal of lateral pressures. 1.1.1 Method A covers the procedure for measuring the volume of wax coated specimens by determining the quantity of water displaced. 1.1.1.1 This method only applies to specimens in which the wax will not penetrate the outer surface of the specimen. 1.1.2 Method B covers the procedure by means of the direct measurement of the dimensions and mass of a specimen, usually one of cylindrical shape. Intact and reconstituted/remolded specimens may be tested by this method in conjunction with strength, permeability (air/water) and compressibility determinations. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are......

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density (Unit Weight) of Soil Specimens

KS M ISO 23470-2008(2018) 土壤质量.用六氯化铵溶液测定有效阳离子交换容量（CEC）和交换性阳离子

Soil quality－Determination of effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations using a hexamminecobalt trichloride solution

KS M ISO 23470:2008 土质.用三氯六氨基钴溶液测定有效阳离子交换能力(CEC)和可交换的阳离子

이 표준은 삼염화 헥사민코발트 용액을 추출액으로 사용하여 토양의 양이온교환용량(CEC)과

Soil quality－Determination of effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations using a hexamminecobalt trichloride solution

ASTM D6938-08a 用核子法测定土壤和土壤团聚体的现场密度和含水量的标准试验方法（浅层）

Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

BS EN ISO 16720:2008 土质.连续分析用冷冻-干燥法预处理样品

Soil quality - Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis

ASTM D6035-08 用于确定冷冻解冻对压实或完整土壤样品的液压电导率的影响的标准测试方法

This test method identifies the changes in hydraulic conductivity as a result of freeze-thaw on natural soils only. It is the user''s responsibility when using this test method to determine the appropriate moisture content of the laboratory-compacted specimens (that is, dry, wet, or at optimum moisture content) (Note 2). Note 28212;It is common practice to construct clay liners and covers at optimum or greater than optimum moisture content. Specimens compacted dry of optimum moisture content typically do not contain larger pore sizes as a result of freeze-thaw because the effects of freeze-thaw are minimized by the lack of water in the sample. Therefore, the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity is minimal, or the hydraulic conductivity may increase slightly. , The requestor must provide information regarding the effective stresses to be applied during testing, especially for determining the final hydraulic conductivity. Using high effective stresses (that is, 35 kPa (5 psi) as allowed by Test Method D 5084) can decrease an already increased hydraulic conductivity resulting in lower final hydraulic conductivity values. The long-term effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils is unknown. The increased hydraulic conductivity caused by freeze-thaw may be temporary. For example, the overburden pressure imparted by the waste placed on a soil liner in a landfill after being subjected to freeze-thaw may reduce the size of the cracks and pores that cause the increase in hydraulic conductivity. It is not known if the pressure would overcome the macroscopically increased hydraulic conductivity sufficiently to return the soil to its original hydraulic conductivity (prior to freeze-thaw). For cases such as landfill covers, where the overburden pressure is low, the increase in hydraulic conductivity due to freeze-thaw will likely be permanent. Thus, the requestor must take the application of the test method into account when establishing the effective stress. The specimen shall be frozen to −15°C unless the requestor specifically dictates otherwise. It has been documented in the literature that the initial (that is, 0 to −15°C) freezing condition causes the most significant effects in hydraulic conductivity. Freezing rate and ultimate temperature should mimic the field conditions. It has been shown that superfreezing (that is, freezing the specimen at very cold temperatures and very short time periods) produces erroneous results. The thawed specimen temperature and thaw rate shall mimic field conditions. Thawing specimens in an oven (that is, overheating) will produce erroneous results. Literature relating to this subject indicates that the effects of freeze-thaw usually occur by Cycle 10, thus it is recommended that at least 10 freeze-thaw cycles shall be performed to ensure that the full effects of freeze-thaw are measured. If the hydraulic conductivity values are still increasing after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, the test method shall be continued (that is, more freeze-thaw cycles shall be performed). Note 38212;The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many fact............

Standard Test Method for Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter

ASTM D7382-08 用振动锤测定粒状土壤有效压实的最大干燥单位重量和含水量范围的试验方法

For many cohesionless, free-draining soils, the maximum dry unit weight is one of the key components in evaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass that is either naturally occurring or is constructed (fill). Soil placed as an engineered fill is compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties such as shear strength, compressibility, permeability, or combinations thereof. Also, foundation soils are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percent compaction and water content needed at the time of compaction to achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling construction to assure that the required unit weights and water contents are achieved. It is generally recognized that percent compaction is a good indicator of the state of compactness of a given soil mass. However, the engineering properties, such as strength, compressibility, and permeability of a given soil, compacted by various methods to a given state of compactness can vary considerably. Therefore, considerable engineering judgment must be used in relating the engineering properties of soil to the state of compactness. Experience indicates that the construction control aspects discussed in 5.2 are extremely difficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealing with certain soils. 5.4.1, 5.4.2, and 5.4.3 describe typical problem soils, the problems encountered when dealing with such soils, and possible solutions to these problems. Degradation8212;Soils containing particles that degrade during compaction are a problem, especially when more degradation occurs during laboratory compaction than field compaction, as is typical. Degradation typically occurs during the compaction of a granular-residual soil or aggregate. When degradation occurs, the maximum dry unit weight increases so that the laboratory maximum value is not representative of field conditions. Often, in these cases, the maximum dry unit weight is impossible to achieve in the field. One method to design and control the compaction of such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and the method to obtain that compaction, followed by the use of a method specification to control the compaction. Components of a method specification typically contain the type and size of compaction equipment to be used, the lift thickness, and the number of passes. Note 48212;Success in executing the compaction control of an earthwork project, especially when a method specification is used, is highly dependent upon the quality and experience of the “contractor” and “inspector.” Gap Graded8212;Gap-graded soils (soils containing many large particles with limited small particles) are a problem because the compacted soil will have larger voids than usual. To handle these large voids, standard test methods (laboratory or field) typically have to be modified using engineering judgment. Gravelly Soils Possessing Low Angularity and High Percentage of Fines8212;Gravelly soils possessing low angularity and a high percentage of fines can lead to poor results for dry unit weight when using the wet/saturated method. However, when water contents at the time of compaction are near saturation with no free water, the dry unit weight achieved may result in a higher value than that from the dry method. Ultimately, during densification, the material may reach a saturated state. Therefore, for these soils, a water content of 1 o......

Standard Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective Compaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer

ASTM D5779-08e1 现场测定腐蚀控制用岩石和人造材料的表观比重的标准试验方法

Specific gravity is one factor used to determine the required mass of individual particles used as gabion-fill, riprap, armor stone, breakwater stone, or other types of rock products used for erosion control applications, and acceptibility of these materials for their intended use. Note 18212;The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3740. Not withstanding statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of rock or man-made materials for erosion control. 1.2 This is a field test method to measure apparent specific gravity. For laboratory determination of bulk specific gravity see Test Method D6473. 1.3 Units8212;The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are given for information only. 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Apparent Specific Gravity of Rock and Manmade Materials for Erosion Control

NF X31-516:2007 土壤质量 水中土壤颗粒有机物的粒径分级

Qualité du sol - Fractionnement granulodensimétrique des matières organiques particulaires du sol dans l'eau

LST EN ISO 16720:2007 土壤质量 通过冷冻干燥预处理样品以供后续分析（ISO 16720:2005）

Soil quality - Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis (ISO 16720:2005)

DIN 19683-13:2007 土质.实验室物理试验.第13部分:矿物质土壤体积百分率、总孔容和气隙率测定

Soil quality - Physical laboratory tests - Part 13: Determination of soil volume percentage, total pore volume and pore number of mineral soils

NY/T 1377-2007 土壤PH的测定

本标准规定了以水或1mol/LKCl溶液或0.01mol/LCaCl 溶液为浸提剂，采用电位法测定土壤pH的方法。 本标准适用于各类土壤的pH测定。

Determination of pH in Soil

NY/T 1378-2007 土壤氯离子含量的测定

本标准规定了土壤中氯离子含量的电位滴定测定方法。 本标准适用于氯离子含量（以Cl计）在1mg/L～1500mg/L的试样溶液（分取用于滴定的试验溶液中氯离子含量为0.01mg～75mg）。当使用的硝酸银标准溶液浓度小于0.02mol/L时，滴定应在乙醇一水溶液中进行。

Determination of Chloride Ion Content in Soil

DIN EN ISO 16720:2007 土壤质量.连续分析用冷冻干燥试样的预处理

This International Standard specifies a method for pretreatment of soil samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis. This International Standard is applicable to soil samples for subsequent determination of elements or organic compounds recoginzed as non-volatile under freeze-drying conditions.Generally,this International Standard can also be applied to samples from sludges and sediments. This method is also applicable as a first step for the determination of dry matter(or water)content,for instance in the case of samples with high water content.

Soil quality - Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis (ISO 16720:2005); English version of DIN EN ISO 16720:2007-06

ISO 23470:2007 土质.用三氯六氨基钴溶液测定有效阳离子交换能力(CEC)和可交换的阳离子

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the content of exchangeable cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Fe2+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+) in soils using a hexamminecobalt trichloride solution as extractant. NOTE As the pH of a soil suspension in the hexamminecobalt trichloride solution is close to the pH of the suspension in water, this method is considered to give the effective CEC, i.e. the CEC at the soil pH. This International Standard is applicable to all types of air-dried soil samples which have been prepared in accordance with ISO 11464. References and results of the comparison with other methods (barium chloride, ammonium acetate) are given in Annex A.

Soil quality - Determination of effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations using a hexamminecobalt trichloride solution

EN ISO 16720:2007 土壤质量.连续分析用冷冻干燥试样的预处理

Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Vorbehandlung von Proben durch Gefriertrocknung für die anschließende Analyse fest. Diese Internationale Norm ist für Proben aus Böden für die anschließende Bestimmung von Elementen oder organischen Verbindungen anwendbar, die unter den Bedingungen der Gefriertrocknung als nicht flüchtig identifiziert werden. Grundsätzlich kann diese Internationale Norm auch für Schlamm- und Sedimentproben angewendet werden. Die Gefriertrocknung kann als erster Schritt bei der Bestimmung des Trockenmasseanteiles (oder des Wassergehaltes) angewendet werden, beispielsweise im Falle von Proben mit einem hohen Wassergehalt.

Soil quality - Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis

ASTM D6938-06e1 核方法（浅埋深）的土壤和土壤集料的原位密度和含水量的标准测试方法

Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

KS I ISO 16720-2006(2011) 土壤质量－通过冷冻干燥对样品进行预处理 以便进行后续分析

Soil quality－Pretreatment of samples by freeze－drying for subsequent analysis

KS I ISO 11271:2006 土壤质量.氧化还原电势的测定.现场试验

이 규격은 토양의 산화 환원 전위(Eh)의 측정에 대하여 규정한 것이다.

Soil quality-Determination of redox potential-Field method

ASTM D5607-02(2006) 在恒定正态力下进行岩石试样的实验室直接剪切强度试验的标准试验方法

Standard Test Method for Performing Laboratory Direct Shear Strength Tests of Rock Specimens Under Constant Normal Force