71.040.50 (Physicochemical methods of analysis) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1775-07 铅的现场提取和便携式电气化学或分光光度分析的性能评估用标准指南

This guide is intended for use in evaluating the performance of field-portable electroanalytical or spectrophotometric devices for lead determination, or both. Desired performance criteria for field-based extraction procedures are provided. Performance parameters of concern may be determined using protocols that are referenced in this guide. Example reference materials to be used in assessing the performance of field-portable lead analyzers are listed. Exhaustive details regarding quality assurance issues are outside the scope of this guide. Applicable quality assurance aspects are dealt with extensively in references that are cited in this guide.1.1 This standard provides guidelines for determining the performance of field-portable quantitative lead analysis instruments.1.2 This guide applies to field-portable electroanalytical and spectrophotometric (including reflectance and colorimetric) analyzers.1.3 Sample matrices of concern herein include paint, dust, soil, and airborne particles.1.4 This guide addresses the desired performance characteristics of field-based sample extraction procedures for lead, as well as on-site extraction followed by field-portable analysis.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance of On-Site Extraction and Field-Portable Electrochemical or Spectrophotometric Analysis for Lead

ASTM D7183-07 紫外线荧光法测定芳烃和相关化合物中总硫度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in aromatic hydrocarbons, their derivatives, and related chemicals.1.2 This test method is applicable to samples with sulfur concentrations from 0.5 to 100 mg/kg.1.3 The following applies for the purposes of determining the conformance of the test results using this test method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Ultraviolet Fluorescence

ASTM E1771-07 测定阳极氧化粗铜中的酮含量的标准试验方法

This test method for the determination of copper in anode (99.0 to 99.8 %) and blister copper (92.0 to 98.0 %) is primarily intended as a referee method, to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that users of this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory. This test method is intended to determine the copper content of commercial anode and blister copper. Those elements that interfere are removed by precipitation or volatilization, or both. Copper is electrodeposited as the metal and weighed. This method will also be found useful for the electrolytic determination of copper in some copper alloys and scrap.1.1 This test method describes the electrolytic determination of copper in commercial anode (99.0 to 99.8%) and blister copper (92.0 to 98.0 %).This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Copper in Anode and Blister Copper

ASTM E1097-07 直流等离子原子发射光谱测定分析用标准指南

Analyses using DCP-AES require proper preparation of test solutions, accurate calibration, and control of analytical procedures. ASTM test methods that refer to this guide shall provide specifics on test solutions, calibration, and procedures. DCP-AES analysis is primarily concerned with testing materials for compliance with specifications, but may range from qualitative estimations to umpire analysis. These may involve measuring major and minor constituents or trace impurities, or both. This guide suggests some approaches to these different analytical needs. This guide assists analysts in developing new methods. It is assumed that the users of this guide will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory. This guide does not purport to define all of the quality assurance parameters necessary for DCP-AES analysis. Analysts should ensure that proper quality assurance procedures are followed, especially those defined by the test method. Refer to Guide E 882.1.1 This guide covers procedures for using a direct current plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (DCP-AES) to determine the concentration of elements in solution. Recommendations are provided for preparing and calibrating the instrument, assessing instrument performance, diagnosing and correcting for interferences, measuring test solutions, and calculating results. A method to correct for instrument drift is included.1.2 This guide does not specify all the operating conditions for a DCP-AES because of the differences between models of these instruments. Analysts should follow instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.1.3 This guide does not attempt to specify in detail all of the hardware components and computer software of the instrument. It is assumed that the instrument, whether commercially available, modified, or custom built, will be capable of performing the analyses for which it is intended, and that the analyst has verified this before performing the analysis.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

Standard Guide for Direct Current Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry Analysis

ASTM D6591-06 带折射指数探测的高效液相色谱法测定在中间馏份中芳香烃类的标准试验方法

The aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel is a factor that can affect exhaust emissions and fuel combustion characteristics, as measured by cetane number. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) regulates the aromatic content of diesel fuels. California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations place limits on the total aromatics content and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel, thus requiring an appropriate analytical determination to ensure compliance with the regulations. This test method is applicable to materials in the same boiling range as motor diesel fuels and is unaffected by fuel coloration. Test Method D 1319, which has been mandated by the US EPA for the determination of aromatics in motor diesel fuel, excludes materials with final boiling points greater than 315°C (600°F) from its scope. Test Method D 2425 is applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, but is much more costly and time-consuming to perform. Test Method D 5186, currently specified by CARB, is also applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. Test Method D 5186, however, specifies the use of supercritical fluid chromatography equipment that may not be readily available. Note 28212;Test Method D 5186 was previously specified by CARB as an alternative to Test Method D 1319.1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic, di-aromatic, tri+-aromatic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents in diesel fuels and petroleum distillates boiling in the range from 150 to 400176;C. The total aromatic content in % m/m is calculated from the sum of the corresponding individual aromatic hydrocarbon types.Note 1Aviation fuels and petroleum distillates with a boiling point range from 50 to 300176;C are not determined by this test method and should be analyzed by Test Method, D 6379 or other suitable equivalent test methods.1.2 The precision of this test method has been established for diesel fuels and their blending components, containing from 4 to 40 % (m/m) mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 20 % (m/m) di-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 6 % (m/m) tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0 to 26 % (m/m) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 4 to 65 % (m/m) total aromatic hydrocarbons.1.3 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents.1.4 By convention, this standard defines the aromatic hydrocarbon types on the basis of their elution characteristics from the specified liquid chromatography column relative to model aromatic compounds. Quantification is by external calibration using a single aromatic compound, which may or may not be representative of the aromatics in the sample, for each aromatic hydrocarbon type. Alternative techniques and methods may classify and quantify individual aromatic hydrocarbon types differently.1.5 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), if present, interfere with tri+-aromatic hydrocarbons. If this method is used for diesel containing FAME, the amount of tri+-aromatics will be over estimated.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

ASTM E2117-06(2011) 医疗记录质量保证计划的鉴定和确立用标准指南

This guide lists the essential components of a quality assurance program/quality improvement program for medical transcription and is applicable in all work environments. It describes factors that should be considered when evaluating the individuals and processes responsible for producing patient care documentation and for establishing procedures to address and resolve problems that may arise in dictation and transcription. It clarifies who has the authority to make decisions regarding transcription style and editing and to resolve conflicts. This guide may be used to develop a quality assurance program for individual medical transcriptionists, medical transcription departments within healthcare institutions, medical transcription businesses, and authors of dictation. A quality assurance program verifies the consistency, correctness, and completeness of dictation and transcribed reports, including the systematic identification and resolution of inaccuracies and inconsistencies, according to organizational standards. Merely proofreading reports is not equivalent to a quality review process, which should involve comparison with the dictation at least part of the time and review for meaning of content all of the time. Quality is fundamental to the patient record, and clear, complete, accurate patient care documentation helps control the rising cost of health care and contributes to patient safety. The quality of the final report is the responsibility of both the author and the medical transcriptionist. It is the result of teamwork between the person dictating and the individual transcribing. It should be noted that while production standards are important, their value is diminished if quality is lacking. Likewise, transcribing dictation verbatim may not result in quality documentation or clear communication. It is the transcriptionist''s responsibility to recognize, identify, and report voice files that lack accuracy, completeness, consistency, and clarity for corrective action.1.1 This guide covers the establishment of a quality assurance program for dictation, medical transcription, and related processes. Quality assurance (QA) is necessary to ensure the accuracy of healthcare documentation. Quality documentation protects healthcare providers, facilitates reimbursement, and improves communication among healthcare providers, thus improving the overall quality of patient care. This guide establishes essential and desirable elements for quality healthcare documentation, but it is not purported to be an exhaustive list. 1.2 The QA personnel for medical transcription should have an understanding of the processes and variables or alternatives involved in the creation of medicolegal documents and an understanding of quality assurance issues as they pertain to medical transcription. Qualified personnel include certified medical transcriptionists (CMTs), quality assurance professionals, or individuals who hold other appropriately related credentials or degrees. 1.3 The medical transcriptionist (MT) and QA reviewer should establish a cooperative partnership so that the review outcomes are objective and educational to include corrective actions and remedies. Policies should be developed to minimize subjective review, which can lead to forceful implementation of one style at the expense of other reasonable choices. Objective review, including an appeals process, should follow organizational standards that have been agreed upon by the full team of QA personnel, MTs, and management staff.

Standard Guide for Identification and Establishment of a Quality Assurance Program for Medical Transcription

ASTM E2117-06 医疗记录质量保证计划的鉴定和确立用标准指南

This guide lists the essential components of a quality assurance program/quality improvement program for medical transcription and is applicable in all work environments. It describes factors that should be considered when evaluating the individuals and processes responsible for producing patient care documentation and for establishing procedures to address and resolve problems that may arise in dictation and transcription. It clarifies who has the authority to make decisions regarding transcription style and editing and to resolve conflicts. This guide may be used to develop a quality assurance program for individual medical transcriptionists, medical transcription departments within healthcare institutions, medical transcription businesses, and authors of dictation. A quality assurance program verifies the consistency, correctness, and completeness of dictation and transcribed reports, including the systematic identification and resolution of inaccuracies and inconsistencies, according to organizational standards. Merely proofreading reports is not equivalent to a quality review process, which should involve comparison with the dictation at least part of the time and review for meaning of content all of the time. Quality is fundamental to the patient record, and clear, complete, accurate patient care documentation helps control the rising cost of health care and contributes to patient safety. The quality of the final report is the responsibility of both the author and the medical transcriptionist. It is the result of teamwork between the person dictating and the individual transcribing. It should be noted that while production standards are important, their value is diminished if quality is lacking. Likewise, transcribing dictation verbatim may not result in quality documentation or clear communication. It is the transcriptionistrsquo;responsibility to recognize, identify, and report voice files that lack accuracy, completeness, consistency, and clarity for corrective action.1.1 This guide covers the establishment of a quality assurance program for dictation, medical transcription, and related processes. Quality assurance (QA) is necessary to ensure the accuracy of healthcare documentation. Quality documentation protects healthcare providers, facilitates reimbursement, and improves communication among healthcare providers, thus improving the overall quality of patient care. This guide establishes essential and desirable elements for quality healthcare documentation, but it is not purported to be an exhaustive list.1.2 The QA personnel for medical transcription should have an understanding of the processes and variables or alternatives involved in the creation of medicolegal documents and an understanding of quality assurance issues as they pertain to medical transcription. Qualified personnel include certified medical transcriptionists (CMTs), quality assurance professionals, or individuals who hold other appropriately related credentials or degrees.1.3 The medical transcriptionist (MT) and QA reviewer should establish a cooperative partnership so that the review outcomes are objective and educational to include corrective actions and remedies. Policies should be developed to minimize subjective review, which can lead to forceful implementation of one style at the expense of other reasonable choices. Objective review, including an appeals process, should follow organizational standards that have been agreed upon by the full team of QA personnel, MTs, and management staff.

Standard Guide for Identification and Establishment of a Quality Assurance Program for Medical Transcription

ASTM E1504-06 次级离子质谱法(SIMS)中质谱数据报告的标准实施规程

This practice is intended for use in reporting the experimental and data reduction procedures described in other publications.1.1 This practice provides the minimum information necessary to describe the instrumental, experimental, and data reduction procedures used in acquiring and reporting secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) mass spectral data.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Mass Spectral Data in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

ASTM D6071-06 用石墨反应堆原子吸收光谱法测定高纯度水中低水平钠的标准试验方法

Small quantities of sodium, 1 to 10 μg/L, can be significant in high pressure boiler systems and in nuclear power systems. Steam condensate from such systems must have less than 10 μg/L. In addition, condensate polishing system effluents should have less than 1 μg/L. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) represents technique for determining low concentrations of sodium.1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace sodium in high purity water. The method range of concentration is 1 to 40 g/L sodium. The analyst may extend the range once its applicability has been ascertained. Note 1It is necessary to perform replicate analysis and take an average to accurately determine values at the lower end of the stated range.1.2 This test method is a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace sodium impurities in ultra high purity water.1.3 This test method has been used successfully with a high purity water matrix. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine the suitability of the test method for other matrices.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

ASTM E2529-06e1 测试拉曼光谱仪分辨率的标准指南

4.1 Assessment of the spectrometer resolution and instrument line shape (ILS) function of a Raman spectrometer is important for intercomparability of spectra obtained among widely varying spectrometer systems, if spectra are to be transferred among systems, if various sampling accessories are to be used, or if the spectrometer can be operated at more than one laser excitation wavelength. 4.2 Low-pressure discharge lamps (pen lamps such as mercury, argon, or neon) provide a low-cost means to provide both resolution and wave number calibration for a variety of Raman systems over an extended wavelength range. 4.3 There are several disadvantages in the use of emission lines for this purpose, however. 4.3.1 First, it may be difficult to align the lamps properly with the sample position leading to distortion of the line, especially if the entrance slit of the spectrometer is underfilled or not symmetrically illuminated. 4.3.2 Second, many of the emission sources have highly dense spectra that may complicate both resolution and wave number calibration, especially on low-resolution systems. 4.3.3 Third, a significant contributor to line broadening of Raman spectral features may be the excitation laser line width itself, a component that is not assessed when evaluating the spectrometer resolution with pen lamps. 4.3.4 An alternative would use a Raman active compound in place of the emission source. This compound should be chemically inert, stable, and safe and ideally should provide Raman bands that are evenly distributed from 0 cm-1 (Raman shift) to the C-H stretching region 3000 cm -1 and above. These Raman bands should be of varying bandwidth. 4.4 To date, no such ideal sample has been identified; however carbon tetrachloride (see Practice E1683) and naphthalene (see Guide E1840) have been used previously for both resolution and Raman shift calibration. 4.5 The use of calcite to assess the resolution of a Raman system will be addressed in this guide. Calcite is a naturally occurring mineral that possesses many of the desired optical properties for a Raman resolution standard and is inexpensive, safe, and readily available. 4.6 The spectral bandwidth of dispersive Raman spectrometers is determined primarily by the focal length of the spectrometer, the dispersion of the grating, and the slit width. Field portable systems typically operate with fixed slits and gratings and thus operate with a fixed spectral bandwidth, while in many laboratory systems the slit widths and gratings are variable. The spectral bandwidth of Fourier-Transform (FT)-Raman systems is continuously variable by altering the optical path difference of the interferometer and furthermore is capable of obtaining much lower spectral bandwidth than most practical dispersive systems. Therefore, data obtained of a narrow Raman band on a FT-Raman system can be used to determine the resolution of a dispersive Raman ......

Standard Guide for Testing the Resolution of a Raman Spectrometer

ASTM D5739-06 用气相色谱法和正离子电子冲击低分辨率质谱法识别溢油源的标准实施规程

This practice is useful for assessing the source for an oil spill. Other less complex analytical procedures (Test Methods D 3328, D 3414, D 3650, and D 5037) may provide all of the necessary information for ascertaining an oil spill source; however, the use of a more complex analytical strategy may be necessary in certain difficult cases, particularly for significantly weathered oils. This practice provides the user with a means to this end. 4.1.1 This practice presumes that a “screening” of possible suspect sources has already occurred using less intensive techniques. As a result, this practice focuses directly on the generation of data using preselected targeted compound classes. These targets are both petrogenic and pyrogenic and can constitute both major and minor fractions of petroleum oils; they were chosen in order to develop a practice that is universally applicable to petroleum oil identification in general and is also easy to handle and apply. This practice can accommodate light oils and cracked products (exclusive of gasoline) on the one hand, as well as residual oils on the other. 4.1.2 This practice provides analytical characterizations of petroleum oils for comparison purposes. Certain classes of source-specific chemical compounds are targeted in this qualitative comparison; these target compounds are both unique descriptors of an oil and chemically resistant to environmental degradation. Spilled oil can be assessed in this way as being similar or different from potential source samples by the direct visual comparison of specific extracted ion chromatograms (EICs). In addition, other, more weathering-sensitive chemical compound classes can also be examined in order to crudely assess the degree of weathering undergone by an oil spill sample. This practice simply provides a means of making qualitative comparisons between petroleum samples; quantitation of the various chemical components is not addressed.1.1 This practice covers the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze and compare petroleum oil spills and suspected sources.1.2 The probable source for a spill can be ascertained by the examination of certain unique compound classes that also demonstrate the most weathering stability. To a greater or lesser degree, certain chemical classes can be anticipated to chemically alter in proportion to the weathering exposure time and severity, and subsequent analytical changes can be predicted. This practice recommends various classes to be analyzed and also provides a guide to expected weathering-induced analytical changes.1.3 This practice is applicable for moderately to severely degraded petroleum oils in the distillate range from diesel through Bunker C; it is also applicable for all crude oils with comparable distillation ranges. This practice may have limited applicability for some kerosenes, but it is not useful for gasolines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by Gas Chromatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

ASTM C1647-06 铀或钚材料中杂质检定用铀或钚或者两者的清除标准实施规程

This practice can be used to separate uranium or plutonium, or both, prior to the impurity analysis by various techniques. The removal of uranium and plutonium prior to quantification can improve the detection limits by minimizing the signal suppression caused by uranium or plutonium when using ICP techniques. Detection limits of ~1–10 part-per-billion (PPB) may be obtainable by matrix removal. Also, removal of the uranium and plutonium may allow the impurities analysis to be performed on a non-glove box enclosed instrument. Other test methods exist to determine impurities in uranium or plutonium. Test Method C 1517 is able to determine many impurities in uranium at detection levels of ~1–10 part-per-million (ppm) by DC-Arc Spectrometry. Test Method C 1287 is able to determine impurities in uranium at detection levels of ~100 ppb by ICP-MS. Test Method C 1432 provides an alternative technique to remove plutonium by ion exchange prior to analysis of the impurities by ICP-AES. This practice can be used to demonstrate compliance with nuclear fuel specifications, for example, Specifications C 753, C 757, C 776, C 787, C 788, and C 996.1.1 This practice covers instructions for using an extraction chromatography column method for the removal of plutonium or uranium, or both, from liquid or digested oxides or metals prior to impurity measurements. Quantification of impurities can be made by techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) or atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS.)This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Removal of Uranium or Plutonium, or both, for Impurity Assay in Uranium or Plutonium Materials

ASTM E2008-06 用热解重量分析法测定挥发速率的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers procedures for assessing the volatility of solids and liquids at given temperatures using thermogravimetry under prescribed experimental conditions. Results of this test method are obtained as volatility rates expressed as mass per unit time. Rates 5 g/min are achievable with this test method.1.2 Temperatures typical for this test method are within the range from 25C to 500C. This temperature range may differ depending upon the instrumentation used.1.3 This test method is intended to provide a value for the volatility rate of a sample using a thermogravimetric analysis measurement on a single representative specimen. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to determine the need for and the number of repetitive measurements on fresh specimens necessary to satisfy end use requirements.1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.Note 1Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.5 SI units are the standard.1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Volatility Rate by Thermogravimetry

ASTM D6866-06a 使用放射性碳和同位素比率质谱分析法测定天然材料中生物基含量的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods do not address environmental impact, product performance and functionality, determination of geographical origin, or assignment of required amounts of biobased carbon necessary for compliance with federal laws.1.2 These test methods are applicable to any product containing carbon-based components that can be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.1.3 These test methods make no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in the References section. However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.1.4 Currently, there are no ISO test methods that are equivalent to the test methods outlined in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis

ASTM D6866-06 使用放射性碳和同位素比率质谱分析法测定天然材料中生物基含量的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods do not address environmental impact, product performance and functionality, determination of geographical origin, or assignment of required amounts of biobased carbon necessary for compliance with federal laws.1.2 These test methods are applicable to any product containing carbon-based components that can be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.1.3 These test methods make no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in the References section. However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.1.4 Currently, there are no ISO test methods that are equivalent to the test methods outlined in this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis

ASTM E1162-06 报告次级离子质谱法(SIMS)中溅射深度截面数据的标准实施规程

This practice is used for reporting the experimental conditions as specified in Section 6 in the “Methods” or “Experimental” sections of other publications (subject to editorial restrictions). The report would include specific conditions for each data set, particularly, if any parameters are changed for different sputter depth profile data sets in a publication. For example, footnotes of tables or figure captions would be used to specify differing conditions.1.1 This practice covers the information needed to describe and report instrumentation, specimen parameters, experimental conditions, and data reduction procedures. SIMS sputter depth profiles can be obtained using a wide variety of primary beam excitation conditions, mass analysis, data acquisition, and processing techniques (1-4).1.2 Limitations This practice is limited to conventional sputter depth profiles in which information is averaged over the analyzed area in the plane of the specimen. Ion microprobe or microscope techniques permitting lateral spatial resolution of secondary ions within the analyzed area, for example, image depth profiling, are excluded.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Sputter Depth Profile Data in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

ASTM D5739-06(2013) 使用气相色谱法和阳离子电子轰击低分辨率质谱法识别溢油源的标准实施规程

4.1 This practice is useful for assessing the source for an oil spill. Other less complex analytical procedures (Test Methods D3328, D3414, D3650, and D5037) may provide all of the necessary information for ascertaining an oil spill source; however, the use of a more complex analytical strategy may be necessary in certain difficult cases, particularly for significantly weathered oils. This practice provides the user with a means to this end. 4.1.1 This practice presumes that a “screening” of possible suspect sources has already occurred using less intensive techniques. As a result, this practice focuses directly on the generation of data using preselected targeted compound classes. These targets are both petrogenic and pyrogenic and can constitute both major and minor fractions of petroleum oils; they were chosen in order to develop a practice that is universally applicable to petroleum oil identification in general and is also easy to handle and apply. This practice can accommodate light oils and cracked products (exclusive of gasoline) on the one hand, as well as residual oils on the other. 4.1.2 This practice provides analytical characterizations of petroleum oils for comparison purposes. Certain classes of source-specific chemical compounds are targeted in this qualitative comparison; these target compounds are both unique descriptors of an oil and chemically resistant to environmental degradation. Spilled oil can be assessed in this way as being similar or different from potential source samples by the direct visual comparison of specific extracted ion chromatograms (EICs). In addition, other, more weathering-sensitive chemical compound classes can also be examined in order to crudely assess the degree of weathering undergone by an oil spill sample. 4.2 This practice simply provides a means of making qualitative comparisons between petroleum samples; quantitation of the various chemical components is not addressed. 1.1 This practice covers the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze and compare petroleum oil spills and suspected sources. 1.2 The probable source for a spill can be ascertained by the examination of certain unique compound classes that also demonstrate the most weathering stability. To a greater or lesser degree, certain chemical classes can be anticipated to chemically alter in proportion to the weathering exposure time and severity, and subsequent analytical changes can be predicted. This practice recommends various classes to be analyzed and also provides a guide to expected weathering—induced analytical changes. 1.3 This practice is applicable for moderately to severely degraded petroleum oils in the distillate range from diesel through Bunker C; it is also applicable for all crude oils with comparable distillation ranges. This practice may have limited applicability for some kerosenes, but it is not useful for gasolines.

Standard Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by Gas Chromatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

ASTM E1635-06 报告次级离子质谱法(SIMS)成像数据用标准实施规程

This practice is to be used for reporting the experimental and data reduction procedures to be described with the publication of the data.1.1 This practice lists the minimum information necessary to describe the instrumental, experimental, and data reduction procedures used in acquiring and reporting images generated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Reporting Imaging Data in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

ASTM D3649-06 水的高分辩率γ射线光谱测定法的标准实施规范

Gamma-ray spectrometry is of use in identifying radionuclides and in making quantitative measurements. Use of a semiconductor detector is necessary for high-resolution measurements. Variation of the physical geometry of the sample and its relationship with the detector will produce both qualitative and quantitative variations in the gamma-ray spectrum. To adequately account for these geometry effects, calibrations are designed to duplicate all conditions including source-to-detector distance, sample shape and size, and sample matrix encountered when samples are measured. Since some spectrometry systems are calibrated at many discrete distances from the detector, a wide range of activity levels can be measured on the same detector. For high-level samples, extremely low-efficiency geometries may be used. Quantitative measurements can be made accurately and precisely when high activity level samples are placed at distances of 10 cm or more from the detector. Electronic problems, such as erroneous deadtime correction, loss of resolution, and random summing, may be avoided by keeping the gross count rate below 2000 counts per second (s–1) and also keeping the deadtime of the analyzer below 5 %. Total counting time is governed by the radioactivity of the sample, the detector to source distance and the acceptable Poisson counting uncertainty.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in water by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma-rays with energies greater than 45 keV. For typical counting systems and sample types, activity levels of about 40 Bq are easily measured and sensitivities as low as 0.4 Bq are found for many nuclides. Count rates in excess of 2000 counts per second should be avoided because of electronic limitations. High count rate samples can be accommodated by dilution, by increasing the sample to detector distance, or by using digital signal processors.1.2 This practice can be used for either quantitative or relative determinations. In relative counting work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration of a given nuclide which is taken as 100 %. For quantitative measurements, the results may be expressed in terms of known nuclidic standards for the radionuclides known to be present. This practice can also be used just for the identification of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in a sample without quantifying them. General information on radioactivity and the measurement of radiation has been published (1,2). Information on specific application of gamma spectrometry is also available in the literature (3-5). See also the referenced ASTM Standards in 2.1 and the related material section at the end of this standard.This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use.

Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water

ASTM E984-06 用俄歇电子能谱法鉴别化学效应和基体效应用标准指南

Auger electron spectroscopy is often capable of yielding information concerning the chemical and physical environment of atoms in the near-surface region of a solid as well as giving elemental and quantitative information. This information is manifested as changes in the observed Auger electron spectrum for a particular element in the specimen under study compared to the Auger spectrum produced by the same element when it is in some reference form. The differences in the two spectra are said to be due to a chemical effect or a matrix effect. Despite sometimes making elemental identification and quantitative measurements more difficult, these effects in the Auger spectrum are considered valuable tools for characterizing the environment of the near-surface atoms in a solid.1.1 This guide outlines the types of chemical effects and matrix effects which are observed in Auger electron spectroscopy.1.2 Guidelines are given for the reporting of chemical and matrix effects in Auger spectra.1.3 Guidelines are given for utilizing Auger chemical effects for identification or characterization.1.4 This guide is applicable to both electron excited and X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Identifying Chemical Effects and Matrix Effects in Auger Electron Spectroscopy