75.160.20 (Liquid fuels) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6974-09 液体燃料中能活细菌和真菌计数的实施规程.过滤和培养程序

Biodeteriogenic microbes infecting fuel systems typically are most abundant within slime accumulations on system surfaces or at the fuel-water interface (Guide D 6469). However, it is often impractical to obtain samples from these locations within fuel systems. Although the numbers of viable bacteria and fungi recovered from fuel-phase samples are likely to be several orders of magnitude smaller than those found in water-phase samples, fuel-phase organisms are often the most readily available indicators of fuel and fuel system microbial contamination. Growth Medium Selectivity8212;Guide E 1326 discusses the limitations of growth medium selection. Any medium selected will favor colony formation by some species and suppress colony formation by others. As noted in 6.3, physical, chemical and physiological variables can affect viable cell enumeration test results. Test Method D 7463 provides a non-culture means of quantifying microbial biomass in fuels and fuel associated water. Since a wide range of sample sizes, or dilutions thereof, can be analyzed by the membrane filter technique (Test Methods D 5259 and F 1094), the test sensitivity can be adjusted for the population density expected in the sample. Enumeration data should be used as part of diagnostic efforts or routine condition monitoring programs. Enumeration data should not be used as fuel quality criteria. 1.1 This practice covers a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of Heterotrophic bacteria (HPC) and fungi in liquid fuels with kinematic viscosities ≤24 mm2 · s-1 at ambient temperature. 1.2 This quantitative practice is drawn largely from IP Method 385 and Test Method D 5259. 1.3 This test may be performed either in the field or in the laboratory. 1.4 The ability of individual microbes to form colonies on specific growth media depends on the taxonomy and physiological state of the microbes to be enumerated, the chemistry of the growth medium, and incubation conditions. Consequently, test results should not be interpreted as absolute values. Rather they should be used as part of a diagnostic or condition monitoring effort that includes other test parameters, in accordance with Guide D 6469. 1.5 This practice offers alternative options for delivering fuel sample microbes to the filter membrane, volumes or dilutions filtered, growth media used to cultivate fuel-borne microbes, and incubation temperatures. This flexibility is offered to facilitate diagnostic efforts. When this practice is used as part of a condition monitoring program, a single procedure should be used consistently. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and Fungi in Liquid Fuels8212;Filtration and Culture Procedures

ASTM D975-09a 柴油标准规范

1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S158212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel. 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S5008212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel. 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S50008212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S158212;A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S5008212;A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S50008212;A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D8212;A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load. Note 18212;A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is given in X1.2. Note 28212;The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. Note 38212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Gui......

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

ASTM D2156-09 燃料馏分燃烧产生的烟道气中烟密度的标准试验方法

This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling. The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels

ASTM D7170-09 用等容室燃烧法测定柴油燃料油的滞燃期和导出十六烷值(DCN)的标准试验方法

The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aid to relate or match fuels and engines. The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinations to the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-load diesel engines is not completely understood. This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels in full-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignition characteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels. This test determines ignition characteristics and requires a sample of approximately 220 mL and a test time of approximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oils, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of Specification D 975, Grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 and CAN/CGSB 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of blends of fuel oils containing biodiesel material, and diesel fuel oil blending components. 1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation converts an ignition delay determination to a derived cetane number (DCN). 1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from a minimum value of 35.0 DCN (ignition delay of 4.89 ms) to a maximum value of 59.6 DCN (ignition delay of 2.87 ms). The average DCN result for each sample in the ILS ranged from 37.29 (average ignition delay of 4.5894 ms) to 56.517 (average ignition delay of 3.0281 ms). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oilsx2014;Fixed Range Injection Period, Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Method

ASTM D7319-09 用直喷抑制离子色谱法测定乙醇中总的和潜在硫酸盐和无机氯化物含量的标准试验方法

Sulfates and chlorides can be found in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. The acceptability for use of the fuel components and the finished fuels depends on the sulfate and chloride content. Total and potential sulfate and total chloride content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of the acceptability of gasoline components for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.1.1 This test method covers a direct injection ion chromatographic procedure for determining the total and potential inorganic sulfate and total inorganic chloride content in hydrous and anhydrous denatured ethanol to be used in motor fuel applications. It is intended for the analysis of ethanol samples containing between 1.0–20 mg/kg of total or potential inorganic sulfate and 1.0–50 mg/kg of inorganic chloride. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total and Potential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatography

ASTM D7467-09a 柴油、生物柴油混合物(B6至B20)的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers fuel blend grades of 6 to 20 volume percent (%) biodiesel with the remainder being a light middle or middle distillate diesel fuel, collectively designated as B6 to B20. These grades are suitable for various types of diesel engines. 1.1.1 The biodiesel component of the blend shall conform to the requirements of Specification D 6751. The remainder of the fuel shall be a light middle or middle distillate grade diesel fuel conforming to Specification D 975 grades No. 1-D and No. 2-D of any sulfur level specified with the following exceptions. The light middle or middle distillate grade diesel fuel whose sulfur level, aromatic level, cetane, or lubricity falls outside of Specification D 975 may be blended with biodiesel meeting Specification D 6751, provided the finished mixtures meets this specification. 1.1.2 The fuel sulfur grades are described as follows: 1.1.2.1 Grade B6 to B20 S158212;A fuel with a maximum of 15 ppm sulfur. 1.1.2.2 Grade B6 to B20 S5008212;A fuel with a maximum of 500 ppm sulfur. 1.1.2.3 Grade B6 to B20 S50008212;A fuel with a maximum of 5000 ppm sulfur. 1.2 This specification prescribes the required properties of B6 to B20 biodiesel blends at the time and place of delivery. The specification requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations that may be more restrictive. Note 18212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more information on this subject, see Guide D 4865. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)

ASTM D7525-09 测定氧化稳定性的火花点火燃料快速小规模氧化试验(RSSOT)的标准试验方法

The induction period may be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of spark ignition fuel. Compared to some other oxidation and storage stability test methods, this test method uses a small sample and gives a result in a short time period.1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the stability of spark ignition fuel, including those containing alcohols or other oxygenates, under accelerated oxidation conditions, by an automatic instrument (Warning8212;This test method is not intended for determining the stability of gasoline components, particularly those with a high percentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these can cause explosive conditions with the apparatus. ) 1.2 This test method measures the induction period, under specified conditions, which can be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of spark ignition fuel. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Spark Ignition Fuelx2014;Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT)

ASTM D4737-09a 用四变量方程计算十六烷指数的标准试验方法

The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is useful for estimating ASTM cetane number when a test engine is not available for determining this property directly and when cetane improver is not used. It may be conveniently employed for estimating cetane number when the quantity of sample available is too small for an engine rating. In cases where the ASTM cetane number of a fuel has been previously established, the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is useful as a cetane number check on subsequent batches of that fuel, provided the fuel''s source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged. Note 28212;Test Methods D6890 and D7170 may be used to obtain a Derived Cetane Number (DCN) when the quantity of sample is too small for an engine test. These methods do measure the effect of cetane improver. Within the range from 32.5 to 56.5 cetane number, the expected error of prediction of Procedure A of the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation will be less than ±2 cetane numbers for 65 % of the distillate fuels evaluated. Errors may be greater for fuels whose properties fall outside the recommended range of application.1.1 The calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation provides a means for estimating the ASTM cetane number (Test Method D613) of distillate fuels from density and distillation recovery temperature measurements. The value computed from the equation is termed the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation. 1.2 The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is not an optional method for expressing ASTM cetane number. It is a supplementary tool for estimating cetane number when a result by Test Method D613 is not available and if cetane improver is not used. As a supplementary tool, the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable equation must be used with due regard for its limitations. 1.3 Procedure A is to be used for Specification D975, Grades No. 1–D S15, No. 1–D S500, No. 1–D S5000, No. 2–D S5000, and No. 4–D. This method for estimating cetane number was developed by Chevron Research Co. Procedure A is based on a data set including a relatively small number of No. 1–D fuels. Test Method D4737 Procedure A may be less applicable to No.1–D S15, No. 1–D S500, and No. 1 D S5000 than to No. 2–D grade S5000 or to No. 4–D fuels. 1.4 Procedure B is to be used for Specification D975, Grades No. 2–D S15 and No. 2–D S500. 1.5 The test method “Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation” is particularly applicable to Grade 1–D S5000, Grade No. 1–D S500, Grade No. 2x2013......

Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation

ASTM D4815-09 气相色谱分析法测定汽油中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE),二乙基丁基醚(ETBE),甲苯磺酰－精氨酸甲酯(TAME),二异丙酯(DIPE)叔戌酯和C1-C4醇的标准试验方法

Ethers, alcohols, and other oxygenates can be added to gasoline to increase octane number and to reduce emissions. Type and concentration of various oxygenates are specified and regulated to ensure acceptable commercial gasoline quality. Drivability, vapor pressure, phase separation, exhaust, and evaporative emissions are some of the concerns associated with oxygenated fuels. This test method is applicable to both quality control in the production of gasoline and for the determination of deliberate or extraneous oxygenate additions or contamination.1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethers and alcohols in gasolines by gas chromatography. Specific compounds determined are methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE), tert-amylmethylether (TAME), diisopropylether (DIPE), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, sec-butanol, n-butanol, and tert-pentanol (tert-amylalcohol). 1.2 Individual ethers are determined from 0.20 to 20.0 mass %. Individual alcohols are determined from 0.20 to 12.0 mass %. Equations used to convert to mass % oxygen and to volume % of individual compounds are provided. At concentrations <0.20 mass %, it is possible that hydrocarbons may interfere with several ethers and alcohols. The reporting limit of 0.20 mass % was tested for gasolines containing a maximum of 10 volume % olefins. It may be possible that for gasolines containing >10 volume % olefins, the interference may be >0.20 mass %. Annex A1 gives a chromatogram showing the interference observed with a gasoline containing 10 volume % olefins. 1.3 Alcohol-based fuels, such as M-85 and E-85, MTBE product, ethanol product, and denatured alcohol, are specifically excluded from this test method. The methanol content of M-85 fuel is considered beyond the operating range of the system. 1.4 Benzene, while detected, cannot be quantified using this test method and must be analyzed by alternate methodology (see Test Method D3606). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Alternate units, in common usage, are also provided to increase clarity and aid the users of this test method. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C₁ to C₄ Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D4539-09 用低温流动(LTFT)试验法测定柴油燃料可滤性的标准试验方法

The Low Temperature Flow Test results are indicative of the low temperature flow performance of the test fuel in some diesel vehicles (according to CRC Report No. 528). The test method is especially useful for the evaluation of fuels containing flow improver additives. The test method can be used to supplement other measurements of diesel fuel low temperature behavior (in accordance with Test Methods D 97, D 2500, and D 3117).1.1 This test method covers estimating the filterability of diesel fuels in some automotive equipment at low temperatures. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 Warning8212;Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 1.3, 8.1, 8.2.1, 8.3, 8.5, and Annex A1.

Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)

ASTM D6751-09 中间馏分燃料用生物柴油混合燃料（B100）的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers biodiesel (B100) Grades S15 and S500 for use as a blend component with middle distillate fuels. 1.2 This specification prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. The specification requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. 1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive. Note 18212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate fuel oils with which biodiesel may be blended. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4.1 Exception8212;In Annex A1, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels

ASTM D7112-09 用重燃料油稳定分析仪(光学检测)测定重燃料油和原油的稳定性和可混用性的试验方法(光学检测)

Automatic determination of stability parameters using a light back-scattering technique improves accuracy and removes human errors. In manual testing, operators have to visually compare oil stains on pieces of filter paper to determine if asphaltenes have been precipitated. Refinery thermal and hydrocracking processes can be run closer to their severity limits if stability parameters can be calculated more accurately. This gives increased yield and profitability. Results from the test method could be used to set a standard specification for stability parameters for fuel oils. The compatibility parameters of crude oils can be used in crude oil blending in refineries to determine, in advance, which crude oil blends will be compatible and thus can be used to minimize plugging problems, unit shut downs, and maintenance costs. Determination of crude oil compatibility parameters also enables refineries to select crude oil mixtures more economically. This test method can measure stability and compatibility parameters, and determine stability reserve on different blends for particular applications to optimize the blending, storage, and use of heavy fuel oils Note 18212;Users of this test method would normally use stability and compatibility parameters to determine stability reserve of residual products, fuel blends and crude oils. However, the interpretation of stability, stability reserve and compatibility is heavily ‘use dependent,’ and is beyond the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method covers an automated procedure involving titration and optical detection of precipitated asphaltenes for determining the stability and compatibility parameters of refinery residual streams, residual fuel oils, and crude oils. Stability in this context is the ability to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized or dissolved state and not undergo flocculation or precipitation. Similarly, compatibility relates to the property of mixing two or more oils without precipitation or flocculation of asphaltenes. 1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from atmospheric and vacuum distillation, from thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of Specifications D396, Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880, Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products contain 0.05 mass % or greater concentration of asphaltenes. 1.3 This test method is not relevant to oils that contain less than 0.05 % asphaltenes, and would be pointless to apply to unstable oils that already contain flocculated asphaltenes. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Stability and Compatibility of Heavy Fuel Oils and Crude Oils by Heavy Fuel Oil Stability Analyzer (Optical Detection)

ASTM D3241-09e1 航空涡轮机燃料热氧化稳定性的标准试验方法

The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system. 1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, and Annex A3. A1.1.1 This method covers a procedure for visually rating the heater tube produced by Test Method D3241. A1.1.2 The final result from this test method is a tube color rating based on an arbitrary scale established for this test method plus two additional yes/no criteria that indicate the presence of an apparent large excess of deposit or an unusual deposit, or both.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

ASTM D396-09a 燃料油的标准规范

1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel. 1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range. 1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. Note 18212;For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1. Note 28212;A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3. 1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs. 1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ASTM D6974-09(2013)e1 液体燃料中活菌和真菌计数的标准实施规程. 过滤和培养过程

5.1 Biodeteriogenic microbes infecting fuel systems typically are most abundant within slime accumulations on system surfaces or at the fuel-water interface (Guide D6469). However, it is often impractical to obtain samples from these locations within fuel systems. Although the numbers of viable bacteria and fungi recovered from fuel-phase samples are likely to be several orders of magnitude smaller than those found in water-phase samples, fuel-phase organisms are often the most readily available indicators of fuel and fuel system microbial contamination. 5.2 Growth Medium Selectivity—Guide E1326 discusses the limitations of growth medium selection. Any medium selected will favor colony formation by some species and suppress colony formation by others. As noted in 6.3, physical, chemical and physiological variables can affect viable cell enumeration test results. Test Method D7463 provides a non-culture means of quantifying microbial biomass in fuels and fuel associated water. 5.3 Since a wide range of sample sizes, or dilutions thereof, can be analyzed by the membrane filter technique (Test Methods D5259 and F1094), the test sensitivity can be adjusted for the population density expected in the sample. 5.4 Enumeration data should be used as part of diagnostic efforts or routine condition monitoring programs. Enumeration data should not be used as fuel quality criteria. 1.1 This practice covers a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of Heterotrophic bacteria (HPC) and fungi in liquid fuels with kinematic viscosities ≤248201;mm28201;· s-1 at ambient temperature. 1.2 This quantitative practice is drawn largely from IP Method 385 and Test Method D5259. 1.3 This test may be performed either in the field or in the laboratory. 1.4 The ability of individual microbes to form colonies on specific growth media depends on the taxonomy and physiological state of the microbes to be enumerated, the chemistry of the growth medium, and incubation conditions. Consequently, test results should not be interpreted as absolute values. Rather they should be used as part of a diagnostic or condition monitoring effort that includes other test parameters, in accordance with Guide D6469. 1.5 This practice offers alternative options for delivering fuel sample microbes to the filter membrane, volumes or dilutions filtered, growth media used to cultivate fuel-borne microbes, and incubation temperatures. This flexibility is offered to facilitate diagnostic efforts. When this practice is used as part of a condition monitoring program, a single procedure should be used consistently.

Standard Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and Fungi in Liquid Fuelsmdash;Filtration and Culture Procedures

ASTM D381-09 用喷射蒸发法测定燃料中原在胶含量的标准试验方法

The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test. 1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.

Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation

ASTM D4952-09 燃料和溶剂中活性硫品种定性分析用标准试验方法(试硫液试验)

Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

ASTM D396-09 EDTA法涂料催干剂中锆的标准试验方法

1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel. 1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range. 1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. Note 18212;For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1. Note 28212;A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3. 1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs. 1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Note 38212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ASTM D4737-09 用四变量方程计算十六烷指数的标准试验方法

The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is useful for estimating ASTM cetane number when a test engine is not available for determining this property directly and when cetane improver is not used. It may be conveniently employed for estimating cetane number when the quantity of sample available is too small for an engine rating. In cases where the ASTM cetane number of a fuel has been previously established, the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is useful as a cetane number check on subsequent batches of that fuel, provided the fuel''s source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged. Within the range from 32.5 to 56.5 cetane number, the expected error of prediction of Procedure A of the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation will be less than ±2 cetane numbers for 65 % of the distillate fuels evaluated. Errors may be greater for fuels whose properties fall outside the recommended range of application.1.1 The calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation provides a means for estimating the ASTM cetane number (Test Method D613) of distillate fuels from density and distillation recovery temperature measurements. The value computed from the equation is termed the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation. 1.2 The Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation is not an optional method for expressing ASTM cetane number. It is a supplementary tool for estimating cetane number when a result by Test Method D613 is not available and if cetane improver is not used. As a supplementary tool, the Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable equation must be used with due regard for its limitations. 1.3 Procedure A is to be used for Specification D975, Grades No. 1–D S15, No. 1–D S500, No. 1–D S5000, No. 2–D S5000, and No. 4–D. This method for estimating cetane number was developed by Chevron Research Co. Procedure A is based on a data set including a relatively small number of No. 1–D fuels. Test Method D4737 Procedure A may be less applicable to No.1–D S15, No. 1–D S500, and No. 1 D S5000 than to No. 2–D grade S5000 or to No. 4–D fuels. 1.4 Procedure B is to be used for Specification D975, Grades No. 2–D S15 and No. 2–D S500. 1.5 The test method “Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation” is particularly applicable to Grade 1–D S5000, Grade No. 1–D S500, Grade No. 2–D S5000 and Grade No. 2–D S500 diesel fuel oils containing straight-run and cracked stocks, and their blends. It can also be used for heavier fuels with 90 % recovery points less than 382°C and for fuels containing derivatives from oil sands and oil shale. Note 18212;Sxx is the designation for maxi......

Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation

ASTM D7422-09a 评价T-12废气再循环柴油机中柴油机机油的标准试验方法

This test method was developed to evaluate the wear performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Obtain results from used oil analysis and component measurements before and after test. The test method may be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for performance characteristics, including lead corrosion and wear of piston rings and cylinder liners in an engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. This test method is commonly referred to as the Mack T-12. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.2.1 Exception8212;Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A6 for specific safety precautions.

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine