83.080.01 (Plastics in general) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5272-08 可光降解塑料制品的室外曝晒检验的标准实施规程

When discarded as litter, articles made using photodegradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5° exposure angle used in this practice represents typical conditions for degradation experienced by litter. This practice requires characterization of the duration of exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-ultraviolet radiation varies considerably as a function of location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences in the time required to produce a specified level of degradation in a polymer. Daro has shown that when the same lot of polyethylene containing an iron-salt prodegradant is exposed at various times of the year in a single location, the time required to produce an average of two chain scissions per molecule varied by over 130 %. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson have shown that this variability can be significantly reduced when total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to characterize the exposure increments. In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in temperature, and moisture stresses between different locations, and between different years, or periods within a single year, at a single location. Because of this variability, results from this test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which photodegradable plastics degrade. Results from this test can be used to compare relative rates of degradation for materials exposed at the same time in the same location. Results from multiple exposures of a common lot of material (during different seasons over several years) at different sites can be used to compare the relative rates at which a particular photodegradable plastic will degrade in each location. Note 28212;An inherent limitation in solar-radiation measurements is that they do not reflect the effects of variations in temperature and moisture exposure, which often can be as important as solar radiation. The same solar-ultraviolet radiation increment will not necessarily give the same changes in properties of the test specimen in different exposure sites. Results from this practice must be regarded as giving only a general indication of the degree of degradability and should always be considered in terms of characteristics of the exposure site as well. Where measurement of total solar-ultraviolet radiation is not possible, exposure duration can be determined by the number of days, weeks, or months exposed. When this practice is used, a reference material whose degradation properties have been well established must be exposed at the same time as the other materials being tested. The reference material used must be agreed upon by all interested parties. The time to produce a specified level of degradation for each material in this simultaneous exposure is then compared. It is also a good practice to use reference materials when exposure length is determined by total solar or solar UV radiant exposure. Note 38212;A reference material can be a single lot of material which has shown consistent results after a number of exposures. It is not necessary that the composition or properties of the reference material be characterized and certified by a recognized standards agency or group. FIG. 1 Typical Rack Construction for Exterior Exposures of Photodegradable Plastics1.1 This practice defines test conditions applicable when Practices D 1435 and G 7 are employed for the outdoor exposure testing of photodegradable plastics. 1.2 This st......

Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics

ASTM D7474-08 通过浸入各种化学试剂中测定挤压或模铸砜塑料件中残余应力的标准实施规程

Thermoplastic moldings contain residual stresses due to differential cooling rates through the thickness of the molding. Changes in residual stress have been found to occur with time after molding due to stress relaxation. Many part performance parameters as well as part failures are affected by the level of residual stress present in a part. Residual stresses cause shrinkage, warpage, and a decrease in environmental stress crack resistance. This practice estimates the relative magnitude of residual stresses in parts produced from the series of sulfone plastics (SP), namely polysulfone (PSU), polyethersulfone (PESU), and polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) materials. No direct correlation has been established between the results of the determination of residual stresses by this practice and part performance properties. For this reason, this practice is not recommended as a substitute for other tests, nor is it intended for use in purchasing specifications for parts. Despite this limitation, this practice does yield information of value in indicating the presence of residual stresses and the relative quality of plastic parts. Residual stresses cannot be easily calculated, hence it is important to have an experimental method, such as this practice, to estimate residual stresses. This practice is useful for extruders and molders who wish to evaluate residual stresses in SP parts. This can be accomplished by visual examination after immersion in one or more chemical reagents to evaluate whether or not cracking occurs. Stresses will relax after molding or extrusion. Accordingly, both immersion in the test medium and visual examination must be made at identical times and conditions after processing, if comparing parts. It is important to note the differences in part history. Thus, this technique may be used as an indication for quality of plastic processing. The practice is useful primarily for indicating residual stresses near the surface.1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of residual stresses in extruded profile or molded SP parts. The presence and relative magnitude of residual stresses are indicated by the crazing of the specimen part upon immersion in one or more of a series of chemical reagents. The specified chemical reagents were previously calibrated by use of Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) techniques to cause crazing in sulfone plastics (SP) at specified stress levels. 1.2 This practice applies only to unfilled injection molding and extrusion grade materials of high molecular weight as indicated by the following melt flow rates: PSU 9 g/10 min, max., PESU 30 g/10 m, max, and PPSU 25 g/10 min, max. Lower molecular weight (higher melt flow) materials will craze at lower stress levels than indicated in Tables 1-3. (See Specification D 6394 for melt flow rate conditions.) 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Note 18212;There is no equivalent ISO standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determining Residual Stresses in Extruded or Molded Sulfone Plastic (SP) Parts by Immersion in Various Chemical Reagents

ASTM F2617-08e1 用能量色散X射线分光法鉴定并量化聚合材料中铬溴、镉、汞和铅的标准试验方法

This test method is intended for the determination of chromium, bromine, cadmium, mercury, and lead, in homogeneous polymeric materials. The test method may be used to ascertain the conformance of the product under test to manufacturing specifications. Typical time for a measurement is 5 to 10 min per specimen, depending on the specimen matrix and the capabilities of the EDXRF spectrometer.1.1 This test method describes an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometric procedure for identification and quantification of chromium, bromine, cadmium, mercury, and lead in polymeric materials. 1.2 This test method is not applicable to determine total concentrations of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) or hexavalent chromium. This test method cannot be used to determine the valence states of atoms or ions. 1.3 This test method is applicable for a range from 20 mg/kg to approximately 1 wt % for chromium, bromine, cadmium, mercury, and lead in polymeric materials. 1.4 This test method is applicable for homogeneous polymeric material. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This test method is not applicable to quantitative determinations for specimens with one or more surface coatings present on the analyzed surface; however, qualitative information may be obtained. In addition, specimens less than infinitely thick for the measured X rays, must not be coated on the reverse side or mounted on a substrate. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Identification and Quantification of Chromium, Bromine, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Polymeric Material Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

ASTM D1044-08e1 透明塑料软片表面耐摩擦性的标准试验方法

Transparent plastic materials, when used as windows or enclosures, are subject to wiping and cleaning; hence the maintenance of optical quality of a material after abrasion is important. It is the purpose of this test method to provide a means of estimating the resistance of such materials to this type and degree of abrasion. Although this test method does not provide fundamental data, it is suitable for grading materials relative to this type of abrasion in a manner which correlates with service. Comparison of interlaboratory data or the specification of a “haze” value has no significance if the hazemeter requirements given in 5.4 are not used. This is because light diffused from the surface of a Taber track is scattered at a narrow angle (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) while light diffused internally by a specimen is scattered at a wide angle. In many hazemeters, when a diaphragm is inserted to limit the light beam to the width of the abraded track, the specular beam at the exit port becomes smaller. The dark annulus will then be greater than the 0.023 ± 0.002 rad (1.3 ± 0.1°) requirements of Test Method D1003. Since a large percentage of the narrow-angle forward-scattered light will not impinge on the sphere wall, “haze” readings become smaller. For hazemeters that have not been properly adjusted, the magnitude of this reduction is dependent both on the integrating sphere diameter and the reduction of the entrance beam. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick up of coating or other materials from test specimens and must be cleaned at frequent intervals. The type of material being tested and the number of test cycles being run is known to sometimes influence the temperature of the running surface of the wheel with an affect on the final haze measurement. To reduce any variability due to this temperature effect, stabilize the wheels surface temperature prior to performing actual measurements. This shall be accomplished by conducting multiple refacings on an ST-11 refacing stone, followed by a test on the sample material to be tested (with results to be discarded). Note8212;This photograph shows light pattern of the scattering from the surface of a Taber abraded specimen. The circles show how increasing the 1.3° dark annulus dramatically changes the amount of light impacting the sphere wall. FIG. 1 Light Scattering from Surface of Abraded Tracks (Photograph) Note8212;This graph shows goniophotometric curves for Taber abraded tracks. The specular angle of transmission is at 180x0......

Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion

ASTM D696-08 用玻璃硅膨胀计测定塑料在-30℃和30℃之间的线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α, between temperatures T1 and T2 for a specimen whose length is L 0 at the reference temperature, is given by the following equation: where L1 and L2 are the specimen lengths at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively. α is, therefore, obtained by dividing the linear expansion per unit length by the change in temperature. The nature of most plastics and the construction of the dilatometer make −30 to +30°C (−22°F to +54°F) a convenient temperature range for linear thermal expansion measurements of plastics. This range covers the temperatures in which plastics are most commonly used. Where testing outside of this temperature range or when linear thermal expansion characteristics of a particular plastic are not known through this temperature range, particular attention shall be paid to the factors mentioned in 1.2 and special preliminary investigations by thermo-mechanical analysis, such as that prescribed in Practice D 4065 for the location of transition temperatures, may be required to avoid excessive error. Other ways of locating phase changes or transition temperatures using the dilatometer itself may be employed to cover the range of temperatures in question by using smaller steps than 30°C (54°F) or by observing the rate of expansion during a steady rise in temperature of the specimen. Once such a transition point has been located, a separate coefficient of expansion for a temperature range below and above the transition point shall be determined. For specification and comparison purposes, the range from −30°C to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) (provided it is known that no transition exists in this range) shall be used. 1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 × 10−6/°C by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer. At the test temperatures and under the stresses imposed, the plastic materials shall have a negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both, insofar as these properties would significantly affect the accuracy of the measurements. Note 18212;There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1.1.1 Test Method E 228 shall be used for temperatures other than −30°C to 30°C. 1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for measurements on materials having a very low coefficient of expansion (less than 1 × 10−6/°C). For materials having very low coefficient of expansion, interferome......

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30176C and 30176C With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer

ASTM D792-08 用位移法测定塑料密度和比重(相关密度)的标准试验方法

The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that is conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow physical changes in a sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item. Changes in density of a single material are due to localized differences in crystallinity, loss of plasticizer, absorption of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that portions of a sample differ in density because of their differences in crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler). Density is useful for calculating strength-weight and cost-weight ratios. 1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the specific gravity (relative density) and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items. 1.2 Two test methods are described: 1.2.1 Test Method A8212;For testing solid plastics in water, and 1.2.2 Test Method B8212;For testing solid plastics in liquids other than water. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;This standard is not equivalent to ISO 1183–1 Method A. This test method provides more guidelines on sample weight and dimension. ISO 1183-1 allows testing at an additional temperature of 27 ± 2°C.

Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement

ASTM D638-08 用于评价土工织物对液体化学耐性的试验标准实施规程

This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for the control and specification of plastic materials. These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation and with speed and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled. It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisons within any given series of specimens, care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling. Tensile properties may provide useful data for plastics engineering design purposes. However, because of the high degree of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of straining and environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method cannot be considered valid for applications involving load-time scales or environments widely different from those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no reliable estimation of the limit of usefulness can be made for most plastics. This sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates testing over a broad load-time scale (including impact and creep) and range of environmental conditions if tensile properties are to suffice for engineering design purposes. Note 58212;Since the existence of a true elastic limit in plastics (as in many other organic materials and in many metals) is debatable, the propriety of applying the term “elastic modulus” in its quoted, generally accepted definition to describe the “stiffness” or “rigidity” of a plastic has been seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic materials are highly dependent on such factors as rate of application of stress, temperature, previous history of specimen, etc. However, stress-strain curves for plastics, determined as described in this test method, almost always show a linear region at low stresses, and a straight line drawn tangent to this portion of the curve permits calculation of an elastic modulus of the usually defined type. Such a constant is useful if its arbitrary nature and dependence on time, temperature, and similar factors are realized.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. 1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D 882 is the preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

ASTM D3418-08 用差示扫描量热法测定聚合物转变温度的标准试验方法

Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for measuring transitions due to morphological or chemical changes, in a polymer as it is heated/cooled through a specified temperature range. Change in specific heat capacity, heat flow and temperature values are determined for these transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to assist in identifying specific polymers, polymer alloys, and certain polymer additives, which exhibit thermal transitions. Chemical reactions that cause or affect certain transitions have been measured with the aid of this technique; such reactions include oxidation, curing of thermosetting resins, and thermal decomposition. This test method is useful for specification acceptance, process control, and research.1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry. Note 18212;True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed. 1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens. 1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard. Note 28212;This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8). 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 38212;This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

ASTM D1600-08 与塑料相关的缩略语标准术语

1.1 The purpose of this terminology is to provide uniform contractions of terms relating to plastics. Abbreviated terminology has evolved through widespread common usage. This compilation has been prepared to avoid both the occurrence of more than one abbreviated term for a given plastics term and multiple meanings for abbreviated terms. 1.2 The scope of these abbreviated terms includes plastics terms pertaining to composition and relating to type or kind according to mode of preparation or principle distinguishing characteristics. Also included are abbreviated terms for terms relating to copolymers, blends and alloys of plastics, and additives such as plasticizers, fillers, etc. Note 18212;A code relating to the composition of rubbers is given in Practice D 1418. 1.3 No attempt is made here to systematize formally a shorthand terminology for polymers. Terminology, including nomenclature, codes, symbols, and formula designations for use in scientific literature in the field of natural and synthetic polymers, are being studied and standardized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1.4 These abbreviated terms are by no means all-inclusive of plastics terminology. They represent, in general, those terms that have come into established use. Since it is recognized that abbreviated terms serve no useful purpose unless they are generally accepted and used, no attempt has been made to establish a rigorous code for devising standard abbreviated terms. This would result in awkward departures from established usage of existing and accepted abbreviated terms and lead to cumbersome combinations in the future, which would not be likely to receive widespread acceptance. The abbreviated terms now in use have grown naturally out of the need for convenient, readily comprehended shorthand for long chemical names. This process can be expected to continue along the natural lines of least resistance and will serve as a basis for further standardization as the need arises. A general guide for the preparation of abbreviated terms appears desirable, however, to facilitate more organized and uniform standardization in the future. An appendix is attached, which suggests a uniform way to prepare abbreviated terms. 1.5 Note that the uppercase letter F should be used to designate phosphate and that other elements may also be designated F. 1.6 An abbreviated term (FR) and code numbers are provided to identify classes of materials used as flame retardants added to plastics. The system is provided for use in situations where marking of plastics products is desired. Note 28212;Many of the abbreviated terms, codes, numbers, and symbols in ISO 1043 parts 1 through 3 and in ISO/DIS 1043-4 are the same as the corresponding item in ASTM D 1600. D 1600 includes a number of abbreviated terms that are not in ISO 1043.

Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics

ASTM D5272-08(2013) 可光降解塑料制品的室外曝光检验的标准实施规程

4.1 When discarded as litter, articles made using photodegradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5° exposure angle used in this practice represents typical conditions for degradation experienced by litter. 4.2 This practice requires characterization of the duration of exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-ultraviolet radiation varies considerably as a function of location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences in the time required to produce a specified level of degradation in a polymer. Daro4 has shown that when the same lot of polyethylene containing an iron-salt prodegradant is exposed at various times of the year in a single location, the time required to produce an average of two chain scissions per molecule varied by over 1308201;%. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson5 have shown that this variability can be significantly reduced when total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to characterize the exposure increments. 4.3 In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in temperature, and moisture stresses between different locations, and between different years, or periods within a single year, at a single location. Because of this variability, results from this test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which photodegradable plastics degrade. Results from this test can be used to compare relative rates of degradation for materials exposed at the same time in the same location. Results from multiple exposures of a common lot of material (during different seasons over several years) at different sites can be used to compare the relative rates at which a particular photodegradable plastic will degrade in each location.Note 2—An inherent limitation in solar-radiation measurements is that they do not reflect the effects of variations in temperature and moisture exposure, which often can be as important as solar radiation. The same solar-ultraviolet radiation increment will not necessarily give the same changes in properties of the test specimen in different exposure sites. Results from this practice must be regarded as giving only a general indication of the degree of degradability and should always be considered in terms of characteristics of the exposure site as well. 4.4 Where measurement of total solar-ultraviolet radiation is not possible, exposure duration can be determined by the number of days, weeks, or months exposed. When this practice is used, a reference material whose degradation properties have been well established must be exposed at the same time as the other materials being tested. The reference material used must be agreed upon by all interested parties. The time to produce a specified level of degradation for each material in this simultaneous exposure is then compared. It is also a good practice to use reference materials when exposure length is determined by total solar or solar UV radiant exposure. Note 3—A reference material can be a single lot of material which has shown consistent results after a number of exp......

Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics

ASTM D3763-08 使用负载和位移传感器的塑料高速穿刺性能的标准测试方法

This test method is designed to provide load versus deformation response of plastics under essentially multiaxial deformation conditions at impact velocities. This test method further provides a measure of the rate sensitivity of the material to impact. Multiaxial impact response, while partly dependent on thickness, does not necessarily have a linear correlation with specimen thickness. Therefore, results should be compared only for specimens of essentially the same thickness, unless specific responses versus thickness formulae have been established for the material. For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of puncture properties of rigid plastics over a range of test velocities. 1.2 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;This specification does not closely conform to ISO 6603.2. The only similarity between the two tests is that they are both instrumented impact tests. The differences in striker, fixture, and specimen geometries and in test velocity can produce significantly different test results.

Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastics Using Load and Displacement Sensors

ASTM D5279-08 塑料扭力的动力机械性能测量的标准试验方法

This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastics materials using very small amounts of material. The data obtained may be used for quality control, research and development, and establishment of optimum processing conditions. Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus temperature provide graphical representations indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions. This test method can be used to assess The modulus as a function of temperature, The modulus as a function of frequency, The effects of processing treatment, including orientation, Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping, The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus, and The effects of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance. Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM materials specifications, then the default conditions apply.1.1 This test method covers the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The torsional data generated may be used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastics material or composition. 1.2 This test method is intended to provide means for determining the torsional modulus of plastics as a function of temperature using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, as outlined in Practice D 4065. Plots of the elastic (storage), loss (viscous), and complex moduli and tan delta, as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system. 1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz. 1.4 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled without changing the observed data by reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained. 1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 18212;This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 7.

Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Torsion

ASTM D883-08 塑料制品的相关标准术语

1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. 1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged, after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term. 1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes. It is reviewed every 5 years; the year of last review is appended. 1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1.

Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics

ASTM D648-07 在挠曲负荷下塑料边缘位置弯曲温度的标准测试方法

This test is particularly suited to control and development work. Data obtained by this test method may not be used to predict the behavior of plastic materials at elevated temperatures except in applications in which the factors of time, temperature, method of loading, and fiber stress are similar to those specified in this test method. The data are not intended for use in design or predicting endurance at elevated temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature at which an arbitrary deformation occurs when specimens are subjected to an arbitrary set of testing conditions.1.2 This test method applies to molded and sheet materials available in thicknesses of 3 mm [1/8 in.] or greater and which are rigid or semirigid at normal temperature.Note 18212;Sheet stock less than 3 mm [0.125 in.] but more than 1 mm [0.040 in.] in thickness may be tested by use of a composite sample having a minimum thickness of 3 mm. The laminae must be of uniform stress distribution. One type of composite specimen has been prepared by cementing the ends of the laminae together and then smoothing the edges with sandpaper. The direction of loading shall be perpendicular to the edges of the individual laminae.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.1.4 Due to the potential safety and environmental hazards associated with mercury-filled thermometers, the use of alternative temperature measuring devices (such as thermocouples or RTDs) is encouraged.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 28212;The test method described as a Method B of this test method, and test methods Ae and Be of ISO 75-1 and ISO 75-2, 1993, are technically equivalent.

Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position

ASTM D5023-07 塑料的标准试验方法:动态机械性能:弯曲(三点弯曲)

This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained may be used for quality control, research and development as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions. Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive means for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide a graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions. This test method can be used to assess: 5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature, 5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency, 5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, 5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping. 5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on modulus, and 5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance. Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply.1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the visco-elastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The data generated, using three-point bending techniques, may be used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or compositions using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.1.2 This test method is intended to provide means for determining the viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastics materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques in accordance with Practice D 4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of polymeric material systems.1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.1.4 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.1.5 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 5.

Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Flexure (Three-Point Bending)

ASTM D1525-07 塑料维卡(Vicat)软化温度的标准试验方法

Data obtained by this test method may be used to compare the heat-softening qualities of thermoplastic materials. This test method is useful in the areas of quality control, development, and characterization of plastic materials.1.1 This test method covers determination of the temperature at which a specified needle penetration occurs when specimens are subjected to specified controlled test conditions.1.2 This test method is not recommended for ethyl cellulose, nonrigid poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), or other materials having a wide Vicat softening range. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 Due to the potential safety and environmental hazards associated with mercury-filled thermometers, the use of alternative temperature measuring devices (such as thermocouples and RTDs) is encouraged.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 18212;This test method and ISO 306:1987(E) are technically equivalent, with the exception of the allowance for creep, prior to beginning the test, in this test method.

Standard Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of Plastics

ASTM D5024-07 塑料的标准试验方法:动态机械性能:压缩

This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained can be used for quality control and/or research and development purposes. For some classes of materials, such as thermosets, it can also be used to establish optimum processing conditions. Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions. This test method can be used to assess: 5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature, 5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency, 5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment, including orientation, 5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure and damping, 5.3.5 The effects of substrate types and orientation (fabrication) on elastic modulus, and, 5.3.6 The effects of formulation additives which might affect processability or performance. Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply.1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determining and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins as well as composite systems in the form of cylindrical specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The compression data generated may be used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastics material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the thermomechanical properties (as a function of a number of viscoelastic variables) for a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques as outlined in Practice D 4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus, loss (viscous) modulus, complex modulus, and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz.1.4 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.1.5 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior......

Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Compression

ASTM D2583-07 用巴科尔压痕器测定硬质塑料压痕硬度的标准试验方法

The Barcol Impressor is portable and therefore suitable for testing the hardness of fabricated parts and individual test specimens for production control purposes. Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the ASTM material standards that currently exist. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters or combination thereof covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply. FIG. 1 Barcol Impressor FIG. 2 Diagram of Barcol Impressor1.1 This test method covers the determination of indentation hardness of both reinforced and nonreinforced rigid plastics using a Barcol Impressor, Model No. 934-1 and Model No. 935.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 18212;There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.

Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor

ASTM D6360-07 塑料的闭合碳弧曝光标准实施规范

The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration of its electrical, mechanical, and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. (Warning8212;Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice; therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared in accordance with Section 9 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G 151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance with this practice.) Note 28212;Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G 141. Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control; therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended.3 ,4 It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results. Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G 153. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control, and conditions of the electrodes.1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of plastics in enclosed carbon-arc devices conducted in accordance with Practices G 151 and G 153. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for plastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of plastics, which are covered in Practice D 1499. Practice D 5031 describes enclosed carbon-arc exposures of paints and related coatings.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this practice.

Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics

ASTM D543-06 塑料耐化学试剂性能的标准实施规程

The limitations of the results obtained from these practices should be recognized. The choice of types and concentrations of reagents, duration of immersion or stress, or both, temperature of the test, and properties to be reported is necessarily arbitrary. The specification of these conditions provides a basis for standardization and serves as a guide to investigators wishing to compare the relative resistance of various plastics to typical chemical reagents. Correlation of test results with the actual performance or serviceability of plastics is necessarily dependent upon the similarity between the testing and the end-use conditions. For applications involving continuous immersion, the data obtained in short-time tests are of interest only in eliminating the most unsuitable materials or indicating a probable relative order of resistance to chemical reagents. Evaluation of plastics for special applications involving corrosive conditions should be based upon the particular reagents and concentrations to be encountered. The selection of test conditions should take into account the manner and duration of contact with reagents, the temperature of the system, applied stress, and other performance factors involved in the particular application.1.1 These practices cover the evaluation of all plastic materials including cast, hot-molded, cold-molded, laminated resinous products, and sheet materials for resistance to chemical reagents. These practices include provisions for reporting changes in weight, dimensions, appearance, and strength properties. Standard reagents are specified to establish results on a comparable basis. Provisions are made for various exposure times, stress conditions, and exposure to reagents at elevated temperatures. The type of conditioning (immersion or wet patch) depends upon the end-use of the material. If used as a container or transfer line, specimens should be immersed. If the material will only see short exposures or will be used in close proximity and reagent may splash or spill on the material, the wet patch method of applying reagent should be used. 1.2 The effect of chemical reagents on other properties shall be determined by making measurements on standard specimens for such tests before and after immersion or stress, or both, if so tested.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 7.Note 1This standard and ISO 22088 Part 3 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and the results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods).

Standard Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents