D04 基础标准与通用方法 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5979-96(2002) 地下水系统概念化和特性化的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers an integrated, stepwise method for the qualitative conceptualization and quantitative characterization of ground-water flow systems, including the unsaturated zone, for natural or human-induced behavior or changes.1.2 This guide may be used at any scale of investigation, including site-specific, subregional, and regional applications.1.3 This guide describes an iterative process for developing multiple working hypotheses for characterizing ground-water flow systems. This process aims at reducing uncertainty with respect to conceptual models, observation, interpretation, and analysis in terms of hypothesis and refinement of the most likely conceptual model of the ground-water flow system. The process is also aimed at reducing the range of realistic values for parameters identified during the characterization process. This guide does not address the quantitative uncertainty associated with specific methods of hydrogeologic and ground-water system characterization and quantification, for example, the effects of well construction on water-level measurement.1.4 This guide addresses the general procedure, types of data needed, and references that enable the investigator to complete the process of analysis and interpretation of each data type with respect to geohydrologic processes and hydrogeologic framework. This guide recommends the groups of data and analysis to be used during each step of the conceptualization process.1.5 This guide does not address the specific methods for characterizing hydrogeologic and ground-water system properties.1.6 This guide does not address model selection, design, or attribution for use in the process of ground-water flow system characterization and quantification. This guide does not address the process of model schematization, including the simplification of hydrologic systems and the representation of hydrogeologic parameters in models.1.7 This guide does not address special considerations required for characterization of karst and fractured rock terrain. In such hydrogeologic settings, refer to Quinlan (1) and Guide D 5717 for additional guidance.1.8 This guide does not address special considerations regarding the source, fate, and movement of chemicals in the subsurface.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Conceptualization and Characterization of Ground-Water Systems

ASTM D6031/D6031M-96(2010)e1 在水平,倾斜和垂直通道管中用原子核法对渗出土壤和岩石的潮气含量密度测定的标准试验方法

This test method is useful as a repeatable, nondestructive technique to monitor in-place density and moisture of soil and rock along lengthy sections of horizontal, slanted, and vertical access holes or tubes. With proper calibration in accordance with Annex A1, this test method can be used to quantify changes in density and moisture content of soil and rock. This test method is used in vadose zone monitoring, for performance assessment of engineered barriers at waste facilities, and for research related to monitoring the movement of liquids (water solutions and hydrocarbons) through soil and rock. The nondestructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements at a site and statistical analysis of results. The fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the dry bulk density of the test material is constant and that the response to fast neutrons and gammaray energy associated with soil and liquid chemistry is constant.1.1 This test method covers collection and comparison of logs of thermalized-neutron counts and back-scattered gamma counts along horizontal or vertical air-filled access tubes. 1.2 The in situ water content in mass per unit volume and the density in mass per unit volume of soil and rock at positions or in intervals along the length of an access tube are calculated by comparing the thermal neutron count rate and gamma count rates respectively to previously established calibration data. 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards, see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for Logging In Situ Moisture Content and Density of Soil and Rock by the Nuclear Method in Horizontal, Slanted, and Vertical Access Tubes

ASTM D6001-96(2002) 用于地质环境调查直接推压水取样的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for ground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These investigations are frequently required in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling. Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen samplers may require development or purging depending on sampling and quality assurance plans. Results from direct-push investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent ground-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts. Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict conditions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling point.1.4 Field test methods described in this guide include installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion methods include: ( 1) soil probing using combinations of impact, percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of smooth static force; ( 2) smooth static force from the surface using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment, and incremental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equipment. Methods for borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some of which are discussed in 4.6. Information in this procedure is limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated ground-water conditions.1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanent water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice D 5092.1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects of exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use.1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This do......

Standard Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations

ASTM D6028-96 用改良的hantus方法测定越流性隔水层中包括蓄水层的封闭含水层水压特性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D 4050. 1.3 Limitations- The valid use of the modified Hantush method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Hantush-Jacob method (Test Method D 6029) with the exception that in this case the gain or loss of water in storage in the confining beds is taken into consideration (see 5.1). All possible combinations of impermeable beds and source beds (for example, beds in which the head remains uniform) are considered on the distal side of the leaky beds that confine the aquifer of interest. (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method

ASTM D6025-96e1 制定和评估地下水模式准则的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the development, testing, evaluation, and documentation of ground-water modeling codes. The procedures presented constitute the quality assurance framework for a ground-warter modeling code. They include code review, testing, and evaluation using quantitative and qualitative measures. This guide applies to both the initial development and the subsequent maintenance and updating of ground-water modeling codes.

Standard Guide for Developing and Evaluating Ground-Water Modeling Codes

ASTM D5921-96(2003)e1 现场腐化系统试验坑亚表层场地特性的标准规程

This practice should be used as part of the evaluation of a site for its potential to support an on-site septic system in conjunction with Practice D 5879 and Practice D 5925. This practice should be used after applicable steps in Practice D 5879 have been performed to document and identify potentially suitable field areas. This practice should be used by those who are involved with the evaluation of properties for the use of on-site septic systems. They may be required to be licensed, certified, meet minimum educational requirements by the area governing agencies, or all of these. This practice requires exposing the soil to an appropriate depth (typically 1.5 to 1.8 m, or greater as site conditions or project objectives require) for examining the soil morphologic characteristics related to the performance of on-site septic systems.1.1 This practice covers procedures for the characterization of subsurface soil conditions at a site as part of the process for evaluating suitability for an on-site septic system. This practice provides a method for determining the usable unsaturated soil depth for septic tank effluent to infiltrate for treatment and disposal.1.2 This practice describes a procedure for classifying soil by field observable characteristics within the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) classification system. The SCS classification system is defined in Refs (1-4), not in this practice. This practice is based on visual examination and manual tests that can be performed in the field. This practice is intended to provide information about soil characteristics in terms that are in common use by soil scientists, public health sanitarians, geologists, and engineers currently involved in the evaluation of soil conditions for septic systems.1.3 This procedure can be augmented by Test Method D 422, when verification or comparison of field techniques is required. Other standard test methods that may be used to augment this practice include: Test Methods D 2325, D 3152, D 5093, D 3385, and D 2434.1.4 This practice is not intended to replace Practice D 2488 which can be used in conjunction with this practice if construction engineering interpretations of soil properties are required.1.5 This practice should be used in conjunction with D5879 to determine a recommended field area for an on-site septic system. Where applicable regulations define loading rates-based soil characteristics, this practice, in conjunction with D5925, can be used to determine septic tank effluent application rates to the soil.1.6 This practice should be used to complement standard practices developed at state and local levels to characterize soil for on-site septic systems.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Nat all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM con......

Standard Practice for Subsurface Site Characterization of Test Pits for On-Site Septic Systems

ASTM D6028-96(2004) 用改良的hantus方法测定越流性隔水层中包括蓄水层的封闭含水层水压特性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate. 1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D 4050. 1.3 Limitations- The valid use of the modified Hantush method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Hantush-Jacob method (Test Method D 6029) with the exception that in this case the gain or loss of water in storage in the confining beds is taken into consideration (see 5.1). All possible combinations of impermeable beds and source beds (for example, beds in which the head remains uniform) are considered on the distal side of the leaky beds that confine the aquifer of interest. (see Fig. 1). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method

ASTM D5978-96(2005) 地下水探井的维修和修复的标准指南

The process of operating any engineered system, such as monitoring wells, includes active maintenance to prevent, mitigate, or reverse deterioration. Lack of or improper maintenance can lead to well performance deficiencies (physical problems) or sample quality degradation (chemical problems). These problems are intrinsic to monitoring wells, which are often left idle for long periods of time (as long as a year), installed in non-aquifer materials, and installed to evaluate contamination that can cause locally anomalous hydrogeochemical conditions. The typical solutions for these physical and chemical problems that would be applied by owners and operators of water supply, dewatering, recharge, and other wells may not be appropriate for monitoring wells because of the need to minimize their impact on the conditions that monitoring wells were installed to evaluate. This guide covers actions and procedures, but is not an encyclopedic guide to well maintenance. Well maintenance planning and execution is highly site and well specific. The design of maintenance and rehabilitation programs and the identification of the need for rehabilitation should be based on objective observation and testing, and by individuals knowledgeable and experienced in well maintenance and rehabilitation. Users of this guide are encouraged to consult the references provided. For additional information see Test Methods D 1889, D 4412, D 5472, and Guides D 4448, D 5409, D 5410 and D 5474.1.1 This guide covers an approach to selecting and implementing a well maintenance and rehabilitation program for ground-water monitoring wells. It provides information on symptoms of problems or deficiencies that indicate the need for maintenance and rehabilitation. It is limited to monitoring wells, that are designed and operated to provide access to, representative water samples from, and information about the hydraulic properties of the saturated subsurface while minimizing impact on the monitored zone. Some methods described herein may apply to other types of wells although the range of maintenance and rehabilitation treatment methods suitable for monitoring wells is more restricted than for other types of wells. Monitoring wells include their associated pumps and surface equipment. 1.2 This guide is affected by governmental regulations and by site specific geological, hydrogeological, geochemical, climatological, and biological conditions. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells

ASTM D6000-96(2002) 地下水位点水层信息的标准指南

Determining the potentiometric surface of an area is essential for the preliminary planning of any type of construction, land use, environmental investigations, or remediation projects that may influence an aquifer. 5.1.1 The potentiometric surface in the proposed impacted aquifer must be known to properly plan for the construction of a water withdrawal or recharge facility, for example, a well. The method of construction of structures, such as buildings, can be controlled by the depth of the ground water near the project. Other projects built below land surface, such as mines and tunnels, are influenced by the hydraulic head. Monitoring the trend of the ground-water table in an aquifer over a period of time, whether for days or decades, is essential for any permanently constructed facility that directly influences the aquifer, for example, a waste disposal site or a production well. 5.2.1 Long-term monitoring helps interpret the direction and rate of movement of water and other fluids from recharge wells and pits or waste disposal sites. Monitoring also assists in determining the effects of withdrawals on the stored quantity of water in the aquifer, the trend of the water table throughout the aquifer, and the amount of natural recharge to the aquifer. This guide describes the basic tabular and graphic methods of presenting ground-water levels for a single ground-water site and several sites over the area of a project. These methods were developed by hydrologists to assist in the interpretation of hydraulic-head data. 5.3.1 The tabular methods help in the comparison of raw data and modified numbers. 5.3.2 The graphical methods visually display seasonal trends controlled by precipitation, trends related to artificial withdrawals from or recharge to the aquifer, interrelationship of withdrawal and recharge sites, rate and direction of water movement in the aquifer, and other events influencing the aquifer. Presentation techniques resulting from extensive computational methods, specifically the mathematical models and the determination of aquifer characteristics, are contained in the ASTM standards listed in Section 2.1.1 This guide covers a series of options, but does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieve professional judgment.1.2 This guide summarizes methods for the presentation of water-level data from ground-water sites. Note 18212;As used in this guide, a site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property, located by an X, Y, and Z coordinate position with respect to land surface or a fixed datum. A ground-water site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, which can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the ground water, are appropriate for the use intended.1.3 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in the interpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal, aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and the effects of natural and human-induced forces on the aquifers.1.4 A single water level measured at a ground-water site gives the height of water at one vertical position in a well or borehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that can be used for preliminary planning in the construction of a well or other facilities, such as disposal pits. Note 28212;Hydraulic head measured within a short time from a s......

Standard Guide for Presentation of Water-Level Information From Ground-Water Sites

ASTM D6033-96(2002) 描述地下水成型准则功能的标准指南

Ground-water modeling has become an important methodology in support of the planning and decision-making processes involved in ground-water management. Ground-water models provide an analytical framework for obtaining an understanding of the mechanisms and controls of ground-water systems and the processes that influence their quality, especially those caused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly, models are an integral part of water resources assessment, protection and restoration studies, and provide essential and cost-effective support for planning and screening of alternative policies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting ground water.3 There are many different ground-water modeling codes available, each with their own capabilities, operational characteristics, and limitations. If modeling is considered for a project, it is important to determine if a particular code is appropriate for that project, or if a code exists that can perform the simulations required in the project. In practice, it is often difficult to determine the capabilities, operational characteristics, and limitations of a particular ground-water modeling code from the documentation, or even impossible without actual running the code for situations relevant to the project for which a code is to be selected due to incompleteness, poor organization, or incorrectness of a codersquo;documentation.4 Systematic and comprehensive description of a codersquo;features based on an informative classification provides the necessary basis for efficient selection of a ground-water modeling code for a particular project or for the determination that no such code exists. This guide is intended to encourage correctness, consistency, and completeness in the description of the functions, capabilities, and limitations of an existing ground-water modeling code through the formulation of a code classification system and the presentation of code description guidelines.1.1 This guide presents a systematic approach to the classification and description of computer codes used in ground-water modeling. Due to the complex nature of fluid flow and biotic and chemical transport in the subsurface, many different types of ground-water modeling codes exist, each having specific capabilities and limitations. Determining the most appropriate code for a particular application requires a thorough analysis of the problem at hand and the required and available resources, as well as a detailed description of the functionality of potentially applicable codes.1.2 Typically, ground-water modeling codes are nonparameterized mathematical descriptions of the causal relationships among selected components of the aqueous subsurface and the chemical and biological processes taking place in these systems. Many of these codes focus on the presence and movement of water, dissolved chemical species and biota, either under fully or partially saturated conditions, or a combination of these conditions. Other codes handle the joint movement of water and other fluids, either as a gas or a nonaqueous phase liquid, or both, and the complex phase transfers that might take place between them. Some codes handle interactions between the aqueous subsurface (for example, a ground-water system) and other components of the hydrologic system or with nonaqueous components of the environment.1.3 The classification protocol is based on an analysis of the major function groups present in ground-water modeling codes. Additional code functions and features may be identified in determining the functionality of a code. A complete description of a code''s functionality contains the details necessary to understand the capabilities and potential use of a ground-water modeling code. Tables are provided with explanatio......

Standard Guide for Describing the Functionality of a Ground-Water Modeling Code

ASTM D5981-96(2002) 校准地下水流模式应用的标准指南

Most site-specific ground-water flow models must be calibrated prior to use in predictions. In these cases, calibration is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition which must be obtained to have confidence in the modelrsquo;predictions. Often, during calibration, it becomes apparent that there are no realistic values of the hydraulic properties of the soil or rock which will allow the model to reproduce the calibration targets. In these cases the conceptual model of the site may need to be revisited or the construction of the model may need to be revised. In addition, the source and quality of the data used to establish the calibration targets may need to be reexamined. For example, the modeling process can sometimes identify a previously undetected surveying error, which would results in inaccurate hydraulic head targets. This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques for calibrating a ground-water flow model; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that can be used to calibrate a ground-water flow model. The calibration of a model is the process of matching historical data, and is usually a prerequisite for making predictions with the model. 1.2 Calibration is one of the stages of applying a ground-water modeling code to a site-specific problem (see Guide D 5447). Calibration is the process of refining the model representation of the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties, and boundary conditions to achieve a desired degree of correspondence between the model simulations and observations of the ground-water flow system. 1.3 Flow models are usually calibrated using either the manual (trial-and-error) method or an automated (inverse) method. This guide presents some techniques for calibrating a flow model using either method. 1.4 This guide is written for calibrating saturated porous medium (continuum) ground-water flow models. However, these techniques, suitably modified, could be applied to other types of related ground-water models, such as multi-phase models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models. 1.5 Guide D 5447 presents the steps to be taken in applying a ground-water modeling code to a site-specific problem. Calibration is one of those steps. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Guides D 5490, D 5609, D 5610, D 5611, D 5718, and Practice E 978. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Calibrating a Ground-Water Flow Model Application

SN/T 0362.1-1995 出口水煤浆采制样方法

Method for the sampling and preparation of coalwater mixture for export

SN/T 0362.2-1995 出口水煤浆检验方法

Method for the determination of coalwater mixture for export

ASTM C117-95 用冲洗法测定矿物集料中细于200号筛孔(75μm)的材料的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-[mu]m (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, will be removed from the aggregate during the test. 1.2 Two procedures are included, one using only water for the washing operation, and the other including a wetting agent to assist the loosening of the material finer than the 75-[mu]m (No. 200) sieve from the coarser material. Unless otherwise specified, Procedure A (water only) shall be used. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-181m (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing

ASTM D5714-95(2002) 数字地球空间元数据内容的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the information content of metadata for a set of digital geospatial data. This specification provides a common set of terminology and definitions for concepts related to these metadata.1.2 The use of the term "geographic information system" and its definition in this specification is not intended to introduce a standard definition.1.3 This specification covers minimum content and processing requirements for geospatial metadata.1.4 There are at least three categories of use for geospatial metadata: (1) to accompany data transfers as documentation, (2) internal, on-line documentation of processing steps and data lineage, and (3) as stand-alone data set synopses for use by spatial data catalogs, indexes, and referral services.

Standard Specification for Content of Digital Geospatial Metadata

ASTM D5731-95 岩石的装载强度系数测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirements, and procedures for determining the point load strength index of rock. Specimens in the form of rock cores, blocks, or irregular lumps can be tested by this test method. This test method can be performed in the field or laboratory because the testing machine is portable. This is an index test and is intended to be used to classify and characterize rock. 1.2 This test method applies to hard rock (compressive strength over 15 MPa (2200 psi)). 1.3 The values stated in the SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock

ASTM D5779-95a 岩石和人造材料的特殊外观的腐蚀控制的测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of rock for erosion control. This test method can be used for all types of materials, both naturally occurring or manmade. 1.2 This is a field test method to measure apparent specific gravity. For laboratory determination of bulk specific gravity see Test Methods C97. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Apparent Specific Gravity of Rock and Manmade Materials for Erosion Control

ASTM D5714-95 数字地球空间元数据内容的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the information content of metadata for a set of digital geospatial data. This specification provides a common set of terminology and definitions for concepts related to these metadata.1.2 The use of the term "geographic information system" and its definition in this specification is not intended to introduce a standard definition.1.3 This specification covers minimum content and processing requirements for geospatial metadata.1.4 There are at least three categories of use for geospatial metadata: (1) to accompany data transfers as documentation, (2) internal, on-line documentation of processing steps and data lineage, and (3) as stand-alone data set synopses for use by spatial data catalogs, indexes, and referral services.

Standard Specification for Content of Digital Geospatial Metadata

DZ/T 0134-1994 孢粉学术语

本标准包括孢粉学常用的术语。 本标准适用于孢粉学的研究、教学、应用分析及国际交流等方面。

palynological term

DZ/T 0132-1994 钻孔压水试验规程

本规程规定了为测定岩体的透水性而进行的钻孔压水试验基本方法。 本规程适用于工程勘察中的钻孔压水试验工作。

Drilling pressure water test regulations