K83 物理电源 标准查询与下载

DB32/T 2176-2012 太阳能电池用涂锡焊带

本文件规定了太阳能电池用涂锡焊带的要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输、贮存。 本文件适用于晶体硅太阳能电池用涂锡焊带（以下简称焊带）。

Tin-coated ribbon for solar cells

DB13/T 1631-2012 太阳能级多晶硅锭

本标准规定了太阳能级多晶硅锭的产品质量等级、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和储存。本标准适用于太阳能级多晶硅锭。

Solar Grade Polysilicon Ingot

DB13/T 1633-2012 太阳能级多晶硅片

本标准规定了太阳能级多晶硅片的产品质量等级、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和储存。本标准适用于太阳能级多晶硅片。

Solar Grade Polysilicon Wafer

DB13/T 1288-2010 晶体硅太阳电池

本标准规定了晶体硅太阳电池的分类、要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和储存。本标准适用于晶体硅太阳电池。

Crystalline silicon solar cells

DB13/T 1289-2010 地面用晶体硅太阳电池组件

本标准规定了地面用晶体硅太阳电池组件（简称“组件”）的分类、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输、及贮存。本标准适用于地面用晶体硅太阳电池组件。

Ground-use crystalline silicon solar cell modules

ASTM E2236-10(2015) 测量非聚能多连接光电池和模组的电性能和光谱灵敏度的标准试验方法

4.1 In a series-connected multijunction PV device, the incident total and spectral irradiance determines which component cell will generate the smallest photocurrent and thus limit the current through the entire series-connected device. This current-limiting behavior also affects the fill factor of the device. Because of this, special techniques are needed to measure the correct I-V characteristics of multijunction devices under the desired reporting conditions (see Test Methods E1036). 4.2 These test methods use a numerical parameter called the current balance which is a measure of how well the test conditions replicate the desired reporting conditions. When the current balance deviates from unity by more than 0.03, the uncertainty of the measurement may be increased. 4.3 The effects of current limiting in individual component cells can cause problems for I-V curve translations to different temperature and irradiance conditions, such as the translations recommended in Test Methods E1036. For example, if a different component cell becomes the limiting cell as the irradiance is varied, a discontinuity in the current versus irradiance characteristic may be observed. For this reason, it is recommended that I-V characteristics of multijunction devices be measured at temperature and irradiance conditions close to the desired reporting conditions. 4.4 Some multijunction devices have more than two terminals which allow electrical connections to each component cell. In these cases, the special techniques for spectral response measurements are not needed because the component cells can be measured individually. However, these I-V techniques are still needed if the device is intended to be operated as a two-terminal device. 4.5 Using these test methods, the spectral response is typically measured while the individual component cell under test is illuminated at levels that are less than Eo. Nonlinearity of the spectral response may cause the measured results to differ from the spectral response at the illumination levels of actual use conditions. 1.1 These test methods provide special techniques needed to determine the electrical performance and spectral response of two-terminal, multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices, both cell and modules. 1.2 These test methods are modifications and extensions of the procedures for single-junction devices defined by Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036. 1.3 These test methods do not include temperature and irradiance corrections for spectral response and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Procedures for such corrections are available in Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036. 1.4 These test methods may be applied......

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

ASTM E2236-10 非集中多结光电池和组件的电性能和光谱灵敏度测量的标准试验方法

In a series-connected multijunction PV device, the incident total and spectral irradiance determines which component cell will generate the smallest photocurrent and thus limit the current through the entire series-connected device. This current-limiting behavior also affects the fill factor of the device. Because of this, special techniques are needed to measure the correct I-V characteristics of multijunction devices under the desired reporting conditions (see Test Methods E1036). These test methods use a numerical parameter called the current balance which is a measure of how well the test conditions replicate the desired reporting conditions. When the current balance deviates from unity by more than 0.03, the uncertainty of the measurement may be increased. The effects of current limiting in individual component cells can cause problems for I-V curve translations to different temperature and irradiance conditions, such as the translations recommended in Test Methods E1036. For example, if a different component cell becomes the limiting cell as the irradiance is varied, a discontinuity in the current versus irradiance characteristic may be observed. For this reason, it is recommended that I-V characteristics of multijunction devices be measured at temperature and irradiance conditions close to the desired reporting conditions. Some multijunction devices have more than two terminals which allow electrical connections to each component cell. In these cases, the special techniques for spectral response measurements are not needed because the component cells can be measured individually. However, these I-V techniques are still needed if the device is intended to be operated as a two-terminal device. Using these test methods, the spectral response is typically measured while the individual component cell under test is illuminated at levels that are less than Eo. Nonlinearity of the spectral response may cause the measured results to differ from the spectral response at the illumination levels of actual use conditions.1.1 These test methods provide special techniques needed to determine the electrical performance and spectral response of two-terminal, multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices, both cell and modules. 1.2 These test methods are modifications and extensions of the procedures for single-junction devices defined by Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036. 1.3 These test methods do not include temperature and irradiance corrections for spectral response and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Procedures for such corrections are available in Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036. 1.4 These test methods may be applied to cells and modules intended for concentrator applications. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter......

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

KS C IEC 61215:2006 地面用晶体硅光伏组件.设计鉴定和定型

이 규격은 IEC 60721-2-1에 정의되어 있는 일반 옥외 기후에서의 장기 운전에 적합

Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic(PV) modules－Design qualification and type approval

IEC 61215:2005 地面用晶体硅光伏组件.设计鉴定和定型

This International Standard lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type approval of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in general open-air climates, as defined in IEC 60721-2-1. It applies only to crystalline silicon modules types. A standard for thin-film modules has been published as IEC 61646. This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrated sunlight. The object of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of the module and to show, as far as is possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates described in the scope. The actual lifetime expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their design, their environment and the conditions under which they are operated.

Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval

ASTM E2236-05 非集中多结光电池和组件的电性能和光谱灵敏度测量的标准试验方法

1.1 These test methods provide special techniques needed to determine the electrical performance and spectral response of two-terminal, multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices, both cell and modules.1.2 These test methods are modifications and extensions of the procedures for single-junction devices defined by Test Methods E 948, E 1021, and E 1036.1.3 These test methods do not include temperature and irradiance corrections for spectral response and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Procedures for such corrections are available in Test Methods E 948, E 1021, and E 1036.1.4 These test methods apply only to nonconcentrator terrestrial multijunction photovoltaic cells and modules.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

ASTM E1040-05 非集中大地光电参比电池物理特性的标准规范

1.1 This specification describes the physical requirements for primary and secondary terrestrial nonconcentrator photovoltaic reference cells. A reference cell is defined as a device that meets the requirements of this specification and is calibrated in accordance with Test Method E 1125 or Test Method E 1362.1.2 Reference cells are used in the determination of the electrical performance of photovoltaic devices, as stated in Test Methods E 948 and E 1036.1.3 Two reference cell physical specifications are described:1.3.1 Small-Cell Package Design-A small, durable package with a low thermal mass, wide optical field-of-view, and standardized dimensions intended for photovoltaic devices up to 20 by 20 mm, and1.3.2 Module-Package Design-A package intended to simulate the optical and thermal properties of a photovoltaic module design, but electric connections are made to only one photovoltaic cell in order to eliminate problems with calibrating series and parallel connections of cells. Physical dimensions are not standardized.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells

ASTM E2236-05a 非集中多结光电池和组件的电性能和光谱灵敏度测量的标准试验方法

In a series-connected multijunction PV device, the incident total and spectral irradiance determines which component cell will generate the smallest photocurrent and thus limit the current through the entire series-connected device. This current-limiting behavior also affects the fill factor of the device. Because of this, special techniques are needed to measure the correct I-V characteristics of multijunction devices under the desired reporting conditions (see Test Methods E 1036). These test methods use a numerical parameter called the current balance which is a measure of how well the test conditions replicate the desired reporting conditions. When the current balance deviates from unity by more than 0.03, the uncertainty of the measurement may be increased. The effects of current limiting in individual component cells can cause problems for I-V curve translations to different temperature and irradiance conditions, such as the translations recommended in Test Methods E 1036. For example, if a different component cell becomes the limiting cell as the irradiance is varied, a discontinuity in the current versus irradiance characteristic may be observed. For this reason, it is recommended that I-V characteristics of multijunction devices be measured at temperature and irradiance conditions close to the desired reporting conditions. Some multijunction devices have more than two terminals which allow electrical connections to each component cell. In these cases, the special techniques for spectral response measurements are not needed because the component cells can be measured individually. However, these I-V techniques are still needed if the device is intended to be operated as a two-terminal device. Using these test methods, the spectral response is typically measured while the individual component cell under test is illuminated at levels that are less than Eo. Nonlinearity of the spectral response may cause the measured results to differ from the spectral response at the illumination levels of actual use conditions.1.1 These test methods provide special techniques needed to determine the electrical performance and spectral response of two-terminal, multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices, both cell and modules.1.2 These test methods are modifications and extensions of the procedures for single-junction devices defined by Test Methods E 948, E 1021, and E 1036.1.3 These test methods do not include temperature and irradiance corrections for spectral response and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Procedures for such corrections are available in Test Methods E 948, E 1021, and E 1036.1.4 These test methods apply only to nonconcentrator terrestrial multijunction photovoltaic cells and modules.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

ASTM E948-05a 在模拟日光下使用参比电池的光电电池电性能的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic cell under simulated sunlight by means of a calibrated reference cell procedure.1.2 Electrical performance measurements are reported with respect to a select set of standard reporting conditions (SRC) (see ) or to user-specified conditions.1.2.1 The SRC or user-specified conditions include the cell temperature, the total irradiance, and the reference spectral irradiance distribution.1.3 This test method is applicable only to photovoltaic cells with a linear response over the range of interest.1.4 The cell parameters determined by this test method apply only at the time of test, and imply no past or future performance level.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight

ASTM E1328-05 关于光电太阳能转换的标准术语

1.1 This terminology pertains to photovoltaic (radiant-to-electrical energy conversion) device performance measurements and is not a comprehensive list of terminology for photovoltaics in general. 1.2 Additional terms used in this terminology and of interest to solar energy may be found in Terminology E 772.

Standard Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion

ASTM E1038-05 用冲击推动冰球测定光电组件抗冰雹性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the ability of photovoltaic modules to withstand impact forces of falling hail. Propelled ice balls are used to simulate falling hailstones.1.2 This test method defines test specimens and methods for mounting specimens, specifies impact locations on each test specimen, provides an equation for determining the velocity of any size ice ball, provides a method for impacting the test specimens with ice balls, provides a method for determining changes in electrical performance, and specifies parameters that must be recorded and reported.1.3 This test method does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable levels of ice ball impact resistance is beyond the scope of this test method.1.4 The size of the ice ball to be used in conducting this test is not specified. This test method can be used with various sizes of ice balls.1.5 This test method may be applied to concentrator and nonconcentrator modules.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, refer to , Section , Note 0, and Note 0.

Standard Test Method for Determining Resistance of Photovoltaic Modules to Hail by Impact with Propelled Ice Balls

ASTM E1362-05 非集中光电二次参比电池校准的标准试验方法

The electrical output of photovoltaic devices is dependent on the spectral content of the source illumination and its intensity. To make accurate measurements of the performance of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current that occurs if the relative spectral response of the primary reference cell is not identical to the spectral response of the cell to be calibrated. A similar error occurs if the spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source is not identical to the desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are accounted for by the spectral mismatch parameter M (Test Method E 973), a quantitative measure of the error in the short-circuit current measurement. It is the intent of this test method to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for secondary photovoltaic reference cells. A secondary reference cell is calibrated to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as the primary reference cell used during the calibration. Primary reference cells can be calibrated by use of Test Method E 1125 or Test Method E 1039. Note 18212;No standards for calibration of reference cells to the extraterrestrial spectral irradiance distribution presently exist. A secondary reference cell should be recalibrated yearly, or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors. Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells are provided in Specification E 1040. Because silicon solar cells made on p-type substrates are susceptible to a loss of Isc upon initial exposure to light, it is required that newly manufactured reference cells be light soaked at an irradiance level greater than 850 W/m2 for 2 h prior to initial charcterization in Section 7.1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization of secondary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E 1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device.1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.1.3 Secondary reference cells calibrated according to this test method will have the same radiometric traceability as the of the primary reference cell used for the calibration. Therefore, if the primary reference cell is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E 816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E 1143.1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells

ASTM E1125-05 用表列光谱校准初级非集中大地光电参比电池的标准试验方法

The electrical output of a photovoltaic device is dependent on the spectral content of the illumination source, its intensity, and the device temperature. To make standardized, accurate measurements of the performance of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current that occurs if the relative spectral response of the reference cell is not identical to the spectral response of the device to be tested. A similar error occurs if the spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source is not identical to the desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are accounted for by the spectral mismatch parameter (described in Test Method E 973), a quantitative measure of the error in the short-circuit current measurement. It is the intent of this test method to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for primary photovoltaic reference cells using a tabular reference spectrum. The calibration of a reference cell is specific to a particular spectral irradiance distribution. It is the responsibility of the user to specify the applicable irradiance distribution, for example Tables G 173. This test method allows calibration with respect to any tabular spectrum. A reference cell should be recalibrated at yearly intervals, or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors. Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells can be found in Specification E 1040. Because silicon solar cells made on p-type substrates are susceptible to a loss of Isc upon initial exposure to light, it is required that newly manufactured reference cells be light soaked at an irradiance level greater than 850 W/m2 for 2 h prior to initial characterization in Section 7.1.1 This test method is intended to be used for calibration and characterization of primary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution, such as Tables G 173. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E 1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of photovoltaic devices. 1.2 Primary photovoltaic reference cells are calibrated in natural sunlight using the relative spectral response of the cell, the relative spectral distribution of the sunlight, and a tabulated reference spectral irradiance distribution.1.3 This test method requires the use of a pyranometer that is calibrated according to Test Method E 816, which requires the use of a pyrheliometer that is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR). Therefore, reference cells calibrated according to this test method are traceable to the WRR.1.4 This test method is a technique that may be used instead of the procedures found in Test Method E 1362. This test method offers convenience in its ability to characterize a reference cell under any spectrum for which tabulated data are available. The selection of the specific reference spectrum is left to the user.1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that shows a linear dependence of its short-circuit current on irradiance over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E 1143.1.6 This test method applies only to the calibration of a reference cell fabricated with a single photovoltaic junction.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applica......

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum

CSA/AM ANSI FC 1-2004 固定燃料电池动力系统.第1版.以前 ANSI Z21.83

Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems First Edition; Formerly ANSI Z21.83

Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems First Edition; Formerly ANSI Z21.83

CSA/AM ANSI/CSA FC 3-2004 便携式燃料电池动力系统.第1版

Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems First Edition

Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems First Edition

ASTM E1040-98 非集中陆地光电压参照电池的物理特性

1.1 This specification describes the physical requirements for primary and secondary terrestrial nonconcentrator photovoltaic reference cells. A reference cell is defined as a device that meets the requirements of this specification and is calibrated in accordance with Method E1039, Test Method E1125, or Test Method E1362. 1.2 Reference cells are used in the determination of the electrical performance of photovoltaic devices, as stated in Test Methods E948 and Methods E1036. 1.3 Two reference cell physical specifications are described: 1.3.1 Small-Cell Package Design -A small, durable package with a low thermal mass, wide optical field-of-view, and standardized dimensions intended for photovoltaic devices up to 20 by 20 mm, and 1.3.2 Module-Package Design -A package intended to simulate the optical and thermal properties of a photovoltaic module design, but electric connections are made to only one photovoltaic cell in order to eliminate problems with calibrating series and parallel connections of cells. Physical dimensions are not standardized. 1.4 These reference cells are intended to be used in applications where a significant fraction of the irradiance has incidence angles less than 30176, with respect to normal as defined in Specification E927. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells