P22 地基、基础工程 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6572-13 采用碎块试验测定粘质土壤分散特征的标准试验方法

5.1 The crumb test provides a simple, quick method for field or laboratory identification of a dispersive clayey soil. The internal erosion failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (5). 5.2 The crumb test, as originally developed by Emerson (6), was called the aggregate coherence test and had seven different categories of soil-water reactions. Sherard (5) later simplified the test by combining some soil-water reactions so that only four categories, or grades, of soil dispersion are observed during the test. The crumb test is a relatively accurate positive indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The crumb test, however, is not a completely reliable negative indicator that soils are not dispersive. The crumb test can seldom be relied upon as a sole test method for determining the presence of dispersive clays. The double-hydrometer test (Test Method D4221) and pinhole test (Test Method D4647) are test methods that provide valuable additional insight into the probable dispersive behavior of clay soils.Note 2—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. 1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils:. Method A and Method B. 1.1.1 Method A—Procedure for Natural Soil Crumbs described in 10.2. 1.1.2 Method B—Procedure for Remolded Soil Crumbs described in 10.3. 1.2 The crumb test, while a good, quick indication of dispersive soil, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods A6 and A5, respectively. 1.3 The crumb test has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive soil. A dispersive soil may sometimes give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems, have shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1).2 However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive. 1.4 These test methods are not applicable for soils with 12 % or less of the particles passing 0.005 mm and having a plasticity index less than or equal to 8, as determined by Test Method A9. 1.5 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil pore-water physicochemical properties r......

Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test

DB11/ 940-2012 基坑工程内支撑技术规程

Technical specification for internal support of foundation pit engineering

JGJ/T 290-2012 组合锤法地基处理技术规程

本规范适用于建设工程中采用组合锤法处理地基的设计、施工及质量检验。

Technical specification for ground treatment of combination hammer

JGJ 123-2012 既有建筑地基基础加固技术规范

本规范适用既有建筑因勘察、设计、施工或使用不当；增加荷载、纠倾、移位、改建、古建筑保护；遭受邻近新建建筑、深基坑开挖、新建地下工程或自然灾害的影响等需对其地基和基础进行加固的设计、施工和质量检验。

Technical code for improvement of soil and foundation of existing buildings

JGJ 79-2012 建筑地基处理技术规范

本规范适用于建筑工程地基处理的设计、施工和质量检验。

Technical code for ground treatment of buildings

DIN 1054/A1:2012 建筑地基.土方工程和地基的安全性验收.DIN EN 1997-1-2010标准的补充规则.修改件A1-2012

Subsoil - Verification of the safety of earthworks and foundations - Supplementary rules to DIN EN 1997-1:2010; Amendment A1:2012

JTS 167-4-2012 港口工程桩基规范

1.0.1为统一港口工程桩基设计与施工的技术要求,做到技术先进、经济合理、安全可靠和耐久适用,特制定本规范。1.0.2本规范适用于港口工程中预制混凝土桩、钢管桩、灌注桩和嵌岩桩的设计、施工和静载荷试验。1.0.3港口工程桩基的设计与施工,除应执行本规范外,尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。

Code for Pile Foundation of Harbor Engineering

NF P94-262:2012 岩土结构的合理性 欧洲规范 7 的国家应用标准 深基础

Justification des ouvrages géotechniques - Normes d'application nationale de l'Eurocode 7 - Fondations profondes

JGJ 120-2012 建筑基坑支护技术规程

本规程适用于一般地质条件下临时性建筑基坑支护的勘察、设计、施工、检测、基坑开挖与监测。对湿陷性土、多年冻土、膨胀土、盐渍土等特殊土或岩石基坑，应结合当地工程经验应用本规程。

Technical specification for retaining and protection of building foundation excavations

DIN 18132:2012 土壤、检验程序和检验仪器.吸水能力测定

Soil, testing procedures and testing equipment - Determination of water absorption

ANSI/ASAE EP486.2-2012 浅基础和墩基础设计

Shallow Post and Pier Foundation Design

ASTM E1197-12 进行地球土壤芯样微观世界试验的标准指南

1.1 This guide defines the requirements and procedures for using soil-core microcosms to test the environmental fat......

Standard Guide for Conducting a Terrestrial Soil-Core Microcosm Test

ASTM D6780/D6780M-12 根据时域反射法 (TDR) 对原位土壤水含量和密度的标准试验方法

5. Significance and UseTop Bottom 5.1 This test method can be used to determine the density and water content of naturally occurring soils and of soils placed during the construction of earth embankments, road fills, and structural backfills. 5.2 Time domain reflectometry (TDR) measures the apparent dielectric constant (Procedure A) and the apparent dielectric constant, first voltage drop and long term voltage (V1 and Vf) (Procedure B) of soil. The apparent dielectric constant is affected significantly by the water content and density of soil, and to a lesser extent by the chemical composition of soil and pore water, and by temperature. The first voltage drop and long term voltage (V1 and Vf) are affected significantly by the water content, density, and the chemical composition of the in situ pore water, and to a lesser extent the chemical composition of the soil solids. This test method measures the gravimetric water content and makes use of a different relationship between the electrical properties and water content from Test Method D6565 which measures the volumetric water content. 5.3 Soil and pore water characteristics are accounted for in Procedure A with two calibration constants and for Procedure B with five calibration constants. The two soil constants for Procedure A are determined for a given soil by performing compaction tests in a special mold as described in Annex A2. The five soil constants for Procedure B are determined in conjunction with compaction testing in accordance with specified compaction procedures, for example, Test Method D698 as described in Annex A3. Both Procedures A and B use Test Method D2216 to determine the water contents. 5.4 When following Procedure A, the water content is the average value over the length of the cylindrical mold and the density is the average value over the length of the multiple-rod probe embedded in the soil. When following Procedure B, the water content and density is the average values over the length of the multiple-rod embedded in the soil.Note 1?span class="note">The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. User............

Standard Test Method for Water Content and Density of Soil In situ by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

ASTM D698-12e1 用标准作用力(12400ft-lbf/ft³(600kN-m/m³))测量土壤实验室压实特性的标准试验方法

5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, foundation pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength, compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percent compaction and molding water content needed to achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling construction to assure that the required compaction and water contents are achieved. 5.2 During design of an engineered fill, shear, consolidation, permeability, or other tests require preparation of test specimens by compacting at some molding water content to some unit weight. It is common practice to first determine the optimum water content (wopt) and maximum dry unit weight (γd,max) by means of a compaction test. Test specimens are compacted at a selected molding water content (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (w opt), and at a selected dry unit weight related to a percentage of maximum dry unit weight (γd,max). The selection of molding water content (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt) and the dry unit weight (γd,max) may be based on past experience, or a range of values may be investigated to determine the necessary percent of compaction. 5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 or the construction control aspects discussed in 5.1 are extremely difficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealing with certain soils. 5.3.1 – 5.3.3 describe typical problem soils, the problems encountered when dealing with such soils and possible solutions for these problems. 5.3.1 Oversize Fraction—Soils containing more than 308201;% oversize fraction (material retained on the 3/4-in. (19-mm) sieve) are a problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM test method to control their compaction and very few laboratories are equipped to determine the laboratory maximum unit weight (density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS). Although Test Methods D4914 and D5030 determine the “field” dry unit weight of such soils, they are difficult and expensive to perform. 5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction of such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and the ......

Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort 40;12 400 ft-lbf/ft³ 40;600 kN-m/m³41;41;

ASTM G187-12 使用双电极土壤箱法测量土壤电阻率的标准试验方法

The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure. Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures. The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method. The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity.1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures. 1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory. 1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

ASTM G187-12a 使用双电极土壤箱法测量土壤电阻率的标准试验方法

5.1 The resistivity of the surrounding soil environment is a factor in the corrosion of underground structures. High resistivity soils are generally not as corrosive as low resistivity soils. The resistivity of the soil is one of many factors that influence the service life of a buried structure. Soil resistivity may affect the material selection and the location of a structure.5 5.2 Soil resistivity is of particular importance and interest in the corrosion process because it is basic in the analysis of corrosion problems and the design of corrective measures. 5.3 The test method is focused to provide an accurate, expeditious measurement of soil resistivity to assist in the determination of a soil’s corrosive nature. Test Method G57 emphasizes an in situ measurement commonly utilized in the design of a buried structures’ corrosion control (cathodic protection systems’ ground bed design, and so forth). The two-electrode soil box method often compliments the four-pin, in situ soil resistivity method. 5.4 The saturated soil resistivity determined by this test method does not necessarily indicate the minimum soil resistivity. 1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures for the measurement of soil resistivity, for samples removed from the ground, for use in the assessment and control of corrosion of buried structures. 1.2 Procedures allow for this test method to be used in the field or in the laboratory. 1.3 The test method procedures are for the resistivity measurement of soil samples in the saturated condition and in the as-received condition. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Soil resistivity values are reported in ohm-centimeter. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Two-Electrode Soil Box Method

ASTM D7648-12 直接推动或手动驱动的人工取样设备对活性土壤气体取样的标准操作规程

Soil gas is simply the gas phase (air) that exists in the open spaces between soil particles in the unsaturated portion of the vadose zone. Normally comprised of nitrogen and oxygen, soil gas becomes contaminated when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released in the subsurface due to spills or leaks, and they begin to evaporate from a fluid phase and become part of the soil gas. Over time, VOCs can potentially migrate through the soil or groundwater or both and present a problem to the environment and human health. Application of Soil Gas Surveys8212;Soil gas surveying offers an effective, quick and cost-effective method of detecting volatile contaminants in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveying has been demonstrated to be effective for selection of suitable and representative samples for other more costly and definitive investigative methods. This method is highly useful at the initiation of an investigation into the preliminary site investigation of determining the existence and extent of volatile or semivolatile organic contamination, and determination of location of highest concetrations, as well as, monitoring the effectiveness of on-going remedial activities. Samples are collected by inserting a sampling device into a borehole with hydraulically-driven direct push drilling technology or manually-driven driven hand sampling equipment. Soil gas surveys can be performed over a wide range of spatial designs. Spatial designs include soil gas sampling in profiles or grid patterns at a single depth or multiple depths. Multiple depth sampling is particularly useful for contaminant determinations in cases with complex soil type distribution and multiple sources. Depth profiling can also be useful in the determination of the most appropriate depth(s) at which to monitor soil gas, as well as the demonstration of migration and degradation processes in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveys are used extensively in preliminary site investigations and monitoring of effectiveness of on-going site remediation efforts. Project objectives must be known and the limitation of this method considered. Limitations include: Data generated from soil gas surveying is relative and not of the quality necessary for a single data set; and Soil gas surveys need to be done quickly, so this method is for active soil-gas sampling devices only.1.1 This practice details the collection of active soil gas samples using a variety of sample collection techniques with tooling associated with direct push drilling technology (DPT) or manual-driven hand-sampling equipment, for the express purpose of conducting soil gas surveys. 1.2 This practice proceeds on the premise that soil gas surveys are primarily used for two (2) purposes, 1) as a preliminary site investigative tool and 2) for the monitoring of ongoing remediation activities. 1.3 The practicality of field use demands that soil gas surveys are relatively accurate, as well as being simple, quick, and inexpensive. This guide suggests that the objective of soil gas surveys is linked to three factors: 1.3.1 VOC detection and quantitation, including determination of depth of VOC contamination. 1.3.2 Sample retrieval ease and time. 1.3.3 Cost. 1.4 This practice will likely increase the awareness of a fundamental difference between soil gas sampling for the purpose of soil gas surveys versus sub-slab or vapor intrusion investigations or both. Specifically, the purpose of a soil gas survey is to provide quick and inexpensive data to the investigator that will allow the investigator to 1) develop a site investigation plan that is strategic in its efforts, 2) determine success or progress of on-going remedial activities, or 3) select the most suitable subsequent investigation equi......

Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling for Direct Push or Manual-Driven Hand-Sampling Equipment

ASTM E1676-12 用蚯蚓作实验室土壤毒性试验的标准导则

5. Significance and UseTop Bottom 5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 928201;% of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.28201;% of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system. 5.2 A number of species of lumbricids and enchytraeid worms have been used in field and laboratory investigations in the United States and Europe. Although the sensitivity of various lumbricid species to specific chemicals may vary, from their study of four species of earthworms (including E. fetida) exposed to ten organic compounds representing six classes of chemicals, Neuhauser, et al (

Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida and the Enchytraeid Potworm Enchytraeus albidus

ASTM D7663-12 包气带中活性土壤气体抽样以评估蒸汽入侵的标准操作规程

Soil-gas sampling results can be dependent on numerous factors both within and outside the control of the sampling personnel. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed below. Please see the documents listed in the Bibliography for more detailed information on the effect of various variables. Application8212;The techniques described in this standard practice are suitable for collecting samples for subsequent analysis for VOCs by US EPA Method TO-15, US EPA Method TO-17, Test Method D5466, Practice D6196, or other VOC methods (for example, ISO 16017-1, US EPA Methods TO-3 and TO-12). In general, off-site analysis is employed when data are needed for input to a human health risk assessment and low- or sub-ppbv analytical sensitivity is required. On-site analysis typically has lesser analytical sensitivity and tends to be employed for screening level studies. The techniques also may prove useful for analytical categories other than VOCs, such as methane, ammonia, mercury, or hydrogen sulfide (See Test Method D5504). Limitations: This method only addresses collection of gas-phase species. Less volatile compounds, such as SVOCs, may be present in the environment both in the gas phase and sorbed onto particulate matter, as well as in liquid phase. In soil gas, the gas-phase fraction is the primary concern. In other potential sampling locations (for example, ambient or indoor air), however, sampling for the particulate phase fraction may also be of interest. The data produced using this method should be representative of the soil gas concentrations in the geological materials in the immediate vicinity of the sample probe or well at the time of sample collection (that is, they represent a point-in-time and point-in-space measurement). The degree to which these data are representative of any larger areas or different times depends on numerous site-specific factors. Effect of Purging of Dead Space8212;If a soil gas probe is to be sampled soon after installation, the gas within the probe and any sand pack will consist mostly of atmospheric air. This air must be purged before soil gas that is representative of the geologic materials can be obtained. If the probe has previously been sampled, it may be possible to collect a representative sample after a smaller volume of gas is purged, but the volume of gas in the probe tubing or pipe must be purged at a minimum. It is recommended that a minimum of three (3) dead volumes be purged from the sampling system immediately prior to sample collection. Larger purge volumes typically are not necessary to achieve stable readings and should be avoided for shallower probes or if the potential exists that the additional purging will affect the partitioning of the VOCs in the subsurface. Larger purge (and sample collection) volumes can result in migration of soil gas from locations some distance from the sampling probe. Preferential pathways within the soil may exist and so the uncertainty associated with the origin of the soil gas will tend to increase with increasing purge (and sample) volumes. The data, however, should still be representative of how VOCs will migrate in these subsurface conditions. Effect of Sampling Rate8212;The faster the rate of sampling, the larger the pressure differential (that is, vacuum) that is induced at the point(s) where soil gas enters the sampling system. The relationship between the flow rate and the vacuum is primarily.........

Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations

ASTM D4945-12 深层地基高应变动力测试的标准试验方法

Based on the measurements from strain or force, and acceleration, velocity, or displacement transducers, this test method obtains the force and velocity induced in a pile during an axial impact event (see Figs. 1 and 2). The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the integrity of the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the pile. If sufficient axial movement occurs during the impact event, and after assessing the resulting dynamic soil response along the side and bottom of the pile, the Engineer may analyze the results of a high-strain dynamic test to estimate the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 1). Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from dynamic tests include, but are not limited to the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality or type of dynamic test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of dynamic test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D1143/D1143M should be used to verify estimates of static capacity and its distribution along the pile length. Test Method D1143/D1143M provides a direct and more reliable measurement of static capacity. Note 18212;The analysis of a dynamic test will under predict the ultimate axial static compression capacity if the pile movement during the impact event is too small. The Engineer should determine how the size and shape of the pile, and the properties of the soil or rock beneath and adjacent to the pile, affect the amount of movement required to fully mobilize the static capacity. A permanent net penetration of as little as 2 mm per impact may indicate that sufficient movement has occurred during the impact event to fully mobilize the capacity. However, high displacement driven piles may require greater movement to avoid under predicting the static capacity, and cast-in-place piles often require a larger cumulative permanent net penetration for a series of test blows to fully mobilize the capacity. Static capacity may also decrease or increase over time after the pile installation, and both static and dynamic tests represent the capacity at the time of the respective test. Correlations between measured ultimate axial static compression capacity and dynamic test estimates generally improve when using dynamic restrike tests that account for soil strength changes with time (see 6.8). Note 28212;Although interpretation of the dynamic test analysis may provide an estimate of the pile's tension (uplift) capacity, users of this standard are cautioned to interpret conservatively the side resistance estimated from analysis of a single dynamic measurement location, and to avoid tension capacity estimates altogether for piles with less than 10 m embedded length. (Additional transducers embedded near the pile toe may also help improve tension capacity estimates.) If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience for the specific site and pile type wit.........

Standard Test Method for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations