Phytoremediation is taking a prominent place in the processes of environmental cleanup from hazardous pollutants, and there is increasing interest among Russian scientists (and, quite importantly, among various organizations) in this technology. This chapter reviews the current state of phytoremediation research in the Russian Federation. Topics addressed are the use of crops and grasses in soil remediation from oil hydrocarbons, chemical warfare agent degradation products, and heavy metals; and the use of algae, duckweed, water hyacinth, and miscanthus in water remediation from oil hydrocarbons and heavy metals.