Thawing & Incubating Human & Animal Liver Microsomes
实验概要
Background
The liver is the major organ for metabolism of endogenous substrates as well as exogenous drugs. There are several in vitro tools available to help researchers study the metabolic fate of drug candidates, including isolated fresh or cryopreserved hepatocytes, liver slices, and sub-cellular fractions such as liver microsomes and S9 fractions. These sub-cellular fractions are prepared from the liver via a series of homogenization and ultracentrifugation steps.
An initial lower speed centrifugation of liver homogenate at 10,000g produces the S9 fraction also known as the supernatant of this centrifugation. The S9 fraction contains all phase I and phase II enzymes. A further centrifugation of the S9 fraction at 100,000g yields the endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes. Microsomes are an enriched source of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin monooxygenases (FMO) enzymes. Additionally, some phase II enzymes (e.g. certain uridine glucuronide transferases (UGT) isoforms and epoxide hydrolase (EH) enzymes) are present in microsomes. . Microsomes can be used to investigate UGT activity; however, microsomal membranes restrict access of UGT substrates and/or cofactors. Optimal UGT activity can be achieve by the addition of MgCl2 and a pore-forming antibiotic (i.e. alamethicin). These components allow for the efficient transfer of a glucuronide product and the co-factor, uridine 5’-diphospho-alpha-D-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) within the microsomal matrix. Individual or pooled donor microsomes can be used for metabolism-related studies. Pooled donors can represent the “average” human population or particular factors of research interest, such as age, BMI, or limited capabilities for certain CYP isoforms.
Important notes
The following is a general procedure for metabolism studies in liver microsomes. It is recommended that the metabolism of a test article be measured under initial rate conditions. Since every test article is different, each will require separate optimization of microsomal protein concentration, test article concentration, and incubation times. Ideally, the amount of substrate consumed during the reaction should be 10% to 15% in order to measure initial rates of metabolite formation.
Microsomes should be stored at -80°C until immediately prior to experiment. Microsomes can be refrozen twice without compromising enzymatic activity.
Use universal safety precautions and appropriate biosafety cabinet when handling primary hepatocytes.
主要试剂
100 mM Phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, prepared with ddH2O
20 mM NADPH, solubilized in 100 mM phosphate buffer
UDPGA, Alamethicin, and MgCl (if measuring UGT activity)
Test article
Organic solvent to stop reaction
主要设备
37°C water bath
N2 evaporator
LC-MS/MS
Technical
实验步骤
1. Prepare a 100X stock of the test article in solvent.
If the test article is insoluble in water, then acetonitrile is the preferred solvent.
Because organic solvents can inhibit CYP activities, always limit the final concentration of any organic solvent to <1%.
2. Thaw microsomes slowly on ice. Adjust concentration to 20 mg/mL, if necessary.
3. If you plan to measure UGT activity, see Note at the end of this protocol.
4. For a total of 190 µL, add the following:
183 µL of 100 mM buffer
2 µL of 20mM NADPH (1mM final concentration)
5 µL microsomes (0.5 mg/mL final protein concentration)
5. Pre-incubate microsomes, buffer, and test article in water bath for 5 min.
If you plan to incubate longer than 60 min in step 7, consider using a higher concentration of NADPH or a NADPH-recycling system (NRS), which consists of NADP, G6P, and G6PDH.
6. Initiate the reactions with the addition of 10 μL 20 mM NADPH.
7. Incubate up to 60 min at 37°C with gentle agitation.
8. Terminate reactions by the addition of 200 µL organic solvent (i.e., ethyl acetate).
9. Vortex samples, and centrifuge at approximately 3000 rpm for five minutes.
10. Withdraw the supernatant from the protein pellet.
11. Analyze according to your analytical method.
12. Controls include:
Zero time point with test article
Longest time point, without NADPH
Heat-inactivated microsomes (45°C pretreatment for 30 min)
Incubation with testosterone or other specific CYP substrate
Note: For the measurement of UGT activity, adjust final reaction volume in step 4 to include:
5 mM UDPGA
50 mg alamethicin/mg microsomal protein
1 mM MgCl
