"This Recommendation specifies the technologies involved in countering e-mail spam. It introduces the current technical solutions and related activities from various standards development organizations and relevant organizations for countering e-mail spam. The purpose of this Recommendation is to provide useful information to users who want to develop technical solutions for countering e-mail spam. This Recommendation will be used as a basis for further development of technical Recommendations on countering e-mail spam. NOTE ?C The use of the term ""identity"" in this Recommendation does not indicate its absolute meaning. In particular@ it does not constitute any positive validation."