INTRODUCTION The scope of this manual essentially embraces the placement of@ and instruction in the use of@ fire-.fi.ghting equipment. It does not cover the causes of fire. Neither does it consider plant layout and design from the standpoint of fire precautions@ because it is recognized that other designs and equipment are being incorporated into present-day plant layout for the prevention@ control@ and extinguishment of fires. Serious consideration should be given@ in new plant layout and design@ to the installation of block valves on plant intake and discharge lines@ as well as to block valves and check valves inside the plant@ for the isolation of certain units. Consideration should also be given to automatic or manually Operated remote controls for the shutdown of engines@ boilers@ furnaces@ and to start fuse pumps; to liquid-level devices; to automatic pressure-control devices which provide for the venting of gases or vapors at a safe distance from a potential fire area; to fireproofing of vessels and steel substructures; and to walls@ dikes@ and drainage systems. Fixed fire-fighting equipment-such as fog nozzles@ foam generators@ inert gases@ and dry chemical-has been installed in some plants. Although the aforementioned installations are used for protection in addition to the provisions contained in the following pages of this manual@ particularly in some larger plants and in certain critical areas@ they are not considered necessary to provide minimum protection??and minimum protection is the scope of this manual. All fine-protection facilities and equipment should be inspected in accordance with recognized standards. Inspection should be assigned to one individual@ or to a specific1 group; and a report of their findings should be made. The recommendations in this manual with respect to the size of various hand extinguishers are not intended as a comparison of one extinguisher with another. Note: Nothing in this manual is intended to take the place of@ or to supersede@ government or insurance regulations which control or apply to special@ local@ or emergency conditions