Introduction This document defines the Network Time Protocol version 4 (NTPv4)@ which is widely used to synchronize system clocks among a set of distributed time servers and clients. It describes the core architecture@ protocol@ state machines@ data structures@ and algorithms. NTPv4 introduces new functionality to NTPv3@ as described in [RFC1305]@ and functionality expanded from Simple NTP version 4 (SNTPv4) as described in [RFC4330] (SNTPv4 is a subset of NTPv4). This document obsoletes [RFC1305] and [RFC4330]. While certain minor changes have been made in some protocol header fields@ these do not affect the interoperability between NTPv4 and previous versions of NTP and SNTP. The NTP subnet model includes a number of widely accessible primary time servers synchronized by wire or radio to national standards. The purpose of the NTP protocol is to convey timekeeping information from these primary servers to secondary time servers and clients via both private networks and the public Internet. Precisely tuned algorithms mitigate errors that may result from network disruptions@ server failures@ and possible hostile actions. Servers and clients are configured such that values flow towards clients from the primary servers at the root via branching secondary servers. The NTPv4 design overcomes significant shortcomings in the NTPv3 design@ corrects certain bugs@ and incorporates new features. In particular@ expanded NTP timestamp definitions encourage the use of the floating double data type throughout the implementation. As a result@ the time resolution is better than one nanosecond@ and frequency resolution is less than one nanosecond per second. Additional improvements include a new clock discipline algorithm that is more responsive to system clock hardware frequency fluctuations. Typical primary servers using modern machines are precise within a few tens of microseconds. Typical secondary servers and clients on fast LANs are within a few hundred microseconds with poll intervals up to 1024 seconds@ which was the maximum with NTPv3. With NTPv4@ servers and clients are precise within a few tens of milliseconds with poll intervals up to 36 hours. The main body of this document describes the core protocol and data structures necessary to interoperate between conforming implementations. Appendix A contains a full-featured example in the form of a skeleton program@ including data structures and code segments for the core algorithms as well as the mitigation algorithms used to enhance reliability and accuracy. While the skeleton program and other descriptions in this document apply to a particular implementation@ they are not intended as the only way the required functions can be implemented. The contents of Appendix A are non-normative examples designed to illustrate the protocol's operation and are not a requirement for a conforming implementation. While the NTPv3 symmetric key authentication scheme described in this document has been carried over from NTPv3@ the Autokey public key authentication scheme new to NTPv4 is described in [RFC5906]. The NTP protocol includes modes of operation described in Section 2 using data types described in Section 6 and data structures described in Section 7. The implementation model described in Section 5 is based on a threaded@ multi-process architecture@ although other architectures could be used as well. The on-wire protocol described in Section 8 is based on a returnable-time design that depends only on measured clock offsets@ but does not require reliable message delivery. Reliable message delivery such as TCP [RFC0793] can actually make the delivered NTP packet less reliable since retries would increase the delay value and other errors. The synchronization subnet is a self-organizing@ hierarchical@ master-slave network with synchronization paths determined by a shortest-path spanning tree and defined metric. While multiple masters (primary servers) may exist@ there is no requirement for an election protocol. This document includes material from [ref9]@ which contains flow charts and equations unsuited for RFC format. There is much additional information in [ref7]@ including an extensive technical analysis and performance assessment of the protocol and algorithms in this document. The reference implementation is available at www.ntp.org. The remainder of this document contains numerous variables and mathematical expressions. Some variables take the form of Greek characters@ which are spelled out by their full case-sensitive name. For example@ DELTA refers to the uppercase Greek character@ while delta refers to the lowercase character. Furthermore@ subscripts are denoted with '_'; for example@ theta_i refers to the lowercase Greek character theta with subscript i@ or phonetically theta sub i. In this document@ all time values are in seconds (s)@ and all frequencies will be specified as fractional frequency offsets (FFOs) (pure number). It is often convenient to express these FFOs in parts per million (ppm).
RFC 5905-2010由IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force 发布于 2010-06-01，并于 2016-04-05 实施。
* 在 RFC 5905-2010 发布之后有更新，请注意新发布标准的变化。
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