"This memorandum@ ESDU TM 176@ explores the temperature effects of the effective phase-angle between stress and strain on the motion of rolling and braking of pneumatic tyres on plain surfaces. Modelling of such tyres appears to be dependent upon a ""thin"" layer of low-strength material at the interface between tyre and ground. This layer of material may be formed from the influence of strains in the footprint induced by hoop stress and stresses arising from (vertical) loads. This bond-breaking process depends in essence on the dynamic characteristics of the material of the footprint. This phase-angle parameter forms part of the model for the performance of aircraft tyres rolling or braking on dry and precipitate contaminated runways detailed@ in particular@ in ESDU 10015 and 05011."