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4.1 This guide outlines sustainability factors for manufacturers to consider when comparing alternative chemicals or ingredients across the life cycle of a product.
4.2 Methods exist for the evaluation of chemical hazards for product-chemical pairs. These methods are referenced in several regulatory, non-regulatory, and green building schemas and should be conducted as part of an analysis of this type.
Note 1: Evaluation methods include, but are not limited to, Clean Production Action’s GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals,5 The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Design for the Environment (DtE) Alternatives Assessment Criteria for Hazards Evaluation (Safer Choice) methodology and the National Academy of Sciences’ A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives.8 Regulatory schemas include laws such as the Safer Consumer Products Rule9 in California or the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals (REACh)10 regulations in Europe. Green building schemas include the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)11 system by the USGBC, which references these indirectly through third-party certifications. However, neither these assessment tools nor the various schemas that reference them have set guidance for using the data in making decisions on which products and ingredients are ultimately the most sustainable.
4.3 Similarly, many tools exist for measuring economic viability, such as value-models and cost analysis. There are also many tools and techniques for measuring social acceptance of products such as sales trends, voice of the customer and many other types of surveys.
4.4 This guide acknowledges the need for determining a baseline for comparing the performance (environmental, economic, and social) of an existing product-chemical pair in a product with the possible/potential alternatives. As such, when using this guide, companies shall use the same study boundaries for the original baseline case and for all alternative options under assessment. Further, when feasible, the same assessment tools should also be used for all options being analyzed.
4.5 Sustainability is a very holistic and encompassing concept. As such, many factors cross all three attributes of sustainability. While factors may be assigned one way in this guide, it is recognized the user has discretion to assign them to whatever attribute(s) they deem appropriate when performing this analysis. However, the user should consistently categorize among all analyses for the purpose of easy comparison.
国际标准化组织(ISO)制定的国际标准为自愿性标准，包括ISO 26000。世界各国及各组织可根据自身实际需要自主选择是否采用。 五、 ISO 26000中“社会责任”的定义是什么? 在ISO 26000中，社会责任(social responsibility)被定义为“通过透明和道德行为，组织为其决策和活动给社会和环境带来的影响承担的责任。...
在ISO设立工业4.0相关的战略咨询小组，规定、审核与工业4.0/智能制造相关的现有标准、使用案例及当前工作，确定是否需要制定相应的标准，对TMB拟采取的措施提供建议，对其它的全国性、区域性和国际性活动进行监控，并在合作机制方面向合作伙伴、尤其是IEC和ITU-T提供建议。为协调推进相关工作，德国标准化学会与工业互联网联盟已经于2015年6月17日在柏林签署谅解备忘录。 ...
首先我们会调整我们在这个信息矩阵中的角色，包括人们如何根据这些证据标准来帮助决策。 FDA需要将自己当作信息管理者，而不只是一个一言堂的仲裁者。另一种观点越来越不符合那些依靠可靠证据来帮助他们做出正确决策，包括医生和健康计划。FDA应该是一个重要的、独立的信息评估者。 鉴于我们的职能，以及在公共卫生推广中的重要作用，我们需要支持那些通过我们认可的标准，以合理的方法来开发和获取可靠的研究证据。 ...
可以考虑的典型做法是： 是否已评估了相关方对绩效重要性的影响是否已确定了体系有关的相关方 是否已确定了相关方的预期与要求 是否已制定了相关方的关系管理手段（尤其是沟通手段）8、组织是否充分考虑了产品或服务的生命周期的影响？可以考虑的典型做法是： 是否考虑了生命周期的理念对目前环境因素评估方法的影响？是否已在产品设计阶段考虑融入了绿色设计的理念？可施加控制的是否已有效施加控制？...
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