13.040.30 (Workplace atmospheres) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D6966-08 金属连续测定用擦拭取样法选定的沉降粉尘样品的收集用标准实施规程

This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples for the subsequent measurement of target metals. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth nonporous surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting. Collection efficiency for metals such as lead from smooth, hard surfaces has been found to exceed 75 % (E 1792).1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction and determination of target metals in the wipes using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry. 1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance, hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan. 1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of Metals

ASTM D5836-08(2013) 使用1-2 PP方法测定工作场所大气中2,4-二异氰酸甲苯 (2,4-TDI) 和2,6-二异氰酸甲苯 (2,6-TDI) 含量的标准试验方法

5.1 Diisocyanates are used in the production of polyurethane foams, plastics, elastomers, surface coatings, and adhesives (5,6). It has been estimated that the production of TDI will steadily increase during the future years. 5.2 Diisocyanates are irritants to eyes, skin, and mucous membrane and are respiratory sensitizers. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of diisocyanates produces an allergic sensitization which may progress into asthmatic bronchitis (7,8). 5.3 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for 2,4-TDI of 0.02 ppm or 0.14 mg/m3 as a ceiling limit. There is no OSHA PEL for 2,6–TDI(9). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has a time–weighted average (TWA) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.005 ppm or 0.036 mg/m3 and a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 0.02 ppm or 0.14 mg/m3 for either 2,4–TDI, or 2,6–TDI, or for a mixture of 2,4– and 2,6–TDI(10). 5.4 This proposed test method has been found satisfactory for measuring 2,4 and 2,6-TDI levels in the workplace. 1.1 This test method describes the determination of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in air samples collected from workplace atmospheres in a cassette containing a glass-fiber filter impregnated with 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine (1-2 PP). This procedure is very effective for determining the vapor content of atmospheres. Atmospheres containing aerosols may cause TDI results to be underestimated. 1.2 This test method uses a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence or an ultraviolet (UV) detector (1-4).2,3 1.3 The validated range of the test method, as written, is from 1.4 to 5.6 μg of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI which is equivalent to approximately 9.8 to 39 ppb for 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI based on a 20-L air sample. The HPLC method using an UV detector is capable of detecting 0.078 μg of 2,4-TDI and 0.068 μg of 2,6-TDI in a 4.0-mL solvent volume, which is equivalent to 0.55 ppb for 2,4-TDI and 0.48 ppb for 2,6-TDI based on a 20-L air sample. 1.4 The isomers of 2,4-TDI, and 2,6-TDI, can be separated utilizing a reversed phase column for the HPLC method. Because industrial applicati......

Standard Test Method for Determination of 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in Workplace Atmospheres (1-2 PP Method)

ASTM D6246-08(2013) 评价扩散采样器性能的标准实施规程

5.1 Gas or vapor sampling is often accomplished by actively pumping air through a collection medium such as activated charcoal. Problems associated with a pump–inconvenience, inaccuracy, and expense–are inextricable from this type of sampling. The alternative covered by this practice is to use diffusion for moving the compound of interest onto the collection medium. This approach to sampling is attractive because of the convenience of use and low total monitoring cost. 5.2 However, previous studies have found significant problems with the accuracy of some samplers. Therefore, although diffusive samplers may provide a plethora of data, inaccuracies and misuse of diffusive samplers may yet affect research studies. Furthermore, worker protections may be based on faulty assumptions. The aim of this practice is to counter the uncertainties in diffusive sampling through achieving a broadly accepted set of performance tests and acceptance criteria for proving the efficacy of any given diffusive sampler intended for use. 1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance of diffusive samplers of gases and vapors for use over sampling periods from 4 to 12 h and for wind speeds less than 0.5 m/s. Such sampling periods and wind speeds are the most common in the indoor workplace setting. This practice does not apply to static or area sampling in wind speeds less than 0.1 m/s, when diffusion outside the sampler may dominate needed convection from the ambient air to the vicinity of the sampler. Given a suitable exposure chamber, the practice can be extended to cover sampler use for other sampling periods and conditions. The aim is to provide a concise set of experiments for classifying samplers primarily in accordance with a single sampler accuracy figure. Accuracy is defined (3.2.1) in this standard so as to take into account both imprecision and uncorrected bias. Accuracy estimates refer to conditions of sampler use which are normally expected in a workplace setting. These conditions may be characterized by the temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and ambient wind speed, none of which may be constant or accurately known when the sampler is used in the field. Futhermore, the accuracy accounts for the effects of diffusive loss of analyte on the estimation of time-weighted averages of concentrations which may not be constant in time. Aside from accuracy, the samplers are tested for compliance with the manufacturer's stated limits on capacity, possibly in the presence of interfering compounds. 1.2 This practice is an extension of previous research on diffusive samplers (1-14)2 as well as Practices D4597, D4598, D4599, and MDHS 27. An essential advance here is the estimation of sampler accuracy under actual conditions of use. Futhermore, the costs of sampler evaluation are reduced.

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers

ASTM F50-07 用可探测单个亚微米及较大粒子的仪器在灰尘控制区域和无菌室中连续测定空气中粒子的大小及计数用标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the determination of the particle concentration, by number, and the size distribution of airborne particles in dust-controlled areas and clean rooms, for particles in the size range of approximately 0.01 to 5.0 m. Particle concentrations not exceeding 3.5 106 particles/m3 (100 000/ft 3) are covered for all particles equal to and larger than the minimum size measured.1.2 This practice uses an airborne single particle counting device (SPC) whose operation is based on measuring the signal produced by an individual particle passing through the sensing zone. The signal must be directly or indirectly related to particle size. Note 1The SPC type is not specified here. The SPC can be a conventional optical particle counter (OPC), an aerodynamic particle sizer, a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) operating in conjunction with a diffusion battery or differential mobility analyzer, or any other device capable of counting and sizing single particles in the size range of concern and of sampling in a cleanroom environment.1.3 Individuals performing tests in accordance with this practice shall be trained in use of the SPC and shall understand its operation.1.4 Since the concentration and the particle size distribution of airborne particles are subject to continuous variations, the choice of sampling probe configuration, locations and sampling times will affect sampling results. Further, the differences in the physical measurement, electronic and sample handling systems between the various SPCs and the differences in physical properties of the various particles being measured can contribute to variations in the test results. These differences should be recognized and minimized by using a standard method of primary calibration and by minimizing variability of sample acquisition procedures.1.5 Sample acquisition procedures and equipment may be selected for specific applications based on varying cleanroom class levels. Firm requirements for these selections are beyond the scope of this practice; however, sampling practices shall be stated that take into account potential spatial and statistical variations of suspended particles in clean rooms. General references to cleanroom classifications follow Federal Standard 209E, latest revision. Where airborne particles are to be characterized in dust-controlled areas that do not meet these classifications, the latest revision of the pertinent specification for these areas shall be used.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 8.

Standard Practice for Continuous Sizing and Counting of Airborne Particles in Dust-Controlled Areas and Clean Rooms Using Instruments Capable of Detecting Single Sub-Micrometre and Larger Particles

ASTM D7201-06 用相位比对显微镜取样和计数车间内的空气纤维(包含石棉纤维)的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes the determination of the concentration of fibers, expressed as the number of such fibers per millilitre of air, using phase contrast microscopy and optionally transmission electron microscopy to evaluate particulate material collected on a membrane filter in the breathing zone of an individual or by area sampling in a specific location. This practice is based on the core procedures provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard ISO 8672 (1), the National Institute for Occupational and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, NIOSH 7400 (2), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Method ID 160 (3). This practice indicates the important points where these methods differ, and provides information regarding the differences, which will allow the user to select the most appropriate procedure for a particular application. However, selecting portions of procedures from different published methods generally requires a user to report that they have used a modification to a method rather than claim they have used the method as written.1.2 The practice is used for routine determination of an index of occupational exposure to airborne fibers in workplaces. Workplaces are considered those places where workers are exposed to airborne fibers including asbestos. Additional information on sampling strategies, sample collection (including calibration) and use of sample results for asbestos abatement projects is provided in a standard Practice for Air Monitoring for Management of Asbestos-Containing Materials (WK 8951) currently being considered by ASTM subcommittee E06.24. A further practice has been approved for the specific purpose of sampling and counting airborne fibers in mines and quarries (Practice D 7200), although the practice herein may also be used for this purpose. The current practice may be used as a means of monitoring occupational exposure to asbestos fibers when asbestos fibers are known a priori to be present in the airborne dust. The practice gives an index of airborne fiber concentration. This practice may be used in conjunction with electron microscopy (See Appendix X1) for assistance in identification of fibers. This practice may be used for other materials such as fibrous glass, or man-made mineral fibers by using alternate counting rules (see Annex A4).1.3 This practice specifies the equipment and procedures for sampling the atmosphere in the breathing zone of an individual and for determining the number of fibers accumulated on a filter membrane during the course of an appropriately-selected sampling period. The practice may also be used to sample the atmosphere in a specific location or room of a building (area sampling), where this may be helpful in assessing exposure to workers handling fiber-containing products.1.4 The ideal working range of this test practice extends from 100 fibers/mm178; to 1300 fibers/mm178; of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a concentration range from approximately 0.04 to 0.5 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm179;). Lower and higher ranges of fiber concentration can be measured by reducing or increasing the volume of air collected. However, when this practice is applied to sampling the presence of other, non-asbestos dust, the level of total suspended particulate may impose an upper limit to the volume of air that can be sampled if the filters produced are to be of appropriate fiber loading for fiber counting.1.5 Users should determine their own limit of detection using the procedure in Practice D 6620. For Reference the NIOSH 7400 method gives the limit of detection as 7 fibers/mm178; of filter area. For a 1000 L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0027 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm179;). For OSHA method ID 160 the limit of detection is given as 5.5 fibers/mm178; of filter area. For a 1000 L air sample, this c......

Standard Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers, Including Asbestos Fibers, in the Workplace, by Phase Contrast Microscopy (with and Option of Transmission Electron Microscopy)

ASTM D6562-06(2011) 用9-(N-甲氨基甲基)蒽法(MAMA)测定工作场所空气中气态亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDL)含量的标准试验方法

HDI is mostly used in the preparation of paints. For the last ten years, the use of isocyanates and their industrial needs have been in constant growth. Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are irritants to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. They are recognized to cause respiratory allergic sensitization, asthmatic bronchitis, and acute respiratory intoxication (4-7). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a threshold limit value - time weighted average (TLV - TWA) of 0.005 ppm (V) or 0.034 mg/m3 (8). The Occupational Safety & Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has not listed a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for HDI (9). Due to its low LOD and low required volume (15 L), this test method is well suited for monitoring of respiratory and other problems related to diisocyanates and polyisocyanates. Its short sampling times are compatible with the duration of many industrial processes, and its low detection limit with the concentrations often found in the working area.1.1 This test method covers the determination of gaseous hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in air samples collected from workplace and ambient atmospheres. The method described in this test method collects separate fractions. One fraction will be dominated by vapor, and the other fraction will be dominated by aerosol. It is not known at the present time whether this represents a perfect separation of vapor and aerosol, and in any case, there are not separate exposure standards for vapor and aerosol. Therefore, in comparing the results for isocyanate against a standard, results from the two fractions should be combined to give a single total value. The reason for splitting the sample into two fractions is to increase analytic sensitivity for the vapor fraction and also to give the hygienist or ventilation engineer some information concerning the likely state of the isocyanate species. The analyses of the two fractions are different, and are provided in separate, linked, standards to avoid confusion. This test method is principally used to determine short term exposure (15 min) of HDI in workplace environments for personal monitoring or in ambient air. The analysis of the aerosol fraction is performed separately, as described in Test Method D6561. 1.2 Differential air sampling is performed with a segregating device. The vapor fraction is collected on a glass fiber filter (GFF) impregnated with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) anthracene (MAMA). 1.3 The analysis of the gaseous fraction is performed with a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detectors. 1.4 The range of application of this test method, using UV and fluorescence detectors both connected in serial, has been validated from 0.006 to 1.12 μg of monomeric HDI/2.0 mL of desorption solution, which corresponds to concentrations equivalent to 0.0004 to 0.075 mg/m3 of HDI based on a 15-L air sample. Those concentrations correspond to a range of vapor phase concentrations from 0.06 ppb(V) to 11 ppb(V) and cover the established threshold limit value (TLV) value of 5 ppb(V). 1.5 The quantification limit for the monomeric HDI, using the UV detection, has been established as 0.012 μg/2 mL of desorption solution and as 0.008 μg/2 mL, using the fluorescence detector. These limits correspond to 0.0008 mg/m3 and 0.0005 mg/m3 respectively for an air sampled volume of 15 L. These values are equal to ten times the standar......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) in Air with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method (MAMA) in the Workplace

ASTM D7200-06 用相位比对显微镜和相位传输显微镜取样和计数矿场和采石场内的空气纤维(包含石棉纤维)的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice describes the determination of the concentration of fibers, expressed as the number of such fibers per millilitre of air, using phase contrast microscopy and optionally transmission electron microscopy to evaluate particulate material collected on a membrane filter in the breathing zone of an individual or by area sampling in a specific location. This practice is based on the core procedures provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard ISO 8672(1), the National Institute for Occupational and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, NIOSH 7400 (2), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Method ID 160 (3). This practice indicates the important points where these methods differ, and provides information regarding the differences. However, selecting portions of procedures from different published methods generally requires a user to report that they have used a modification to a method rather than claim they have used the method as written. This practice further gives guidance on how differential counting techniques may be used to indicate where a population of fibers may be asbestos.1.2 The practice is used for routine determination of an index of occupational exposure to airborne fibers in mines, quarries, or other locations where ore may be processed or handled. The method gives an index of airborne fiber concentration. The method provides an estimate of the fraction of counted fibers that may be asbestos. This practice should be used in conjunction with electron microscopy (See Appendix X1) for assistance in identification of fibers.1.3 This practice specifies the equipment and procedures for sampling the atmosphere in the breathing zone of an individual and for determining the number of fibers accumulated on a filter membrane during the course of an appropriately-selected sampling period. The method may also be used to sample the atmosphere in a specific location in a mine or in a room of a building (area sampling).1.4 The ideal working range of this practice extends from 100 fibers/mm2 to 1300 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a concentration range from approximately 0.04 to 0.5 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). Lower and higher ranges of fiber concentration can be measured by reducing or increasing the volume of air collected. However, when this practice is applied to personal sampling in mines and quarries, the level of total suspended particulate may impose an upper limit to the volume of air that can be sampled if the filters produced are to be of appropriate particulate loading for fiber counting.1.5 Users should determine their own limit of detection using the procedure in Practice D 6620. For reference, the NIOSH 7400 method gives the limit of detection as 7 fibers/mm178; of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0027 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm179;). For OSHA ID 160 the limit of detection is given as 5.5 fibers/mm178; of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0022 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm179;).1.6 If this practice yields a fiber concentration that does not exceed one-half the permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value for the particular regulated fiber variety, no further action may be necessary. If the fiber concentration exceeds one-half of the regulated permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value for the particular regulated fiber variety, examine the data to determine if more than 50 % of the counted fibers may be bundles, fibers longer than 10 956;m, or fibers thinner than 1.0 956;m. If these counts exceed 50 % of the total count, then there is an increased possibility that asbestos is present in the sample. Use the optional method specified in Appendix X1 to measure the concentration or proportion of the ......

Standard Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers, Including Asbestos Fibers, in Mines and Quarries, by Phase Contrast Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

ASTM D6561-06 利用(甲氧基-2-苯基-1)哌嗪(MOPIP)测定工作场所空气中气溶胶单体和低聚二异腈酸己二酯(HDI)的标准试验方法

HDI is mostly used in the preparation of paints. For the last ten years, the use of isocyanates and their industrial needs have been in constant growth. Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are irritants to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. They are recognized to cause respiratory allergic sensitization, asthmatic bronchitis, and acute respiratory intoxication (3-6). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a threshold limit value - time weighted average (TLV - TWA) of 0.005 ppm (V) or 0.034 mg/m3 for monomeric HDI (7). The Occupational Safety & Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has not listed a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for HDI (8). Due to its low LOD and low required volume (15 L), this test method is well suited for monitoring of respiratory and other problems related to diisocyanates and polyisocyanates. Its short sampling times are compatible with the duration of many industrial processes, and its low detection limit with the concentrations often found in the working area.1.1 This test method covers the determination of aerosol hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in air samples collected from workplace and ambient atmospheres. The method described in this test method collects separate fractions. One fraction will be dominated by vapor, and the other fraction will be dominated by aerosol. It is not known at the present time whether this represents a perfect separation of vapor and aerosol, and in any case, there are not separate exposure standards for vapor and aerosol. Therefore, in comparing the results for isocyanate against a standard, results from the two fractions should be combined to give a single total value. The reason for splitting the sample into two fractions is to increase analytic sensitivity for the vapor fraction and also to give the hygienist or ventilation engineer some information concerning the likely state of the isocyanate species. The analyses of the two fractions are different, and are provided in separate, linked, standards to avoid confusion. This test method is principally used to determine short term exposure (15 min) of HDI in workplace environments for personal monitoring or in ambient air. The analysis of the vapor fraction is performed separately, as described in Test Method D 6562.1.2 Differential air sampling is performed with a segregating device. The aerosol fraction is collected on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter.1.3 Immediately after sampling, the PTFE filter is transferred into a jar containing a (methoxy-2 phenyl-1) piperazine (MOPIP) solution in toluene.1.4 The analysis of the aerosol fraction is performed by using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The range of application of the test method has been validated from 0.052 to 1.04 g of monomeric HDI/mL, which corresponds, based on a 15 L air sample, to concentrations from 0.004 to 0.070 mg/m3 of HDI. Those concentrations correspond to a range of aerosol phase concentrations from 0.5 ppb (V) to 10 ppb (V) and cover the established threshold limit valve (TLV) value of 5 ppb (V).1.5 The quantification limit for the monomeric HDI is 0.041 g per mL, which corresponds to 0.003 mg/m3 for a 15 L sampled air volume. This value is equivalent to ten times the standard deviation obtained from ten measurements carried out on a standard solution in contact with the PTFE filter whose concentration of 0.1 g/mL is close to the expected detection limit.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate saf......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aerosol Monomeric and Oligomeric Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDl) in Air with (Methoxy-2-phenyl-1) Piperazine (MOPIP) in the Workplace

ASTM E1132-06 暴露可吸入石英微粒相关职业健康要求的标准实施规范

These practices and criteria were developed for occupational exposures. They are intended to (a) protect against clinical disease from exposure to respirable crystalline silica, (b) be measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and readily available, and (c) be attainable with existing technology and protective practices.1.1 This practice covers a description of several actions that should be taken to reduce the risk of harmful occupational exposures to humans in environments containing respirable crystalline silica. This practice is intended for, but not limited to, industries regulated by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A separate practice, designed for the unique conditions of the construction industry is under development. While this practice was not designed specifically for construction, it can be applied and may be beneficial, to the extent feasible and practical, pending adoption of a construction industry standard.1.2 Nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state, or other regulatory agency.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. It is the responsibility of the user to consult all material safety data sheets and labels pertaining to any hazardous materials used in this standard.

Standard Practice for Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica

ASTM D7201-06(2011) 用相衬显微镜(也可选择透射电子显微镜)在工作场所采样,并计算空气纤维(包括石棉纤维)含量的标准操作规程

Users of this practice must determine for themselves whether the practices described meet the requirements of local or national authorities regulating asbestos or other fibrous hazards. Variations of this practice have been described by the Asbestos Research Council in Great Britain (8), the Asbestos International Association (AIA) RTM 1 (9), NIOSH 7400, OSHA (Reference Method ID 160), and ISO 8672. Where the counting rules of the latter three methods differ, this is noted in the text. Advantages The technique is specific for fibers. PCM is a fiber counting technique that excludes non-fibrous particles from the analysis. The technique is inexpensive, but requires specialized knowledge to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts, at least in so far as the analyst is often required under regulations to have taken a specific training course (for example, NIOSH 582, or equivalent). The analysis is quick and can be performed on-site for rapid determination of the concentrations of airborne fibers. Limitations The main limitation of PCM is that fibers are not identified. All fibers within the specified dimensional range are counted. Differential fiber counting may sometimes be used to discriminate between asbestos fibers and fibers of obviously different morphology, such as cellulose and glass fiber. In most situations, differential fiber counting cannot be used to adequately differentiate asbestos from non-asbestos fibers for purposes of compliance with regulations without additional positive identification. If positive identification of asbestos is required, this must be performed by polarized light or electron microscopy techniques, using a different portion of the filter. A further limitation is that the smallest fibers visible by PCM are about 0.2 μm in diameter, while the finest asbestos fibers may be as small as 0.02 μm in diameter. Where calculation of fiber concentration provides a result exceeding the regulatory standard, non-compliance is assumed unless it can be proven that the fibers counted do not belong to a member or members of the group of fibers regulated by that standard.1.1 This practice describes the determination of the concentration of fibers, expressed as the number of such fibers per millilitre of air, using phase contrast microscopy and optionally transmission electron microscopy to evaluate particulate material collected on a membrane filter in the breathing zone of an individual or by area sampling in a specific location. This practice is based on the core procedures provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard ISO 8672 (1) , the National Institute for Occupational and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, NIOSH 7400 (2), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Method ID 160 (3). This practice indicates the important points where these methods differ, and provides information regarding the differences, which will allow the user to select the most appropriate procedure for a particular application. However, selecting portions of procedures from different published methods generally requires a user to report that they have used a modification to a method rather than claim they have used the method as written. 1.2 The practice is used for routine determination of an index of occupational exposure to airborne fibers in workplaces. Workplaces are considered those places where workers are exposed to airborne fibers including asbestos. Additional information on sampling strategies, sample collection (including ......

Standard Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers, Including Asbestos Fibers, in the Workplace, by Phase Contrast Microscopy (with an Option of Transmission Electron Microscopy)

ASTM F91-06 用冷凝核探测器对层流无菌室及无菌工作站联合的过滤器进行泄漏试验的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the testing of the integrity of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed in laminar flow clean rooms of the ceiling to floor or wall to wall type, and laminar flow clean work stations. The recommended practice may be used to detect faults or voids in the filter media itself or in the joints between the filter and the room or work station structure. The determination of filter media efficiency is not within the scope of this practice.1.2 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses in inch-pound units are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Testing for Leaks in the Filters Associated With Laminar Flow Clean Rooms and Clean Work Stations by Use of a Condensation Nuclei Detector

ASTM D4185-06 用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定工作场所空气中的金属用标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the collection, dissolution, and determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section .9)

Standard Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ASTM D7202-06 用现场萃取和荧光检测法测定工作场所铍含量的标准试验方法

Exposure to beryllium can cause a potentially fatal disease, and occupational exposure limits for beryllium in air and on surfaces have been established to reduce exposure risks to potentially affected workers (1, 2). Sampling and analytical methods for beryllium are needed in order to meet the challenges relating to exposure assessment and risk reduction. Field-portable sampling and analysis methods, such as the procedure described in this test method, are desired in order to facilitate on-site measurement of beryllium. On-site beryllium analysis results can then be used as a basis for management of protection of human health.1.1 This test method is intended for use in the determination of beryllium by sampling workplace air and surface dust.1.2 This test method assumes that air and surface samples are collected using appropriate and applicable ASTM International standard practices for sampling of workplace air and surface dust. These samples are typically collected using air filter sampling, vacuum sampling or wiping techniques.1.3 This test method includes a procedure for on-site extraction (dissolution) of beryllium in weakly acidic medium (pH of 1 % aqueous ammonium bifluoride is 4.8), followed by field analysis of aliquots of the extract solution using a beryllium-specific fluorescent dye.1.4 The procedure is targeted for on-site use in the field for occupational and environmental hygiene monitoring purposes.1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable fluorometric instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the Workplace Using Field-Based Extraction and Fluorescence Detection

ASTM D6561-06(2011) 用(甲氧基-2-苯基-1)哌嗪(MOPIP)测定工作场所空气中的气溶胶单体和低聚六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDL)含量的标准试验方法

HDI is mostly used in the preparation of paints. For the last ten years, the use of isocyanates and their industrial needs have been in constant growth. Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are irritants to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. They are recognized to cause respiratory allergic sensitization, asthmatic bronchitis, and acute respiratory intoxication (3-6). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a threshold limit value - time weighted average (TLV - TWA) of 0.005 ppm (V) or 0.034 mg/m3 for monomeric HDI (7). The Occupational Safety & Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has not listed a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for HDI (8). Due to its low LOD and low required volume (15 L), this test method is well suited for monitoring of respiratory and other problems related to diisocyanates and polyisocyanates. Its short sampling times are compatible with the duration of many industrial processes, and its low detection limit with the concentrations often found in the working area.1.1 This test method covers the determination of aerosol hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in air samples collected from workplace and ambient atmospheres. The method described in this test method collects separate fractions. One fraction will be dominated by vapor, and the other fraction will be dominated by aerosol. It is not known at the present time whether this represents a perfect separation of vapor and aerosol, and in any case, there are not separate exposure standards for vapor and aerosol. Therefore, in comparing the results for isocyanate against a standard, results from the two fractions should be combined to give a single total value. The reason for splitting the sample into two fractions is to increase analytic sensitivity for the vapor fraction and also to give the hygienist or ventilation engineer some information concerning the likely state of the isocyanate species. The analyses of the two fractions are different, and are provided in separate, linked, standards to avoid confusion. This test method is principally used to determine short term exposure (15 min) of HDI in workplace environments for personal monitoring or in ambient air. The analysis of the vapor fraction is performed separately, as described in Test Method D6562. 1.2 Differential air sampling is performed with a segregating device. The aerosol fraction is collected on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter. 1.3 Immediately after sampling, the PTFE filter is transferred into a jar containing a (methoxy-2 phenyl-1) piperazine (MOPIP) solution in toluene. 1.4 The analysis of the aerosol fraction is performed by using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The range of application of the test method has been validated from 0.052 to 1.04 μg of monomeric HDI/mL, which corresponds, based on a 15 L air sample, to concentrations from 0.004 to 0.070 mg/m3 of HDI. Those concentrations correspond to a range of aerosol phase concentrations from 0.5 ppb (V) to 10 ppb (V) and cover the established threshold limit valve (TLV) value of 5 ppb (V). 1.5 The quantification limit for the monomeric HDI is 0.041 μg per mL, which corresponds to 0.003 mg/m3 for a 15 L sampled air volume. This value is equivalent to ten times the standard deviation obtained from ten measurements carried out on a standard solution in contact with the PTFE filter whose concentration of 0.1 μg/mL is close to the expec......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Aerosol Monomeric and Oligomeric Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDl) in Air with (Methoxy-2x2013;phenyl-1) Piperazine (MOPIP) in the Workplace

ASTM D6562-06 利用9-(N-甲氨基甲基)蒽(MAMA)法测定工作场所空气中气态二异腈酸己二酯(HDI)的标准试验方法

HDI is mostly used in the preparation of paints. For the last ten years, the use of isocyanates and their industrial needs have been in constant growth. Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are irritants to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. They are recognized to cause respiratory allergic sensitization, asthmatic bronchitis, and acute respiratory intoxication (4-7). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a threshold limit value - time weighted average (TLV - TWA) of 0.005 ppm (V) or 0.034 mg/m3 (8). The Occupational Safety & Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has not listed a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for HDI (9). Due to its low LOD and low required volume (15 L), this test method is well suited for monitoring of respiratory and other problems related to diisocyanates and polyisocyanates. Its short sampling times are compatible with the duration of many industrial processes, and its low detection limit with the concentrations often found in the working area.1.1 This test method covers the determination of gaseous hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in air samples collected from workplace and ambient atmospheres. The method described in this test method collects separate fractions. One fraction will be dominated by vapor, and the other fraction will be dominated by aerosol. It is not known at the present time whether this represents a perfect separation of vapor and aerosol, and in any case, there are not separate exposure standards for vapor and aerosol. Therefore, in comparing the results for isocyanate against a standard, results from the two fractions should be combined to give a single total value. The reason for splitting the sample into two fractions is to increase analytic sensitivity for the vapor fraction and also to give the hygienist or ventilation engineer some information concerning the likely state of the isocyanate species. The analyses of the two fractions are different, and are provided in separate, linked, standards to avoid confusion. This test method is principally used to determine short term exposure (15 min) of HDI in workplace environments for personal monitoring or in ambient air. The analysis of the aerosol fraction is performed separately, as described in Test Method D 6561.1.2 Differential air sampling is performed with a segregating device. The vapor fraction is collected on a glass fiber filter (GFF) impregnated with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) anthracene (MAMA).1.3 The analysis of the gaseous fraction is performed with a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detectors.1.4 The range of application of this test method, using UV and fluorescence detectors both connected in serial, has been validated from 0.006 to 1.12 g of monomeric HDI/2.0 mL of desorption solution, which corresponds to concentrations equivalent to 0.0004 to 0.075 mg/m 3 of HDI based on a 15-L air sample. Those concentrations correspond to a range of vapor phase concentrations from 0.06 ppb(V) to 11 ppb(V) and cover the established threshold limit value (TLV) value of 5 ppb(V).1.5 The quantification limit for the monomeric HDI, using the UV detection, has been established as 0.012 g/2 mL of desorption solution and as 0.008 g/2 mL, using the fluorescence detector. These limits correspond to 0.0008 mg/m3 and 0.0005 mg/m3 respectively for an air sampled volume of 15 L. These values are equal to ten times the standard deviation (SD) obtained from ten measurements carried out on a standard solution in contact with the GFF, whose concentration of 0.02 g/2 mL is close to the expected detection limit. This standar......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) in Air with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method (MAMA) in the Workplace

ASTM D7202-05 利用现场萃取和荧光检测法测定工作场所铍的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is intended for use in the determination of beryllium by sampling workplace air and surface dust.1.2 This test method assumes that air and surface samples are collected using appropriate and applicable ASTM International standard practices for sampling of workplace air and surface dust. These samples are typically collected using air filter sampling, vacuum sampling or wiping techniques.1.3 This test method includes a procedure for on-site extraction (dissolution) of beryllium in weakly acidic medium (pH of 1 % aqueous ammonium bifluoride is 4.8), followed by field analysis of aliquots of the extract solution using a beryllium-specific fluorescent dye.1.4 The procedure is targeted for on-site use in the field for occupational and environmental hygiene monitoring purposes.1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable fluorometric instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7 This test method contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the Workplace Using Field-Based Extraction and Fluorescence Detection

ASTM D4861-05 空气中农药和多氯联苯抽样和选择分析技术的标准实施规程

This practice is recommended for use primarily for non-occupational exposure monitoring in domiciles, public access buildings, and offices. The methods described in this practice have been successfully applied to measurement of pesticides and PCBs in outdoor air and for personal respiratory exposure monitoring. A broad spectrum of pesticides are commonly used in and around the house and for insect control in public and commercial buildings. Other semivolatile organic chemicals, such as PCBs, are also often present in indoor air, particularly in large office buildings. This practice promotes needed precision and bias in the determination of many of these airborne chemicals.1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.1.2 A complete listing of pesticides and other semivolatile organic chemicals for which this practice has been tested is shown in .1.3 This practice is based on the collection of chemicals from air onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a combination of PUF and granular sorbent.1.4 This practice is applicable to multicomponent atmospheres, 0.001 to 50-g/m3 concentrations, and 4 to 24-h sampling periods. The limit of detection will depend on the nature of the analyte and the length of the sampling period.1.5 The analytical method(s) recommended will depend on the specific chemical(s) sought, the concentration level, and the degree of specificity required.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see and .

Standard Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical Techniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Air

ASTM D5578-04 工作场所空气中环氧乙烷测定的标准试验方法

Ethylene oxide is a major industrial chemical with production volume ranked in the top 25 chemicals produced in the United States. It is used in the manufacture of a great variety of products as well as being a sterilizing agent and fumigant. This test method provides a means of determining exposure levels of ETO in the working environment at the presently recommended exposure guidelines. 5.2.1 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 1 ppm, 15-min excursion limit 5 ppm (CFR, Part 1910, Subpart Z, Section 1910.1047).3 5.2.2 ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 1 ppm (1.8 mg/m3), suspected human carcinogen.4 1.1 This test method covers a method of collecting and analyzing samples to determine the amount of ethylene oxide (ETO) present in workplace atmospheres.1.2 This test method can be used to provide a time-weighted average (TWA) over the concentration range from 0.2 to 4 ppm (v).1.3 This test method can be used to determine 15-min excursions (STEL) ranging from 1 to 25 ppm (v).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for specific safety hazards.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethylene Oxide in Workplace Atmospheres (HBr Derivatization Method)

ASTM F318-04 处理航空航天流体用洁净室空气中粒状杂质取样的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for sampling airborne particulate matter larger than 5 181m in size. The method is designed to be used in specific areas, commonly called "clean rooms" in the aerospace industry where aerospace fluids are handled. Note--Practice F50 is an alternative procedure. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Airborne Particulate Contamination in Clean Rooms for Handling Aerospace Fluids

ASTM D4765-03 工作场所大气中氟化物的标准测试方法

The capability of this test method to collect and quantitate both particulate and gaseous fluorides over the ranges normally encountered in industrial atmospheres makes it applicable for industrial hygiene evaluation and control purposes. The recommended range of this test method is from 0.005 to 5 mg F−/m3 air.1.1 This test method covers the simultaneous collection and separate measurements of gaseous and particulate fluoride found in certain industrial workplaces. The gaseous inorganic fluorides collected are reported in terms of fluoride; the procedure is not applicable to the collection or analysis of other fluoride-bearing gases (for example, fluorocarbon or fluorosulfur compounds). This test method covers sample collection, preparation, and fluoride measurement.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Fluorides in Workplace Atmospheres