P10 工程勘察与岩土工程综合 标准查询与下载

BOCA CONT NBC 1999 BOOK-1999 博卡国家建设代码/1999第14版.包括勘误1999年1月

This appendix contains various illustrations and diagrams of typical applications of specific code provisions to one- and two-family dwellings and is intended to illustrate the subject matter of the related text.

BOCA National Building Code/1999 Fourteenth Edition; Includes Errata January 1999

BOCA CONT NBC 1999-1999 博卡国家建设代码/1999第14版.包括勘误1999年1月

This eleventh edition presents the code as originally issued, with changes approved through 1989, and with certain editorial changes made to maintain the sequence of the code, to standardize the format of all 1990 BOCA National Codes, and to update the

BOCA National Building Code/1999 Fourteenth Edition; Includes Errata January 1999

ASTM D6431-99 直流电阻率法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application: 1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of the electrical properties of subsurface materials and their pore fluids, using the direct current (DC) resistivity method. Measurements of the electrical properties of subsurface materials are made from the land surface and yield an apparent resistivity. These data can then be interpreted to yield an estimate of the depth, thickness, and resistivity of subsurface layer(s). 1.1.2 Resistivity measurements as described in this guide are applied in geological, geotechnical, environmental, and hydrologic investigations. The resistivity method is used to map geologic features such as lithology, structure, fractures, and statigraphy; hydrologic features such as depth to water table, depth to aquitard, and ground water salinity; and to delineate ground water contaminants. General references are, Keller and Frischknecht (1), Zohdy et al (2), Koefoed (3), EPA (4), Ward (5), Griffiths and King (6), and Telford et al(7). 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the Direct Current Resistivity Method. It does not address in detail the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the resistivity method be familiar with the references cited in the text and with the Guide D 420, Practice D 5088, Practice D 5608, Guide D 5730, Test Method G 57, D 6429, and D 6235. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach for resistivity measurements using sounding and profiling techniques with the Schlumberger, Wenner, or dipole-dipole arrays and modifications to those arrays. It does not cover the use of a wide range of specialized arrays. It also does not include the use of spontaneous potential (SP) measurements, induced polarization (IP) measurements, or complex resistivity methods. 1.2.3 The resistivity method has been adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, or on water. Discussions of these adaptations of resistivity measurements are not included in this guide. 1.2.4 The approaches suggested in this guide for the resistivity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the resistivity method that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented. 1.2.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.3 Precautions: 1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to consider the safety implications when high voltages and currents are used. 1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicab......

Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6430-99(2005) 重力法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the gravity method.1.1.2 The gravity method described in this guide is applicable to investigation of a wide range of subsurface conditions.1.1.3 Gravity measurements indicate variations in the earth''s gravitational field caused by lateral differences in the density of the subsurface soil or rock or the presence of natural voids or man-made structures. By measuring spatial changes in the gravitational field, variations in subsurface conditions can be determined.1.1.4 Detailed gravity surveys (commonly called microgravity surveys) are used for near-surface geologic investigations and geotechnical, environmental, and archaeological studies. Geologic and geotechnical applications include location of buried channels, bedrock structural features, voids, and caves, and low-density zones in foundations. Environmental applications include site characterization, ground water studies, landfill characterization, and location of underground storage tanks (1)178;.1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the gravity method. It does not address the details of the gravity theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the gravity method be familiar with the references cited and with the Guides D 420, D 5753, D 6235, and D 6429, and Practices D 5088, and D 5608. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to gravity measurements made on land. The gravity method can be adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, on water, and from aircraft and space. A discussion of these other gravity methods, including vertical gravity gradient measurements, is not included in this guide.1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for the gravity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the gravity method that are technically sound may be substituted.1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to establish appropriate health and safety practices.1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use.1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns that may be associated with the use of the gravity method. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6432-99 地表地面穿透雷达法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application:1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of sub surface materials using the impulse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Method. GPR is most often employed as a technique that uses high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves (from 10 to 3000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. GPR detects changes in EM properties (dielectric permittivity, conductivity, and magnetic permeability), that in a geologic setting, are a function of soil and rock material, water content, and bulk density. Data are normally acquired using antennas placed on the ground surface or in boreholes. The transmitting antenna radiates EM waves that propagate in the subsurface and reflect from boundaries at which there are EM property contrasts. The receiving GPR antenna records the reflected waves over a selectable time range. The depths to the reflecting interfaces are calculated from the arrival times in the GPR data if the EM propagation velocity in the subsurface can be estimated or measured. 1.1.2 GPR measurements as described in this guide are used in geologic, engineering, hydrologic, and environmental applications. The GPR method is used to map geologic conditions that include depth to bedrock, depth to the water table (Wright et al (1)2 ), depth and thickness of soil strata on land and under fresh water bodies (Beres and Haeni (2)), and the location of subsurface cavities and fractures in bedrock (Ulriksen (3) and Imse and Levine (4)). Other applications include the location of objects such as pipes, drums, tanks, cables, and boulders , mapping landfill and trench boundaries (Benson et al (6)), mapping contaminants (Cosgrave et al (7); Brewster and Annan (8); Daniels et al (9)), conducting archaeological (Vaughan (10)) and forensic investigations (Davenport et al (11)), inspection of brick, masonry, and concrete structures, roads and railroad trackbed studies (Ulriksen (3)), and highway bridge scour studies (Placzek and Haeni (12)). Additional applications and case studies can be found in the various Proceedings of the International Conferences on Ground Penetrating Radar (Lucius et al (13); Hannien and Autio, (14), Redman, (15); Sato, (16); Plumb (17)), various Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1988-1998), and The Ground Penetrating Radar Workshop (Pilon (18)), EPA (19), and Daniels (20) provide overviews of the GPR method. 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the impulse GPR method. It does not address details of the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. References are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the GPR method be familiar with the relevant material within this guide and the references cited in the text and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 6429, and D 6235. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach to GPR measurements from the ground surface. The method can be adapted for a number of special uses on ice (Haeni et al (21); Wright et al (22)), within or between boreholes (Lane et al (23); Lane et al (24)), on water (Haeni (25)), and airborne (Arcone et al (25)) applications. A discussion of these other adaptations of GPR measurements is not included in this guide. 1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for using GPR are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to using GPR that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented. 1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional j......

Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6453-99 土壤和岩石数据的计算机交换格式标准指南

Computers are becoming an integral part of each testing laboratory. A variety of automated test devices which collect and store data now exist. A variety of software programs to perform calculations and produce reported results are used. There is no consistency in the formats used to store data. Consequently, it is time consuming and expensive to exchange computerized test data files among organizations. This guide presents a standard yet versatile format that can be used to exchange data across systems. This guide defines the principal data elements that are considered important and worth recording and storing permanently in a computerized data storage system from which larger databases may be prepared. These data elements are not intended to be requirements of any specific or single database. The format permits only those elements that a specific user may require. Additional data elements may be added using the general outline of this guide. Those elements must be added in a manner consistent with the definitions in this guide, such that a computer program written to follow this guide can successfully read the entire data file, including one that contains data elements not identified in this guide. This guide does not define how to obtain and record specific data. That activity is covered by each specific test method. This guide may be incomplete for some applications. It is intended that additions to the formats will be made as requests come from each ASTM subcommittee responsible for a particular standard. Those additions will be made without rendering older files unreadable. The recommended format in this guide does not require that all data elements be included in the data base. A user may elect to omit any data element without affecting the ability of the file format structure to work. However, those elements that are required in the report section of the relevant ASTM standard should be included in the standardized data file. Following ASTM recommended practice, all data are stored in SI units. 1.1 This guide covers recommended data formats for the exchange of mechanical test data for soils and rocks. From this guide, a standardized file of data can be prepared that can be read by others who use this guide.1.2 The format specified in this guide is used for the exchange of data between computer programs, users, agencies, etc. It is not necessary that test data for internal use be stored in this format, only that a program adhering to this guide have the capability to read, or write test data in this format, or both.1.3 This guide does not cover digital geospacial data which is treated Specification D 5714.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Standard Guide for Format of Computerized Exchange of Soil and Rock Test Data

ASTM D6454-99 测定草地增强垫层短期压缩变形的标准试验方法

1.1 The test method establishes the procedures for evaluation of the deformations of a turf reinforcement mat (TRM) under short-term compressive loading. This test method is strictly an index test method to be used to verify the compressive strength consistency of a given manufactured geosynthetic. Results from this test method should not be considered an indication of actual or long-term performance of the TRM in field applications. 1.2 Since these TRMs experience multidirectional compressive loadings in the field, this test method will not show actual field performance and should not be used for this specific objective. The evaluation of the results also should recognize that the determination of the short term single plane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflect the installed performance of TRMs and, therefore, should not be used as the only method of product or performance specification. 1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Short-Term Compression Behavior of Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)

ASTM D6431-99(2005) 直流电阻率法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of the electrical properties of subsurface materials and their pore fluids, using the direct current (DC) resistivity method. Measurements of the electrical properties of subsurface materials are made from the land surface and yield an apparent resistivity. These data can then be interpreted to yield an estimate of the depth, thickness, and resistivity of subsurface layer(s).1.1.2 Resistivity measurements as described in this guide are applied in geological, geotechnical, environmental, and hydrologic investigations. The resistivity method is used to map geologic features such as lithology, structure, fractures, and stratigraphy; hydrologic features such as depth to water table, depth to aquitard, and ground water salinity; and to delineate ground water contaminants. General references are, Keller and Frischknecht (), Zohdy et al (), Koefoed (), EPA(), Ward (), Griffiths and King (), and Telford et al ().1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the Direct Current Resistivity Method. It does not address in detail the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the resistivity method be familiar with the references cited in the text and with the Guide D 420, Practice D 5088, Practice D 5608, Guide D 5730, Test Method G 57, D 6429, and D 6235.1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach for resistivity measurements using sounding and profiling techniques with the Schlumberger, Wenner, or dipole-dipole arrays and modifications to those arrays. It does not cover the use of a wide range of specialized arrays. It also does not include the use of spontaneous potential (SP) measurements, induced polarization (IP) measurements, or complex resistivity methods.1.2.3 The resistivity method has been adapted for a number of special uses, on land, within a borehole, or on water. Discussions of these adaptations of resistivity measurements are not included in this guide.1.2.4 The approaches suggested in this guide for the resistivity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to the resistivity method that are technically sound may be substituted if technically justified and documented.1.2.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgements. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to consider the safety implications when high voltages and currents are used.1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of ......

Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6430-99 重力法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application: 1.1.1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the gravity method. 1.1.2 The gravity method described in this guide is applicable to investigation of a wide range of subsurface conditions. 1.1.3 Gravity measurements indicate variations in the earth''s gravitational field caused by lateral differences in the density of the subsurface soil or rock or the presence of natural voids or man-made structures. By measuring spatial changes in the gravitational field, variations in subsurface conditions can be determined. 1.1.4 Detailed gravity surveys (commonly called microgravity surveys) are used for near-surface geologic investigations and geotechnical, environmental, and archaeological studies. Geologic and geotechnical applications include location of buried channels, bedrock structural features, voids, and caves, and low-density zones in foundations. Environmental applications include site characterization, ground water studies, landfill characterization, and location of underground storage tanks (1). 1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the gravity method. It does not address the details of the gravity theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the gravity method be familiar with the references cited and with the Guides D 420, D 5753, D 6235, and D 6429, and Practices D 5088, and D 5608. 1.2.2 This guide is limited to gravity measurements made on land. The gravity method can be adapted for a number of special uses: on land, in a borehole, on water, and from aircraft and space. A discussion of these other gravity methods, including vertical gravity gradient measurements, is not included in this guide. 1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for the gravity method are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven. However, other approaches or modifications to the gravity method that are technically sound may be substituted. 1.2.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM document is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.3 Precautions: 1.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions in the equipment manufacturer''s recommendations and to establish appropriate health and safety practices. 1.3.2 If this guide is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.3.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of the gravity method. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6432-99(2005) 地表地面穿透雷达法探测地下的标准指南

1.1 Purpose and Application:1.1.1 This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface materials using the impulse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Method. GPR is most often employed as a technique that uses high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves (from 10 to 3000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. GPR detects changes in EM properties (dielectric permittivity, conductivity, and magnetic permeability), that in a geologic setting, are a function of soil and rock material, water content, and bulk density. Data are normally acquired using antennas placed on the ground surface or in boreholes. The transmitting antenna radiates EM waves that propagate in the subsurface and reflect from boundaries at which there are EM property contrasts. The receiving GPR antenna records the reflected waves over a selectable time range. The depths to the reflecting interfaces are calculated from the arrival times in the GPR data if the EM propagation velocity in the subsurface can be estimated or measured.1.1.2 GPR measurements as described in this guide are used in geologic, engineering, hydrologic, and environmental applications. The GPR method is used to map geologic conditions that include depth to bedrock, depth to the water table (Wright et al (1)178;), depth and thickness of soil strata on land and under fresh water bodies (Beres and Haeni (2)), and the location of subsurface cavities and fractures in bedrock (Ulriksen (3) and Imse and Levine (4)). Other applications include the location of objects such as pipes, drums, tanks, cables, and boulders , mapping landfill and trench boundaries (Benson et al (6)), mapping contaminants (Cosgrave et al (7); Brewster and Annan (8); Daniels et al (9)), conducting archaeological (Vaughan (10)) and forensic investigations (Davenport et al (11)), inspection of brick, masonry, and concrete structures, roads and railroad trackbed studies (Ulriksen (3)), and highway bridge scour studies (Placzek and Haeni (12)). Additional applications and case studies can be found in the various Proceedings of the International Conferences on Ground Penetrating Radar (Lucius et al (13); Hannien and Autio, (14), Redman, (15); Sato, (16); Plumb (28)), various Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1988-1998), and The Ground Penetrating Radar Workshop (Pilon (18)), EPA ((19)), and Daniels (20) provide overviews of the GPR method.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the impulse GPR method. It does not address details of the theory, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. References are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the GPR method be familiar with the relevant material within this guide and the references cited in the text and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 6429, and D 6235.1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach to GPR measurements from the ground surface. The method can be adapted for a number of special uses on ice (Haeni et al (21); Wright et al (22)), within or between boreholes (Lane et al (23); Lane et al (24)), on water (Haeni (25)), and airborne (Arcone et al (25)) applications. A discussion of these other adaptations of GPR measurements is not included in this guide.1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for using GPR are the most commonly used, widely accepted, and proven; however, other approaches or modificat......

Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6429-99(2006) 地球物理法选择地表的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental investigations (hereafter referred to as site characterization), as well as forensic and archaeological applications. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides are being developed for each surface geophysical method.1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects.1.3 The geophysical methods presented in this guide are regularly used and have been proven effective for hydrologic, geologic, geotechnical, and hazardous waste site assessments.1.4 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited () and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 5777, and D 6285, as well as Practices D 5088, D 5608, D 6235, and Test Method G 57.1.5 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted.1.6 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method''s theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successfully complete a survey. Personnel not having specialized training or experience should be cautious about using geophysical methods and should solicit assistance from qualified practitioners.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the guide. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

ASTM D6454-99(2006) 测定草地增强垫层短期压缩变形的标准试验方法

1.1 The test method establishes the procedures for evaluation of the deformations of a turf reinforcement mat (TRM) under short-term compressive loading. This test method is strictly an index test method to be used to verify the compressive strength consistency of a given manufactured geosynthetic. Results from this test method should not be considered an indication of actual or long-term performance of the TRM in field applications. 1.2 Since these TRMs experience multidirectional compressive loadings in the field, this test method will not show actual field performance and should not be used for this specific objective. The evaluation of the results also should recognize that the determination of the short term single plane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflect the installed performance of TRMs and, therefore, should not be used as the only method of product or performance specification. 1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Short-Term Compression Behavior of Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)

ASTM D6429-99 地球物理法选择地表的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental investigations (hereafter referred to as site characterization), as well as forensic and archaeological applications. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides are being developed for each surface geophysical method. 1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects. 1.3 The geophysical methods presented in this guide are regularly used and have been proven effective for hydrologic, geologic, geotechnical, and hazardous waste site assessments. 1.4 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with references cited (1-20) and with Guides D 420, D 5730, D 5753, D 5777, D 6235, and D 6285, as well as Practices D 5088, D 5608, and Test Method G 57. 1.5 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method''s theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successfully complete a survey. Personnel not having specialized training or experience should be cautious about using geophysical methods and should solicit assistance from qualified practioners. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the guide. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.9 Precautions: 1.9.1 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of the methods. If the methods are used at site with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

ASTM D6431-99(2010) 直流电阻率法探测地下的标准指南

Concepts8212;The resistivity technique is used to measure the resistivity of subsurface materials. Although the resistivity of materials can be a good indicator of the type of subsurface material present, it is not a unique indicator. While the resistivity method is used to measure the resistivity of earth materials, it is the interpreter who, based on knowledge of local geologic conditions and other data, must interpret resistivity data and arrive at a reasonable geologic and hydrologic interpretation. Parameter Being Measured and Representative Values: Table 1 shows some general trends for resistivity values. Fig. 2 shows ranges in resistivity values for subsurface materials. Materials with either a low effective porosity or that lack conductive pore fluids have a relatively high resistivity (>1000 Ωm). These materials include massive limestones, most unfractured igneous rocks, unsaturated unconsolidated materials, and ice. Materials that have high porosity with conductive pore fluids or that consist of or contain clays usually have low resistivity. These include clay soil and weathered rock. Materials whose pore water has low salinity have moderately high resistivity. The dependence of resistivity on water saturation is not linear. Resistivity increases relatively little as saturation decreases from 100 % to 40-60 % and then increases much more as saturation continues to decrease. An empirical relationship known as Archie''s Law describes the relationship between pore fluid resistivity, porosity, and bulk resistivity (McNeill (8)). Equipment8212;Geophysical apparatus used for surface resistivity measurement includes a source of power, a means to measure the current, a high impedance voltmeter, electrodes to make contact with the ground, and the necessary cables to connect the electrodes to the power sources and the volt meter (Fig. 1). While resistivity measurements can be made using common electronic instruments, it is recommended that commercial resistivity instruments specifically designed for the purpose be used for resistivity measurements in the field. Commonly used equipment includes the following elements: A source of current consisting of batteries or a generator, A high-impedance voltmeter or resistivity unit, Metal stakes for the current and potential electrodes, and Insulated wire to connect together all of the preceding components. Care must be taken to ensure good electrical contact of the electrodes with the ground. Electrodes should be driven into the ground until they are in firm contact. If connections between electrodes and the insulated wire are not waterproof, care must be taken to ensure that they will not be shorted out by moisture. Special waterproof cables and connectors are required for wet areas. A large variety of resistivity systems are available from different manufacturers. Relatively inexpensive battery-powered units are available for shallow surveys. The current source (transmitter) and the potential measurement instrument (receiver) are often assembled into a single, portable unit. In some cases, the transmitter and receiver units are separate. High power units capable of deep survey work are powered by generators. The current used in dc resistivity surveys varies from a few milliamps to several amps, depending on the depth of the investigation. Signal Enhancement8212;Signal enhancement capability is available in many resistivity systems. It is a significant aid when working in noisy areas or with low power sources. Enhancement is accomplished by adding the res..........

Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6430-99(2010) 重力法探测地下的标准指南

Concepts8212;This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods used for the determination of subsurface conditions due to density variations using the gravity method. Gravity measurements can be used to map major geologic features over hundreds of square miles and to detect shallow smaller features in soil or rock. In some areas, the gravity method can detect subsurface cavities. Another benefit of the gravity method is that measurements can be made in many culturally developed areas, where other geophysical methods may not work. For example, gravity measurements can be made inside buildings; in urban areas; and in areas of cultural, electrical, and electromagnetic noise. Measurement of subsurface conditions by the gravity method requires a gravimeter (Fig. 1) and a means of determining location and very accurate relative elevations of gravity stations. The unit of measurement used in the gravity method is the gal, based on the gravitational force at the Earth''s surface. The average gravity at the Earth''s surface is approximately 980 gal. The unit commonly used in regional gravity surveys is the milligal (10−3 gal). Typical gravity surveys for environmental and engineering applications require measurements with an accuracy of a few μgals (10−6 gals), they are often referred to as microgravity surveys. A detailed gravity survey typically uses closely spaced measurement stations (a few feet to a few hundred feet) and is carried out with a gravimeter capable of reading to a few μgals. Detailed surveys are used to assess local geologic or structural conditions. A gravity survey consists of making gravity measurements at stations along a profile line or grid. Measurements are taken periodically at a base station (a stable noise-free reference location) to correct for instrument drift. Gravity data contain anomalies that are made up of deep regional and shallow local effects. It is the shallow local effects that are of interest in microgravity work. Numerous corrections are applied to the raw field data. These corrections include latitude, free air elevation, Bouguer correction (mass effect), Earth tides, and terrain. After the subtraction of regional trends, the remainder or residual Bouguer gravity anomaly data may be presented as a profile line (Fig. 2) or on a contour map. The residual gravity anomaly map may be used for both qualitative and quantitative interpretations. Additional details of the gravity method are given in Telford et al (4); Butler (5); Nettleton (6); and Hinze (7). Parameter Being Measured and Representative Values: The gravity method depends on lateral and depth variations in density of subsurface materials. The density of a soil or rock is a function of the density of the rock-forming minerals, the porosity of the medium, and the density of the fluids filling the pore space. Rock densities vary from less than 1.0 g/cm3 for some vesicular volcanic rocks to more than 3.5 g/cm3 for some ultrabasic igneous rocks. As shown in Table 1, the normal range is less than this and, within a particular site, the realistic lateral contrasts are often much less. Table 1 shows that densities of sedimentary rocks are generally lower than those of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Densities roughly increase with increasing geologic age because older rocks are usually less porous and have been subject to greater compaction. The densities of soils and rocks are controlled, to a very large ex...........

Standard Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface Investigation

ASTM D6429-99(2011)e1 表面地球物理学方法选择的标准指南

This guide applies to commonly used surface geophysical methods for those applications listed in Table 1. The rating system used in Table 1 is based upon the ability of each method to produce results under average field conditions when compared to other methods applied to the same application. An “A” rating implies a preferred method and a “B” rating implies an alternate method. There may be a single method or multiple methods that can be applied with equal success. There may also be a method or methods that will be successful technically at a lower cost. The final selection must be made considering site specific conditions and project objectives; therefore, it is critical to have an experienced professional make the final decision as to the method(s) selected. Benson (2) provides one of the earlier guides to the application of geophysics to environmental problems. Ward (3) is a three-volume compendium that deals with geophysical methods applied to geotechnical and environmental problems. Olhoeft (4) provides an expert system for helping select geophysical methods to be used at hazardous waste sites. EPA (5) provides an excellent literature review of the theory and use of geophysical methods for use at contaminated sites. An Introduction to Geophysical Measurements: A primary factor affecting the accuracy of geotechnical or environmental site characterization efforts is the number of sample points or borings. Insufficient spatial sampling to adequately characterize the conditions at a site can result if the number of samples is too small. Interpolation between these sample points may be difficult and may lead to an inaccurate site characterization. Benson (2) provides an assessment of the probability of target detection using only borings. Surface and borehole geophysical measurements generally can be made relatively quickly, are minimally intrusive, and enable interpolation between known points of control. Continuous data acquisition can be obtained with certain geophysical methods at speeds up to several km/h. In some cases, total site coverage is economically possible. Because of the greater sample density, the use of geophysical methods can be used to define background (ambient) conditions and detect anomalous conditions resulting in a more accurate site characterization than using borings alone. Geophysical measurements provide a means of mapping lateral and vertical variations of one or more physical properties or monitoring temporal changes in conditions, or both. A contrast must be present for geophysical measurements to be successful. Geophysical methods measure the physical, electrical, or chemical properties of soil, rock, and pore fluids. To detect an anomaly, a soil to rock contact, the presence of inorganic contaminants, or a buried drum, there must be a contrast in the property being measured, for example, the target to be detected or geologic feature to be defined must have properties significantly different from “background” conditions. For example, the interface between fresh water and saltwater in an aquifer can be detected by the differences in electrical properties of the pore fluids. The contact between soil and unweathered bedrock can be detected by the differences in acoustic velocity of the materials. In some cases, the differences in measured physical properties may be too small for anomaly detection by geophysical methods. Because physical properties of soil and rock vary widely, some............

Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

SY/T 0058-1998 静力触探技术标准

Technical specifications for cone penetration

SY/T 0317-1997 盐渍土地区建筑规范

本规范适用于易溶盐含量为0.3%~20%(碎石类土不受此限)地区的工业与民用建筑的勘察、设计、施工与维护管理。对含中溶盐为主的盐渍土，可参照本规范执行。

building Code for saline soil region

ASHRAE 103-1993 火炉和锅炉每年燃料利用效率的测试方法

This standard includes (a) a test method for cyclic and part-load performance, (b) methods for interpolating and extrapolating test data, and (c) calculation procedures for establishing seasonal performance.

Method of Testing for Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency of Residential Central Furnaces and Boilers Errata - 1996

CJJ 16-1988 城市供水水文地质勘察规范

Code for hydrographic geolo-gical exploration of urban water-supply