Z13 固体废弃物、土壤及其他环境要素采样方法 标准查询与下载

ASTM E662-97 由固体材料产生的烟雾的比光密度标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, of assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM D5929-96(2009) 用混合物吸收计测定暴露于城区固体废物销毁条件用生物解能力的标准试验方法

As the crisis in solid waste continues to grow, MSW composting is increasingly being considered as one component in the overall solid waste management strategy. The volume reduction achieved by composting, combined with the production of a usable end product, is resulting in increasing numbers of municipalities analyzing and selecting MSW composting as an alternative to incineration or to reduce reliance on landfill disposal. This test method will help determine the effect of materials on the compost process and establish if the material can be properly disposed through solid waste composting facilities. This test method attempts to provide a simulation of the overall compost process while maintaining reproducibility. Exposing the test material with several other types of materials that are typically in MSW provides an environment which provides the key characteristics of composting: material not in a sole carbon source environment which allows co-metabolism, compost system is self heating, and provides a direct measurement of organism respiration.1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions typical of municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the composted product for any use. 1.2 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry

ASTM D6051-96(2006) 环境废物管理活动现场次级取样和复合取样的标准指南

This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost. The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel. While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D 6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D 5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D 4687.1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Practice D 4547).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities

CJ/T 3039-1995 城市生活垃圾采样和物理分析方法

Sampling and physical analysis methods for municipal domestic refuse

ASTM G124-95 在富氧环境中金属材料燃烧特性的测定标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a test apparatus and technique to determine the minimum test gas pressure that supports self-sustained combustion (the threshold pressure) and the average regression rate (apparent burn rate) of a standardized sample of a metallic material that has been ignited using a strong promoter. 1.2 The data obtained from this test method are dependent on the precise test sample configuration and provide a basis for comparing the combustion behavior of materials. No criteria are implied for relating these data to the suitability of a material's use in any actual system. The application of data obtained from this test method is discussed in Guides G88 and G94. 1.3 Requirements for an apparatus suitable for this test method are given, as well as an example of such an apparatus. The example, however, is not required to be used. 1.4 This test method is for gaseous oxygen or any mixture of oxygen with diluents that will support combustion, at any pressure within the capabilities of the apparatus. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Combustion Behavior of Metallic Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

ASTM E850-95(2002) 作结构填料的无机处理废物的使用

1.1 This practice provides guidance for use of selected process wastes as structural fills by listing representative test methods for predicting and evaluating those physical characteristics of waste that are related to the integrity of fills and to protection of ground and surface waters. 1.2 Table 1 lists references which provide engineering practices and test procedures that may be applied to process waste for use as structural fill. 1.3 Some process wastes may produce leachate that exceeds environmentally acceptable limits. Special provisions are included to accommodate this class of materials (see 7.2).

Standard Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes as Structural Fill

ASTM G120-95(2001) 索格利特萃取法测定可溶性残余杂质的标准试验方法

1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in systems and components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by Soxhlet extraction. 1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small pieces of hardware, component softgoods, etc. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, etc.), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned. 1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determination of Soluble Residual Contamination in by Soxhlet Extraction

ASTM D4979-95(2003) 在废弃物中物理描述筛选分析的标准试验方法

This test method is intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in describing the physical characteristics of waste. This test method can be used in identifying discrepancies between the waste, manifest, and historical descriptions.1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describing certain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid but effective means for visually screening wastes.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard and warning information is given in Section 7 and 9.1.6.

Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste

ASTM D4979-95 在废弃物中物理描述筛选分析的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describing certain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid but effective means for visually screening wastes. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 7 and 9.1.6.1.

Standard Test Method for Physical Description Screening Analysis in Waste

ASTM C1308-95(2001) 固化废料中扩散释放物加速浸出试验,模型扩散的计算机程序和从圆柱形废料状态中分离淋滤的标准试验方法

This test method measures mass transport from a cylindrical solidified waste form into water under conditions that accelerate leaching. Test parameters, such as the volume of leachant and the frequency at which the leachant is changed, have been optimized to eliminate experimental effects (for example, saturation effects that can complicate modeling of the net forward diffusion rate). This test method can be used to: 5.2.1 Provide diffusion coefficients for waste forms; 5.2.2 Obtain higher fraction releases than can be achieved with expected service conditions for greater confidence in waste form properties; 5.2.3 Obtain measurable leachate concentrations from materials that have very low release rates under service conditions; and 5.2.4 Compare releases from various types of solidification agents and formulations. Modeling the experimental observations obtained in the test allows the extrapolation of leaching results to long times and to full-scale waste forms under the following constraints: 5.3.1 Results of this test method cannot be taken to apply to releases in specific disposal environments unless tests are conducted to determine the leaching mechanism under those conditions. 5.3.2 Projections of releases require the long-term stability of the waste form, which may or may not be indicated adequately by short-term tests. 5.3.3 Extrapolations are limited to the maximum CFL obtained with the accelerated test. 5.3.4 The leaching mechanisms observed in tests conducted at elevated temperatures must be the same as the mechanisms observed in the tests run at the reference temperature.1.1 This test method provides a method for accelerating the leach rate of solidified waste and determining if the release is diffusion-controlled. This test method is applicable to any material that does not degrade, deform, or change leaching mechanism during the test.1.1.1 If diffusion is the dominant leaching mechanism, then results of this test can be used to model long-term releases from waste forms. Diffusion can be confirmed as the leaching mechanism through the use of a computerized mathematical model for diffusion from the finite cylinder (Note 1).1.1.2 The leaching mechanism should be verified as diffusion-controlled by a means other than analysis of the leach test data. For this purpose, analysis of post-leaching concentration profiles within the solid waste form is recommended. Note 18212;The computer program and the models are briefly described in and in the Accelerated Leach Test Method and User's Guide for the "ALT" Computer Program (1).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Accelerated Leach Test for Diffusive Releases from Solidified Waste and a Computer Program to Model Diffusive, Fractional Leaching from Cylindrical Waste Forms

ASTM D4982-95(2007) 废弃物潜在易燃性筛选分析的标准试验方法

These test methods are intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in identifying the flammability potential or waste materials.1.1 These test methods are used to indicate the fire-producing or fire-sustaining potential of wastes. The following test methods can be applied to waste liquids, sludges, or solids:SectionsTest Method A-Test Sample Exposed to Heat and FlameTest Method B-Test Sample Exposed to Spark Source1.2 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of these tests may be used in addition to all other factors that are pertinent to a fire hazard assessment of a particular end use.1.3 These test methods are designed and intended as preliminary tests to complement quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine flammability. These test methods offer the option and the ability to screen waste for hazardous flammability potential when the analytical techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 5, 8.3.1 and 9.4.3.

Standard Test Methods for Flammability Potential Screening Analysis of Waste

ASTM G120-95 索格利特萃取法测定可溶性残余杂质的标准试验方法

1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in systems and components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by Soxhlet extraction. 1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small pieces of hardware, component softgoods, etc. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, etc.), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned. 1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. Values in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determination of Soluble Residual Contamination in by Soxhlet Extraction

ASTM D4981-95(2003) 在废弃物中筛选氧化剂的标准试验方法

This test method is intended for use by those in waste management industries to avoid potentially harmful reactions due to oxidizing compounds in wastes.1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparation of waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that have oxidizing compounds may react with certain reagents in the laboratory (for example, organic solvents).1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of waste liquids, sludges, and solids.1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizing compounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or base is added in this test method, potential oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will not be detected by this test method.1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samples be screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D 5058.1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a preliminary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes. This test method offers the ability to screen waste for potentially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the more sophisticated techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statement is given in Section and 8 and 11.2.

Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste

ASTM E850-95 作结构填料的无机处理废物的使用

1.1 This practice provides guidance for use of selected process wastes as structural fills by listing representative test methods for predicting and evaluating those physical characteristics of waste that are related to the integrity of fills and to protection of ground and surface waters. 1.2 Table 1 lists references which provide engineering practices and test procedures that may be applied to process waste for use as structural fill. 1.3 Some process wastes may produce leachate that exceeds environmentally acceptable limits. Special provisions are included to accommodate this class of materials (see 7.2).

Standard Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes as Structural Fill

ASTM D4981-95 在废弃物中筛选氧化剂的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparation of waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that have oxidizing compounds may react with certain reagents in the laboratory (for example, organic solvents). 1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of waste liquids, sludges, and solids. 1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizing compounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or base is added in this test method, potential oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will not be detected by this test method. 1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samples be screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D5058. 1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a preliminary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes. This test method offers the ability to screen waste for potentially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the more sophisticated techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statement is given in Section 8 and 11.2.

Standard Test Method for Screening of Oxidizers in Waste

ASTM D4978-95(2007) 在废弃物中筛选活性硫化物的标准试验方法

These test methods are intended for use by waste treatment, storage, disposal, and remedial facilities, in order to show the presence of potentially hazardous sulfide. Method B: Gas Detector Tube8212;This proposed test method was designed to measure gases migrating into an air space at a height of 10 units (for example, 10 ft) from a receiving or mixing pit of 10 units square (for example, 100 ft2). In essence, the total volume of the atmosphere is approximately 10 times the surface area of the sample and test solution.1.1 These test methods are applicable to the screening of reactive sulfides in wastes, liquids, sludges, semisolids, and solids by using the following methods:SectionsTest Method A-Lead Acetate PaperTest Method B-Gas Detector Tube1.2 These test methods are not applicable in determining the type and concentration of reactive sulfides.1.3 These test methods are designed and intended as a preliminary test to complement the more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine sulfide concentration. These test methods offer, to the user, the option and the ability to screen waste for potentially hazardous levels of reactive sulfide when the sophisticated techniques are not available and the total waste composition is unknown.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 7 and 11.3.

Standard Test Methods for Screening of Reactive Sulfides in Waste

ASTM G124-95(2003) 在富氧环境中金属材料燃烧特性的测定标准试验方法

This test method will allow comparisons of the combustion characteristics of various metallic materials. The combustion characteristics that can be evaluated include (1) threshold pressure and (2) average regression rate (apparent burn rate) of the sample.1.1 This test method covers a test apparatus and technique to determine the minimum test gas pressure that supports self-sustained combustion (the threshold pressure) and the average regression rate (apparent burn rate) of a standardized sample of a metallic material that has been ignited using a strong promoter.1.2 The data obtained from this test method are dependent on the precise test sample configuration and provide a basis for comparing the combustion behavior of materials. No criteria are implied for relating these data to the suitability of a material's use in any actual system. The application of data obtained from this test method is discussed in Guides G 88 and G 94.1.3 Requirements for an apparatus suitable for this test method are given, as well as an example of such an apparatus. The example, however, is not required to be used.1.4 This test method is for gaseous oxygen or any mixture of oxygen with diluents that will support combustion, at any pressure within the capabilities of the apparatus.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Combustion Behavior of Metallic Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

ASTM E850-95(2007) 作结构填料的无机处理废物的使用

This practice is intended for inorganic process wastes that can be used as replacements for natural material such as soil or rock suitable for construction applications. Selection of appropriate and feasible fill materials and selection of applicable materials, tests, and specifications to facilitate construction and environmental protection are the responsibility of the design engineer. This practice is intended to encourage wider utilization of waste materials.1.1 This practice provides guidance for use of selected process wastes as structural fills by listing representative test methods for predicting and evaluating those physical characteristics of waste that are related to the integrity of fills and to protection of ground and surface waters.1.2 Table 1 lists references which provide engineering practices and test procedures that may be applied to process waste for use as structural fill.1.3 Some process wastes may produce leachate that exceeds environmentally acceptable limits. Special provisions are included to accommodate this class of materials (see 7.2).

Standard Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes as Structural Fill

ASTM D5658-95(2006) 卡车未固结废弃物取样的标准规范

This practice is intended for use in the waste management industries to collect samples of unconsolidated waste from trucks. The sampling procedures described are general and should be used in conjunction with a site-specific work plan. The purpose of collecting waste samples directly from a truck (rather than the waste source) is to verify (usually with screening analyses) that the waste contained in the truck is the same or similar material from a waste source that has been previously characterized and approved for treatment or disposal, or both. 1.1 This practice covers several methods for collecting waste samples from trucks. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling unconsolidated solid wastes in bulk loads using several types of sampling equipment.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.

Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste From Trucks

ASTM D4874-95(2006) 柱型装置中浸出固体废物的标准试验方法

This test method is intended to provide an aqueous leaching of a material in a dynamic partitioning manner. Specific operating conditions for the column can be selected to satisfy the objectives of individual studies. An understanding of the fundamental principles governing column leaching is necessary in the selection of appropriate conditions. References (1-3)4 provide useful information on these principles. The column apparatus is constructed of materials that permit the generation of a leachate which is suitable for low concentration organic analysis for semivolatile and nonvolatile compounds as well as inorganic species. FIG. 1 Column Apparatus1.1 This test method is a standard laboratory procedure for generating aqueous leachate from materials using a column apparatus. It provides a leachate suitable for organic analysis of semivolatile and nonvolatile compounds as well as inorganic analyses.1.2 The column apparatus is designed and constructed of materials chosen to enhance the leaching of low concentrations of semivolatile and nonvolatile organic constituents as well as to maximize the leaching of metallic species from the solid. Analysis of column effluent provides information on the leaching characteristics of material under the conditions used in the test.1.3 This test method provides for the passage of an aqueous fluid through materials of known mass in a saturated up-flow mode.1.4 It is intended that the sample used in the procedure be physically, chemically, and biologically representative of the material.1.5 This test method does not produce results that can be used as the sole basis for (1) engineering design of a disposal site, or (2) the characterization of wastes based on their leaching characteristics.1.6 This test method has the following limitations1.6.1 Maximum particle size is 10 mm (0.4 in.). Particle size reduction is not recommended. Large-diameter material (cinders, rocks, and so forth) should be removed prior to packing the column to ensure adequate compaction.1.6.2 Test materials containing densely immiscible organic material may result in phase separation and lead to column plugging.1.6.3 This test method does not differentiate between dissolved constituents and sub-70-m particulates that pass through the pores of the end plates.1.6.4 This test method is not applicable to the leachability characterization of materials with regard to volatile compounds.1.6.5 This test method is not applicable to the characterization of materials that dissolve in water to a degree that significantly impacts the void volume in the column or the determination of the specific gravity of the material.1.7 Application of this test method to materials with initial low permeability, or to those that lose permeability over the course of the test, may result in long testing periods.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are in approximate inch-pound equivalents.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a Column Apparatus